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Title: A Dictionary of Austral English
Author: Edward Morris
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Title: A Dictionary of Austral English
Author: Edward Morris
AUSTRAL ENGLISH
A DICTIONARY OF AUSTRALASIAN WORDS, PHRASES AND USAGES
with those Aboriginal-Australian and Maori words which have
become incorporated in the language and the commoner scientific
words that have had their origin in Australasia
by Edward E. Morris M.A., Oxon.
Professor of English, French and German Languages and
Literatures in the University of Melbourne.
1898
CONTENTS
I. ORIGIN OF THE WORK
First undertaken to help O.E.D.
The Standard Dictionary
II. TITLE AND SCOPE OF THE BOOK
Not a Slang Dictionary
III. SOURCES OF NEW WORDS:--
1. Altered English
2. Words quite new to the language:--
(a) Aboriginal Australian
(b) Maori
IV. THE LAW OF HOBSON-JOBSON
Is Austral English a corruption?
V. CLASSIFICATION OF WORDS
VI. QUOTATIONS. THEIR PURPOSE
VII. BOOKS USED AS AUTHORITIES
VIII. SCIENTIFIC WORDS
IX. ASSISTANCE RECEIVED
X. ABBREVIATIONS:--
1. Of Scientific Names
2. General
XI. AUSTRALASIAN DICTIONARY.
I. ORIGIN OF THE WORK.
About a generation ago Mr. Matthew Arnold twitted our nation
with the fact that "the journeyman work of literature" was much
better done in France--the books of reference, the biographical
dictionaries, and the translations from the classics. He did
not especially mention dictionaries of the language, because he
was speaking in praise of academies, and, as far as France is
concerned, the great achievement in that line is Littre and not
the Academy's Dictionary. But the reproach has now been rolled
away--_nous avons change tout cela_--and in every branch
to which Arnold alluded our journeyman work is quite equal to
anything in France.
It is generally allowed that a vast improvement has taken place
in translations, whether prose or verse. From quarter to
quarter the _Dictionary of National Biography_ continues
its stately progress. But the noblest monument of English
scholarship is _The New English Dictionary on Historical
Principles_, founded mainly on the materials collected by
the Philological Society, edited by Dr. James Murray, and
published at the cost of the University of Oxford. The name
_New_ will, however, be unsuitable long before the
Dictionary is out of date. Its right name is the _Oxford
English Dictionary_ ('O.E.D.'). That great dictionary is
built up out of quotations specially gathered for it from
English books of all kinds and all periods; and Dr. Murray
several years ago invited assistance from this end of the world
for words and uses of words peculiar to Australasia, or to
parts of it. In answer to his call I began to collect; but
instances of words must be noted as one comes across them, and
of course they do not occur in alphabetical order. The work
took time, and when my parcel of quotations had grown into a
considerable heap, it occurred to me that the collection, if a
little further trouble were expended upon it, might first enjoy
an independent existence. Various friends kindly contributed
more quotations: and this Book is the result.
In January 1892, having the honour to be President of the
Section of "Literature and the Fine Arts" at the Hobart Meeting
of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science,
I alluded to Dr. Murray's request:
A body like this Section, composed of men from different parts
of scattered colonies, might render valuable help in organising
the work of collecting authorities for our various peculiar
words and usages. Twenty or thirty men and women, each
undertaking to read certain books with the new dictionary in
mind, and to note in a prescribed fashion what is peculiar,
could accomplish all that is needed. Something has been done
in Melbourne, but the Colonies have different words and uses of
words, and this work is of a kind which might well extend
beyond the bounds of a single city. At first it may seem as if
our words were few, as if in the hundred years of Australian
life few special usages have arisen; but a man with a
philological turn of mind, who notes what he hears, will soon
find the list grow. Some philologers speak, not perhaps very
satisfactorily, of being "at the fountains of language": we can
all of us testify to the birth of some words within our own
memory, but the origin of these, if not noted, will in time be
lost. There are many other words which the strictest cannot
condemn as slang, though even slang, being the speech of the
people, is not undeserving of some scientific study; words, for
instance, which have come into the language from the
Aborigines, and names of animals, shrubs, and flowers. It
might even be possible, with sufficient co-operation, to
produce an Australian dictionary on the same lines as the
_New English Dictionary_ by way of supplement to it.
Organisation might make the labour light, whilst for many it
would from its very nature prove a pleasant task.
These suggestions were not carried out. Individuals sent
quotations to Oxford, but no organisation was established to
make the collection systematic or complete, and at the next
meeting of the Association the Section had ceased to exist,
or at least had doffed its literary character.
At a somewhat later date, Messrs. Funk and Wagnall of New York
invited me to join an "Advisory Committee on disputed spelling
and pronunciation." That firm was then preparing its
_Standard Dictionary_, and one part of the scheme was to
obtain opinions as to usage from various parts of the
English-speaking world, especially from those whose function it
is to teach the English Language. Subsequently, at my own
suggestion, the firm appointed me to take charge of the
Australian terms in their Dictionary, and I forwarded a certain
number of words and phrases in use in Australia. But the
accident of the letter A, for Australian, coming early in the
alphabet gives my name a higher place than it deserves on the
published list of those co-operating in the production of this
_Standard Dictionary_; for with my present knowledge I see
that my contribution was lamentably incomplete. Moreover, I
joined the Editorial Corps too late to be of real use. Only
the final proofs were sent to me, and although my corrections
were reported to New York without delay, they arrived too late
for any alterations to be effected before the sheets went to
press. This took the heart out of my work for that Dictionary.
For its modernness, for many of its lexicographical features,
and for its splendid illustrations, I entertain a cordial
admiration for the book, and I greatly regret the unworthiness
of my share in it. It is quite evident that others had
contributed Australasian words, and I must confess I hardly
like to be held responsible for some of their statements. For
instance--
"_Aabec_. An Australian medicinal bark said to promote
perspiration."
I have never heard of it, and my ignorance is shared by the
greatest Australian botanist, the Baron von Mueller.
"_Beauregarde_. The Zebra grass-parrakeet of Australia.
From F. beau, regarde. See BEAU n. and REGARD."
As a matter of fact, the name is altered out of recognition,
but really comes from the aboriginal _budgery_, good, and
_gar_, parrot.
"_Imou-pine_. A large New Zealand tree. . . . called
_red pine_ by the colonists and _rimu_ by the
natives."
I can find no trace of the spelling "Imou." In a circular to
New Zealand newspapers I asked whether it was a known variant.
The _New Zealand Herald_ made answer--"He may be sure that
the good American dictionary has made a misprint. It was
scarcely worth the Professor's while to take notice of mere
examples of pakeha ignorance of Maori."
"Swagman. [Slang, Austral.] 1. A dealer in cheap trinkets, etc.
2. A swagger."
In twenty-two years of residence in Australia, I have never heard
the former sense.
"_Taihoa_. [Anglo-Tasmanian.] No hurry; wait."
The word is Maori, and Maori is the language of New Zealand, not
of Tasmania.
These examples, I know, are not fair specimens of the accuracy
of the Standard Dictionary, but they serve as indications of
the necessity for a special book on Australasian English.
II. TITLE AND SCOPE OF THE BOOK.
In the present day, when words are more and more abbreviated,
a "short title" may be counted necessary to the welfare of a
book. For this reason "Austral English" has been selected.
In its right place in the dictionary the word _Austral_
will be found with illustrations to show that its primary meaning,
"southern," is being more and more limited, so that the word
may now be used as equivalent to _Australasian_.
"Austral" or "Australasian English" means all the new words and
the new uses of old words that have been added to the English
language by reason of the fact that those who speak English
have taken up their abode in Australia, Tasmania, and New
Zealand. Hasty inference might lead to the remark that such
addition is only slang, but the remark is far from being
accurate; probably not one-tenth of the new vocabulary could
fairly be so classified. A great deal of slang is used in
Australasia, but very much less is generated here than is
usually believed. In 1895 a literary policeman in Melbourne
brought out a small _Australian Slang Dictionary_. In
spite of the name, however, the compiler confesses that "very
few of the terms it contains have been invented by
Australians." My estimate is that not one word in fifty in his
little book has an Australian origin, or even a specially
Australian use.
The phrase "Australasian English" includes something much wider
than slang. Those who, speaking the tongue of Shakspeare, of
Milton, and of Dr. Johnson, came to various parts of
Australasia, found a Flora and a Fauna waiting to be named in
English. New birds, beasts and fishes, new trees, bushes and
flowers, had to receive names for general use. It is probably
not too much to say that there never was an instance in history
when so many new names were needed, and that there never will
be such an occasion again, for never did settlers come, nor can
they ever again come, upon Flora and Fauna so completely
different from anything seen by them before. When the
offshoots of our race first began to settle in America, they
found much that was new, but they were still in the same North
Temperate zone. Though there is now a considerable divergence
between the American and the English vocabulary, especially in
technical terms, it is not largely due to great differences in
natural history. An oak in America is still a _Quercus_,
not as in Australia a _Casuarina_. But with the whole
tropical region intervening it was to be expected that in the
South Temperate Zone many things would be different, and such
expectation was amply fulfilled. In early descriptions of
Australia it is a sort of commonplace to dwell on this complete
variety, to harp on the trees that shed bark not leaves, and
the cherries with the stones outside. Since the days when
"Adam gave names to all cattle and to the fowl of the air and
to every beast of the field" never were so many new names
called for. Unfortunately, names were not given by the best
educated in the community, but often by those least qualified
to invent satisfactory names: not by a linguist, a botanist, an
ornithologist, an ichthyologist, but by the ordinary settler.
Even in countries of old civilisation names are frequently
conferred or new words invented, at times with good and at
times with unsatisfactory results, by the average man, whom it
is the modern fashion to call "the man in the street." Much of
Australasian nomenclature is due to "the man in the bush"
--more precise address not recorded. Givers of new names may
be benefactors to their language or violators of its purity and
simplicity, but in either case they are nearly always, like the
burial-place of Moses, unknown.
III. SOURCES OF NEW WORDS.
Of Australasian additions to the English language there are two
main sources, which correspond to the twofold division of them
into new words and new uses of old words.
1. Altered English.
The commoner origin of Australasian English words is the
turning and twisting of an already existing English name. The
settler saw a fruit somewhat like a cherry. Though he knew
well that it was not a cherry, he christened it the "native
cherry." It may here be remarked that the prefix native is not
a satisfactory distinguishing adjective. Native bear, native
cherry, may teach the young Australian that the bear and the
cherry so named are not as the bear of the Arctic Regions or
the cherry of Europe. But in the British Museum the label does
not help much. The settler heard a bird laugh in what he
thought an extremely ridiculous manner, its opening notes
suggesting a donkey's bray--he called it the "laughing
jackass." His descendants have dropped the adjective, and it
has come to pass that the word "jackass" denotes to an
Australian something quite different from its meaning to other
speakers of our English tongue. The settler must have had an
imagination. Whip-bird, or Coach-whip, from the sound of the
note, Lyre-bird from the appearance of the outspread tail, are
admirable names.
Another class of name brought the Australian word nearer to its
English use. "Robin" for instance is applied to birds of
various species not known in Europe. Bird-names, fish-names,
plant-names, are sometimes transferred to new species,
sometimes to a new genus, sometimes to an entirely different
Natural Order, bearing a resemblance to the original, either
real or fancied, as for instance "Magpie." It is hardly
necessary to dwell longer on this point, for almost every page
of the Dictionary bears witness to it.
2. Words new to the Language.
(a) Aboriginal Australian.
Many of the new Australasian words are taken from the languages
of the aborigines, often with considerable alteration due to
misunderstanding. Such words are either Australian or Maori.
Whilst in New Zealand careful attention has been paid by
competent scholars to the musical Maori language, it can hardly
be claimed that the Australian family of languages has ever
been scientifically studied, though there is a heap of printed
material--small grammars and lists of words--_rudis
indigestaque moles_. There is no doubt that the
vocabularies used in different parts of Australia and Tasmania
varied greatly, and equally little doubt that the languages, in
structure and perhaps originally in vocabulary, were more or
less connected. About the year 1883, Professor Sayce, of
Oxford, wrote a letter, which was published in _The
Argus_, pointing out the obligation that lay upon the
Australian colonies to make a scientific study of a vanishing
speech. The duty would be stronger were it not for the
distressing lack of pence that now is vexing public men.
Probably a sum of L300 a year would suffice for an educated
inquirer, but his full time for several years would be needed.
Such an one should be trained at the University as a linguist
and an observer, paying especial attention to logic and to
Comparative Philology. Whilst the colonies neglect their
opportunities, and Sibylla year by year withdraws her offer,
perhaps "the inevitable German" will intervene, and in a
well-arranged book bring order out of the chaos of vocabularies
and small pamphlets on the subject, all that we have to trust
to now.
The need of scientific accuracy is strong. For the purposes of
this Dictionary I have been investigating the origin of words,
more or less naturalised as English, that come from aboriginal
Australian, in number between seventy and a hundred. I have
received a great deal of kind assistance, many people taking
much trouble to inform me. But there is a manifest lack of
knowledge. Many supplied me with the meanings of the words as
used in English, but though my appeal was scattered far and
wide over Australia (chiefly through the kindness of the
newspapers), few could really give the origin of the words.
Two amongst the best informed went so far as to say that
Australian words have no derivation. That doctrine is hard to
accept. A word of three syllables does not spring complete
from the brain of an aboriginal as Athene rose fully armed from
the head of Zeus.
It is beyond all doubt that the vocabularies of the Aborigines
differed widely in different parts. Frequently, the English
have carried a word known in one district to a district where
it was not known, the aboriginals regarding the word as pure
English. In several books statements will be found that such
and such a word is not Aboriginal, when it really has an
aboriginal source but in a different part of the Continent.
Mr. Threlkeld, in his _Australian Grammar_, which is
especially concerned with the language of the Hunter River,
gives a list of "barbarisms," words that he considers do not
belong to the aboriginal tongue. He says with perfect
truth-"Barbarisms have crept into use, introduced by sailors,
stockmen, and others, in the use of which both blacks and
whites labour under the mistaken idea, that each one is
conversing in the other's language." And yet with him a
"barbarism" has to be qualified as meaning "not belonging to
the Hunter District." But Mr. Threlkeld is not the only writer
who will not acknowledge as aboriginal sundry words with an
undoubted Australian pedigree.
(b) Maori.
The Maori language, the Italian of the South, has received very
different treatment from that meted out by fate and
indifference to the aboriginal tongues of Australia. It has
been studied by competent scholars, and its grammar has been
comprehensively arranged and stated. A Maori Dictionary,
compiled more than fifty years ago by a missionary, afterwards
a bishop, has been issued in a fourth edition by his son, who
is now a bishop. Yet, of Maori also, the same thing is said
with respect to etymology. A Maori scholar told me that, when
he began the study many years ago, he was warned by a very
distinguished scholar not to seek for derivations, as the
search was full of pitfalls. It was not maintained that words
sprang up without an origin, but that the true origin of most
of the words was now lost. In spite of this double warning, it
may be maintained that some of the origins both of Maori and of
Australian words have been found and are in this book recorded.
The pronunciation of Maori words differs so widely from that of
Australian aboriginal names that it seems advisable to insert a
note on the subject.
Australian aboriginal words have been written down on no
system, and very much at hap-hazard. English people have
attempted to express the native sounds phonetically according
to English pronunciation. No definite rule has been observed,
different persons giving totally different values to represent
the consonant and vowel sounds. In a language with a spelling
so unphonetic as the English, in which the vowels especially
have such uncertain and variable values, the results of this
want of system have necessarily been very unsatisfactory and
often grotesque. Maori words, on the other hand, have been
written down on a simple and consistent system, adopted by the
missionaries for the purpose of the translation of the Bible.
This system consists in giving the Italian sound to the vowels,
every letter--vowel and consonant--having a fixed and
invariable value. Maori words are often very melodious. In
pronunciation the best rule is to pronounce each syllable with
a nearly equal accent.
Care has been taken to remember that this is an Australasian
_English_ and not a Maori Dictionary; therefore to exclude
words that have not passed into the speech of the settlers.
But in New Zealand Maori is much more widely used in the matter
of vocabulary than the speech of the aborigines is in
Australia, or at any rate in the more settled parts of
Australia; and the Maori is in a purer form. Though some words
and names have been ridiculously corrupted, the language of
those who dwell in the bush in New Zealand can hardly be called
_Pigeon English_, and that is the right name for the
"lingo" used in Queensland and Western Australia, which, only
partly represented in this book, is indeed a falling away from
the language of Bacon and Shakspeare.
IV. LAW OF HOBSON-JOBSON.
In many places in the Dictionary, I find I have used the
expression "the law of Hobson-Jobson." The name is an
adaptation from the expression used by Col. Yule and
Mr. Burnell as a name for their interesting Dictionary of
Anglo-Indian words. The law is well recognised, though it has
lacked the name, such as I now venture to give it. When a word
comes from a foreign language, those who use it, not
understanding it properly, give a twist to the word or to some
part of it from the hospitable desire to make the word at home
in its new quarters, no regard, however, being paid to the
sense. The most familiar instance in English is
_crayfish_ from the French _ecrevisse_, though it is
well known that a crayfish is not a fish at all. Amongst the
Mohammedans in India there is a festival at which the names of
"Hassan" and "Hosein" are frequently called out by devotees.
Tommy Atkins, to whom the names were naught, converted them
into "Hobson, Jobson." That the practice of so altering words
is not limited to the English is shown by two perhaps not very
familiar instances in French, where "Aunt Sally" has become
_ane sale_, "a dirty donkey," and "bowsprit" has become
_beau pre_, though quite unconnected with "a beautiful
meadow." The name "Pigeon English" is itself a good example.
It has no connection with pigeon, the bird, but is an
Oriental's attempt to pronounce the word "business." It
hardly, however, seems necessary to alter the spelling to
"pidjin."
It may be thought by some precisians that all Australasian
English is a corruption of the language. So too is
Anglo-Indian, and, _pace_ Mr. Brander Matthews, there are
such things as Americanisms, which were not part of the
Elizabethan heritage, though it is perfectly true that many of
the American phrases most railed at are pure old English,
preserved in the States, though obsolete in Modern England; for
the Americans, as Lowell says, "could not take with them any
better language than that of Shakspeare." When we hear railing
at slang phrases, at Americanisms, some of which are admirably
expressive, at various flowers of colonial speech, and at words
woven into the texture of our speech by those who live far away
from London and from Oxford, and who on the outskirts of the
British Empire are brought into contact with new natural
objects that need new names, we may think for our comfort on
the undoubted fact that the noble and dignified language of the
poets, authors and preachers, grouped around Lewis XIV., sprang
from debased Latin. For it was not the classical Latin that is
the origin of French, but the language of the soldiers and the
camp-followers who talked slang and picked words up from every
quarter. English has certainly a richer vocabulary, a finer
variety of words to express delicate distinctions of meaning,
than any language that is or that ever was spoken: and this is
because it has always been hospitable in the reception of new
words. It is too late a day to close the doors against new
words. This _Austral English Dictionary_ merely
catalogues and records those which at certain doors have
already come in.
V. CLASSIFICATION OF THE WORDS.
The Dictionary thus includes the following classes of Words,
Phrases and Usages; viz.--
(1) Old English names of Natural Objects--Birds, Fishes,
Animals, Trees, Plants, etc.--applied (in the first instance by
the early settlers) either to new Australian species of such
objects, or to new objects bearing a real or fancied
resemblance to them--as _Robin, Magpie, Herring, Cod, Cat,
Bear, Oak, Beech, Pine, Cedar, Cherry, Spinach, Hops, Pea,
Rose_.
(2) English names of objects applied in Australia to others
quite different-as _Wattle_, a hurdle, applied as the name
of the tree _Wattle_, from whose twigs the hurdle was most
readily made; _Jackass_, an animal, used as the name for
the bird _Jackass_; _Cockatoo_, a birdname, applied
to a small farmer.
(3) Aboriginal Australian and Maori words which have been
incorporated unchanged in the language, and which still denote
the original object--as _Kangaroo, Wombat, Boomerang, Whare,
Pa, Kauri_.
(4) Aboriginal Australian and Maori words which have been
similarly adopted, and which have also had their original
meaning extended and applied to other things--as _Bunyip,
Corrobbery, Warrigal_.
(5) Anglicised corruptions of such words--as _Copper-Maori,
Go-ashore, Cock-a-bully, Paddy-melon, Pudding-ball,
Tooky-took_.
(6) Fanciful, picturesque, or humorous names given to new
Australasian Natural Objects--as _Forty-spot, Lyre-bird,
Parson-bird, and Coach-whip_ (birds); _Wait-a-while_ (a
tangled thicket); _Thousand-jacket, Jimmy Low, Jimmy
Donnelly, and Roger Gough_ (trees); _Axe-breaker,
Cheese-wood, and Raspberry Jam_ (timbers); _Trumpeter,
Schnapper and Sergeant Baker_ (fishes);
_Umbrella-grass_ and _Spaniard_ (native plants), and
so on.
(7) Words and phrases of quite new coinage, or arising from
quite new objects or orders of things--as _Larrikin, Swagman,
Billy, Free-selector, Boundary-rider, Black-tracker,
Back-blocks, Clear-skin, Dummyism, Bushed._
(8) Scientific names arising exclusively from Australasian
necessities, chiefly to denote or describe new Natural Orders,
Genera, or Species confined or chiefly appertaining to
Australia--as _Monotreme, Petrogale, Clianthus, Ephthianura,
Dinornis, Eucalypt, Boronia, Ornithorhynchus, Banksia_.
(9) Slang (of which the element is comparatively small)--
as _Deepsinker, Duck-shoving, Hoot, Slushy, Boss-cockie,
On-the-Wallaby_.
VI. QUOTATIONS.
With certain exceptions, this Dictionary is built up, as a
Dictionary should be, on quotations, and these are very
copious. It may even be thought that their number is too
large. It is certainly larger, and in some places the
quotations themselves are much longer, than could ever be
expected in a general Dictionary of the English Language. This
copiousness is, however, the advantage of a special Dictionary.
The intention of the quotations is to furnish evidence that a
word is used as an English word; and many times the quotation
itself furnishes a satisfactory explanation of the meaning. I
hope, however, I shall not be held responsible for all the
statements in the quotations, even where attention is not drawn
to their incorrectness. Sundry Australasian uses of words are
given in other dictionaries, as, for instance, in the parts
already issued of the _Oxford English Dictionary_ and in
_The Century_, but the space that can be allotted to them
in such works is of necessity too small for full explanation.
Efforts have been made to select such quotations as should in
themselves be interesting, picturesque, and illustrative. In a
few cases they may even be humorous.
Moreover, the endeavour has been constant to obtain quotations
from all parts of the Australasian Colonies--from books that
describe different parts of Australasia, and from newspapers
published far and wide. I am conscious that in the latter
division Melbourne papers predominate, but this has been due to
the accident that living in Melbourne I see more of the
Melbourne papers, whilst my friends have sent me more
quotations from books and fewer from newspapers.
The quotations, however, are not all explanatory. Many times
a quotation is given merely to mark the use of a word at a
particular epoch. Quotations are all carefully dated and
arranged in their historical order, and thus the exact
chronological development of a word has been indicated. The
practice of the 'O.E.D.' has been followed in this respect and
in the matter of quotations generally, though as a rule the
titles of books quoted have been more fully expressed here than
in that Dictionary. Early quotations have been sought with
care, and a very respectable antiquity, about a century, has
been thus found for some Australasian words. As far as
possible, the spelling, the stops, the capitals, and the
italics of the original have been preserved. The result is
often a rich variety of spelling the same word in consecutive
extracts.
The last decade has been a very active time in Australian
science. A great deal of system has been brought into its
study, and much rearrangement of classification has followed as
the result. Both among birds and plants new species have been
distinguished and named: and there has been not a little change
in nomenclature. This Dictionary, it must be remembered, is
chiefly concerned with vernacular names, but for proper
identification, wherever possible, the scientific name is
added. In some cases, where there has been a recent change in
the latter, both the new and the older names are recorded.
VII. AUTHORITIES.
The less-known birds, fishes, plants, and trees are in many
cases not illustrated by quotations, but have moved to their
places in the Dictionary from lists of repute. Many books have
been written on the Natural History of Australia and New
Zealand, and these have been placed under contribution. Under
the head of Botany no book has been of greater service than
Maiden's _Useful Native Plants_. Unfortunately many
scientific men scorn vernacular names, but Mr. Maiden has taken
the utmost pains with them, and has thereby largely increased
the utility of his volume. For Tasmania there is Mr. Spicer's
_Handbook of Tasmanian Plants_; for New Zealand, Kirk's
_Forest Flora_ and Hooker's _Botany_.
For Australian animals Lydekker's _Marsupials and
Monotremes_ is excellent; especially his section on the
Phalanger or Australian _Opossum_, an animal which has
been curiously neglected by all Dictionaries of repute. On New
Zealand mammals it is not necessary to quote any book; for when
the English came, it is said, New Zealand contained no mammal
larger than a rat. Captain Cook turned two pigs loose; but it
is stated on authority, that these pigs left no descendants.
One was ridden to death by Maori boys, and the other was killed
for sacrilege: he rooted in a tapu burial-place. Nevertheless,
the settlers still call any wild-pig, especially if lean and
bony, a "Captain Cook."
For the scientific nomenclature of Australian Botany the
_Census of Australian Plants_ by the Baron von Mueller
(1889) is indispensable. It has been strictly followed. For
fishes reliance has been placed upon Tenison Woods' _Fishes
and Fisheries of New South Wales_ (1882), on W. Macleay's
_Descriptive Catalogue of Australian Fishes_ (Proceedings
of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales, vols. v. and vi.),
and on Dr. Guenther's _Study of Fishes_. For the
scientific nomenclature of Animal Life, the standard of
reference has been the _Tabular List of all the Australian
Birds_ by E. P. Ramsay of the Australian Museum, Sydney
(1888); _Catalogue of Australian Mammals_ by J. O. Ogilby
of the Australian Museum, Sydney (1892); _Catalogue of
Marsupials and Monotremes_, British Museum (1888);
_Prodromus to the Natural History of Victoria_ by Sir
F. McCoy. Constant reference has also been made to Proceedings
of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales, Proceedings and
Transactions of the Royal Societies of Victoria and Tasmania,
and to the journal of the Field Naturalist Club of Victoria.
The birds both in Australia and New Zealand have been
handsomely treated by the scientific illustrators. Gould's
_Birds of Australia_ and Buller's _Birds of New
Zealand_ are indeed monumental works. Neither Gould nor Sir
Walter Buller scorns vernacular names. But since the days of
the former the number of named species of Australian birds has
largely increased, and in January 1895, at the Brisbane Meeting
of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science,
a Committee was appointed to draw up a list of vernacular
bird-names. By the kindness of a member of this Committee
(Mr. A. J. Campbell of Melbourne) I was allowed the use of a
list of such vernacular names drawn up by him and Col. Legge
for submission to the Committee.
VIII. SCIENTIFIC WORDS.
The example of _The Century_ has been followed in the
inclusion of sundry scientific names, especially those of
genera or Natural Orders of purely Australasian objects.
Although it is quite true that these can hardly be described as
Australasian _English_, it is believed that the course
adopted will be for the general convenience of those who
consult this Dictionary.
Some of these "Neo-Latin" and "Neo-Greek" words are
extraordinary in themselves and obscure in their origin, though
not through antiquity. In his _Student's Pastime_, at
p. 293, Dr. Skeat says "Nowhere can more ignorant etymologies
be found than in works on Botany and 'scientific' subjects.
Too often, all the science is reserved for the subject, so that
there is none to spare for explaining the names."
A generous latitude has also been taken in including some words
undoubtedly English, but not exclusively Australasian, such as
_Anabranch_, and _Antipodes_, and some mining and
other terms that are also used in the United States.
Convenience of readers is the excuse. _Anabranch_ is more
frequently used of Australian rivers than of any others, but
perhaps a little pride in tracking the origin of the word has
had something to do with its inclusion. Some words have been
inserted for purposes of explanation, e.g. _Snook_, in
Australasia called _Barracouta_, which latter is itself an
old name applied in Australasia to a different fish; and
_Cavally_, which is needed to explain _Trevally_.
IX. ASSISTANCE RECEIVED.
There remains the pleasant duty of acknowledging help. Many
persons have given me help, whose names can hardly be listed
here. A friend, an acquaintance, or sometimes even a stranger,
has often sent a single quotation of value, or an explanation
of a single word. The Editors of many newspapers have helped
not a little by the insertion of a letter or a circular. To
all these helpers, and I reckon their number at nearly 200, I
tender my hearty thanks.
Various officers of the Melbourne Public Library, and my friend
Mr. Edward H. Bromby, the Librarian of this University, have
rendered me much assistance. I have often been fortunate
enough to obtain information from the greatest living authority
on a particular subject: from the Baron von Mueller, from Sir
Frederick M'Coy, or from Mr. A. W. Howitt. [Alas! since I
penned this sentence, the kind and helpful Baron has been taken
from us, and is no longer the greatest living authority on
Australian Botany.] My friend and colleague, Professor Baldwin
Spencer, a most earnest worker in the field of Australian
science, gave many hours of valuable time to set these pages
right in the details of scientific explanations.
Mr. J. G. Luehmann of Melbourne has kindly answered various
questions about Botany, and Mr. A. J. North, of Sydney, in
regard to certain birds. Mr. T. S. Hall, of the Biological
Department of this University, and Mr. J. J. Fletcher, of
Sydney, the Secretary of the Linnaean Society of New South
Wales, have rendered me much help. The Rev. John Mathew, of
Coburg, near Melbourne, has thrown much light on aboriginal
words. The Rev. E. H. Sugden, Master of Queen's College in
this University, has furnished a large number of useful
quotations. His name is similarly mentioned, _honoris
causa_, in Dr. Murray's Preface to Part I. of the 'O. E. D.'
Mr. R. T. Elliott of Worcester College, Oxford, has given
similar help. The Master himself,--the Master of all who
engage in Dictionary work,--Dr. Murray, of Oxford, has kindly
forwarded to me a few pithy and valuable comments on my
proof-streets. He also made me a strong appeal never to pass
on information from any source without acknowledgment. This,
the only honest course, I have striven scrupulously to follow;
but it is not always easy to trace the sources whence
information has been derived.
When gaps in the sequence of quotations were especially
apparent on the proofs, Mr. W. Ellis Bird, of Richmond,
Victoria, found me many illustrative passages. For New Zealand
words a goodly supply of quotations was contributed by Miss
Mary Colborne-Veel of Christchurch, author of a volume of
poetry called _The Fairest of the Angels_, by her sister,
Miss Gertrude Colborne-Veel, and by Mr. W. H. S. Roberts of
Oamaru, author of a little book called _Southland in_
1856. In the matter of explanation of the origin and meaning
of New Zealand terms, Dr. Hocken of Dunedin, Mr. F. R. Chapman
of the same city, and Mr. Edward Tregear of Wellington, author
of the _Maori Polynesian Dictionary_, and Secretary of the
Polynesian Society, have rendered valuable and material
assistance. Dr. Holden of Bellerive, near Hobart, was perhaps
my most valued correspondent. After I had failed in one or two
quarters to enlist Tasmanian sympathy, he came to the rescue,
and gave me much help on Tasmanian words, especially on the
Flora and the birds; also on Queensland Flora and on the whole
subject of Fishes. Dr. Holden also enlisted later the help of
Mr. J. B. Walker, of Hobart, who contributed much to enrich my
proofs. But the friend who has given me most help of all has
been Mr. J. Lake of St. John's College, Cambridge. When the
Dictionary was being prepared for press, he worked with me for
some months, very loyally putting my materials into shape.
Birds, Animals, and Botany he sub-edited for me, and much of
the value of this part of the Book, which is almost an
Encyclopaedia rather than a Dictionary, is due to his ready
knowledge, his varied attainments, and his willingness to
undertake research.
To all who have thus rendered me assistance I tender hearty
thanks. It is not their fault if, as is sure to be the case,
defects and mistakes are found in this Dictionarv. But should
the Book be received with public favour, these shall be
corrected in a later edition.
EDWARD E. MORRIS.
The University, Melbourne,
February 23, 1897
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS OF NAMES
Ait. . . . Aiton.
Andr. . . . Andrews.
B. and L. . Barere and L.
Bail. . . . Baillon.
Bechst. . . Bechstein.
Benth. . . Bentham.
Bl. . . . Bleeker.
Bodd. . . . Boddaert
Bp. )
) . Bonaparte.
Bonap. )
R. Br. . . Robert Brown
Brong. . . Brongniart.
Cab. . . . Cabanis.
Carr. . . . Carriere.
Castln. . . Castelnau.
Cav. . . . Cavanilles.
Corr. . . . Correa.
Cunn. )
) . A. Cunningham
A. Cunn. )
Cuv. . . . Cuvier.
De C. . . . De Candolle.
Dec. . . . Decaisne.
Desf. . . . Desfontaines.
Desm. . . . Desmarest.
Desv. . . . Desvaux.
De Tarrag. . De Tarragon
Diet. . . . Dietrich.
Donov. . . Donovan.
Drap. . . . Drapiez.
Dryand. . . Dryander.
Endl. . . . Endlicher.
Fab. . . . Fabricius.
Forsk. . . Forskael.
Forst. . . Forster.
F. v. M. . . Ferdinand von Mueller
G. Forst. . G. Forster.
Gaertn. . . Gaertner.
Gaim. . . . Gaimard.
Garn. . . . Garnot.
Gaud. . . Gaudichaud.
Geoff. . . Geoffroy.
Germ. . . Germar.
Gmel. . . Gmelin.
Guich. . . Guichenot.
Gunth. . . Guenther.
Harv. . . Harvey.
Hasselq. . . Hasselquin.
Haw. . . . Haworth.
Hens. . . Henslow.
Herb. . . Herbert.
Homb. . . Hombron.
Hook. . . J. Hooker.
Hook. f. . . Hooker fils.
Horsf. . . Horsfield.
Ill. . . . Illiger.
Jacq. . . . Jacquinot.
Jard. . . . Jardine.
L. and S. . Liddell and Scott.
Lab. )
) . Labillardiere.
Labill. )
Lacep. . . Lacepede.
Lath. . . . Latham.
Lehm. . . Lehmann.
Less. . . Lesson.
L'herit. . . L'Heritier.
Licht. . . Lichtenstein.
Lindl. . . Lindley.
Linn. . . . Linnaeus.
Macl. . . . Macleay.
McC. . . . McCoy.
Meissn. . . Meissner.
Menz. . . Menzies.
Milne-Ed. . Milne-Edwards.
Miq. . . . Miquel.
Parlat. . . Parlatore.
Pers. . . . Persoon.
Plan. )
) . Planchol.
Planch. )
Poir. . . Poiret.
Q. . . . Quoy.
Rafll. . . Raffles.
Rein. . . . Reinwardt.
Reiss. . . Reisseck.
Rich. )
) . Richardson.
Richards.)
Roxb. . . Roxburgh
Sal. . . . Salvadori.
Salisb. . . Salisbury.
Schau. . . Schauer.
Schl. )
) . Schlechten
Schlecht.)
Selb. . . . Selby.
Ser. . . . Seringe.
Serv. . . . Serville.
Sieb. . . . Sieber.
Sm. . . . Smith.
Sol. . . . Solander.
Sow. . . . Sowerby.
Sparrm. . . Sparrman.
Steph. . . Stephan.
Sundev. . . Sundevall.
Sw. )
) . Swainson.
Swains. )
Temm. . . Temminck.
Thunb. . . Thunberg.
Tul. . . . Tulasne.
V. and H. . Vigors and Horsfield.
Val. . . . Valenciennes.
Vent. . . . Ventenat.
Vieill. . . Vieillot.
Vig. . . . Vigors.
Wagl. . . . Wagler.
Water. . . Waterhouse.
Wedd. . . . Weddell.
Willd. . . Willdenow.
Zimm. . . . Zimmermann.
OTHER ABBREVIATIONS
q.v. _quod vide_, which see.
i.q. _idem quod_, the same as.
ibid. _ibidem_, in the same book.
i.e. _id est_, that is.
sc. _scilicet_, that is to say.
s.v. _sub voce_, under the word.
cf. _confer_, compare.
n. noun,
adj. adjective.
v. verb.
prep. preposition.
interj. interjection.
_sic_, "thus," draws attention to some peculiarity of
diction or to what is believed to be a mistake.
N.O. Natural Order.
sp. a species,
spp. various species.
A square bracket [ ] shows an addition to a quotation by way
of comment.
O.E.D. "Oxford English Dictionary," often formerly quoted
as "N.E.D." or "New English Dictionary."
AUSTRALASIAN DICTIONARY
A
# Absentee #, _n_. euphemistic term for a convict.
The word has disappeared with the need for it.
1837. Jas. Mudie, 'Felonry of New South Wales,' p. vii.:
"The ludicrous and affected philanthropy of the present
Governor of the Colony, in advertising runaway convicts under
the soft and gentle name of _absentees_, is really
unaccountable, unless we suppose it possible that his
Excellency as a native of Ireland, and as having a
well-grounded Hibernian antipathy to his absentee countrymen,
uses the term as one expressive both of the criminality of the
absentee and of his own abhorrence of the crime."
# Acacia #, _n_. and _adj_. a genus of shrubs or
trees, _N.O. Leguminosae_. The Australian species often
form thickets or scrubs, and are much used for hedges. The
species are very numerous, and are called provincially by
various names, e.g. "Wattle," "Mulga," "Giddea," and "Sally,"
an Anglicized form of the aboriginal name _Sallee_ (q.v.).
The tree peculiar to Tasmania, _Acacia riceana_, Hensl.,
_N.O. Leguminosae_, is there called the _Drooping
Acacia_.
1827. P. Cunningham, 'Two Years in New South Wales,' vol. i.
p. 202:
"We possess above a hundred and thirty species of the acacia."
1839. Dr. J. Shotsky, quoted in 'Sydney Morning Herald,' Aug. 5,
p. 5, col. 2:
"Yet, Australian sky and nature awaits and merits real artists
to portray it. Its gigantic gum and acacia trees, 40 ft. in
girth, some of them covered with a most smooth bark, externally
as white as chalk. .. ."
1844. L. Leichhardt, Letter in 'Cooksland,' by J. D. Lang, p. 91:
"Rosewood Acacia, the wood of which has a very agreeable violet
scent like the Myal Acacia (_A. pendula_) in Liverpool
Plains."
1846. C. P. Hodgson, 'Reminiscences of Australia,' p. 149:
"The Acacias are innumerable, all yielding a famous bark for
tanning, and a clean and excellent gum."
1869. Mrs. Meredith, 'A Tasmanian Memory,' p. 8:
"Acacias fringed with gold."
1877. F. v. Mueller, 'Botanic Teachings,' p. 24:
"The name Acacia, derived from the Greek, and indicative of a
thorny plant, was already bestowed by the ancient naturalist
and physician Dioscorides on a Gum-Arabic yielding
North-African Acacia not dissimilar to some Australian species.
This generic name is so familiarly known, that the appellation
'Wattle' might well be dispensed with. Indeed the name Acacia
is in full use in works on travels and in many popular writings
for the numerous Australian species . . . Few of any genera of
plants contain more species than Acacia, and in Australia it is
the richest of all; about 300 species, as occurring in our
continent, have been clearly defined."
# Acrobates #, _n_. the scientific name of the
Australian genus of _Pigmy Flying-Phalangers_, or, as they
are locally called, _Opossum-Mice_. See _Opossum-Mouse,
Flying-Mouse, Flying-Phalanger_, and _Phalanger_. The
genus was founded by Desmarest in 1817.
(Grk. _'akrobataes_, walking on tiptoe.)
# AEpyprymnus #, _n_. the scientific name of the genus
of the _Rufous Kangaroo-Rat_. It is the tallest and
largest of the Kangaroo-Rats (q.v.). (Grk. _'aipus_,
high, and _prumnon_, the hinder part.)
# Ailuroedus #, _n_. scientific name for the genus of
Australian birds called _Cat-birds_ (q.v.). From
Grk. _'ailouros_, a cat, and _'eidos_, species.
# Ake #, _n_. originally Akeake, Maori name for either
of two small trees, (1) _Dodonaea viscosa_, Linn., in New
Zealand; (2) _Olearia traversii_, F. v. M., in the Chatham
Islands. Ake is originally a Maori _adv_. meaning
"onwards, in time." Archdeacon Williams, in his 'Dictionary of
New Zealand Language,' says _Ake_, _Ake_, _Ake_,
means " for ever and ever." (Edition 182.)
1820. 'Grammar and Vocabulary of Language of New Zealand' (Church
Missionary Society), p.133:
"Akeake, _paulo post futurum_"
1835. W. Yale, 'Some Account of New Zealand,' p. 47:
"Aki, called the _Lignum vitae_ of New Zealand."
1851. Mrs. Wilson, 'New Zealand,' p. 43:
"The ake and towai . . . are almost equal, in point of colour,
to rosewood."
1883. J. Hector, 'Handbook to New Zealand,' p. 131:
"Ake, a small tree, 6 to 12 feet high. Wood very hard,
variegated, black and white; used for Maori clubs; abundant in
dry woods and forests."
# Alarm-bird #, _n_. a bird-name no longer used in
Australia. There is an African Alarm-bird.
1848. J. Gould, 'Birds of Australia,' vol. vi. pl. 9:
"_Lobivanellus lobatus_ (Lath.), Wattled Pewit, Alarm Bird of
the Colonists."
# Alectryon #, _n_. a New Zealand tree and flower,
_Alectryon excelsum_, De C., Maori name _Titoki_
(q.v.); called also the _New Zealand Oak_, from the
resemblance of its leaves to those of an oak. Named by
botanists from Grk. _'alektruown_, a cock.
1872. A. Domett, 'Ranolf,' I. 7, p. 16:
"The early season could not yet
Have ripened the alectryon's beads of jet,
Each on its scarlet strawberry set."
# Alexandra Palm #, _n_. a Queensland tree,
_Ptychosperma alexandrae_, F. v. M. A beautifully marked
wood much used for making walking sticks. It grows 70 or 80
feet high.
# Alluvial #, _n_. the common term in Australia and
New Zealand for gold-bearing alluvial soil. The word is also
used adjectivally as in England.
1889. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Robbery under Arms,' p. 403:
"The whole of the alluvial will be taken up, and the Terrible
Hollow will re-echo with the sound of pick and shovel."
# Ambrite # (generally called # ambrit #), _n_.
Mineral [from amber + ite, mineral formative, 'O.E.D.'], a
fossil resin found in masses amidst lignite coals in various
parts of New Zealand. Some identify it with the resin of
_Dammara australis_, generally called _Kauri gum_
(q.v.).
1867. F. von Hochstetter, 'New Zealand,' p. 79:
"Although originating probably from a coniferous tree related
to the Kauri pine, it nevertheless has been erroneously taken
for Kauri gum."--[Footnote]: "It is sufficiently characterised
to deserve a special name ; but it comes so near to real
_amber_ that it deserves the name of _Ambrite_."
[This is the earliest use of the word.]
# Anabranch #, _n_. a branch of a river which leaves
it and enters it again. The word is not Australian, though it
is generally so reckoned. It is not given in the 'Century,'
nor in the 'Imperial,' nor in 'Webster,' nor in the 'Standard.'
The 'O.E.D.' treats _Ana_ as an independent word, rightly
explaining it as _anastomosing_, but its quotation from
the 'Athenaeum' (1871), on which it relies,is a misprint. For
the origin and coinage of the word, see quotation 1834. See
the aboriginal name _Billabong_.
1834. Col.Jackson, 'Journal of Royal Geographical Society,' p. 79:
"Such branches of a river as after separation re-unite, I would
term _anastomosing-branches_; or, if a word might be
coined, _ana-branches_, and the islands they form,
_branch-islands_. Thus, if we would say, 'the river in
this part of its course divides into several
_ana-branches_,' we should immediately understand the
subsequent re-union of the branches to the main trunk."
Col. Jackson was for a while Secretary and Editor of the
Society's Journal. In Feb. 1847 he resigned that position, and
in the journal of that year there is the following amusing
ignorance of his proposed word--
1847. 'Condensed Account of Sturt's Exploration in the
Interior of Australia--Journal of the Royal Geographical
Society,' p. 87:
"Captain Sturt proposed sending in advance to ascertain the
state of the Ana branch of the Darling, discovered by Mr. Eyre
on a recent expedition to the North."
No fewer than six times on two pages is the word
_anabranch_ printed as two separate words, and as if
_Ana_ were a proper name. In the Index volume it appears
"Ana, a branch of the Darling."
1847. L. Leichhardt, 'Overland Expedition,' p. 35:
"The river itself divided into anabranches which . . . made the
whole valley a maze of channels."
1865. W. Howitt, 'Discovery in Australia,' vol. i. p. 298:
"What the Major calls, after the learned nomenclature of
Colonel Jackson, in the 'Journal of the Geographical Society,'
anabranches, but which the natives call billibongs, channels
coming out of a stream and returning into it again."
1871. 'The Athenaeum,' May 27, p. 660 (' O.E.D.'):
"The Loddon district is called the County of Gunbower,
which means, it is said, an ana branch [sic]."
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Squatter's Dream,' p. 48:
"A plain bordering an ana-branch sufficient for water."
# Anchorwing #, _n_. a bird-name, _Falco
melanogenys_, Gould. The Black-cheeked Falcon, so called
because of the resemblance of the wings outspread in flight to
the flukes of an anchor.
# Anguillaria #, _n_. one of the vernacular names
used for the common Australian wild flower, _Anguillaraa
australis_, R. Br., _Wurmbsea dioica_, F. v. M.,
N.O. _Liliaceae_. The name _Anguillarea_ is from the
administrator of the Botanic Gardens of Padua, three centuries
ago. There are three Australian forms, distinguished by Robert
Brown as species. The flower is very common in the meadows in
early spring, and is therefore called the _Native Snow
Drop_. In Tasmania it is called _Nancy_.
1835. Ross, 'Hobart Town Almanack,' 67:
"Spotted Anguillaria. Nancy. The little lively white flower
with blue spots in the centre, about 2 inches high, that
everywhere enlivens our grassy hills in spring, resembling the
Star of Bethlehem."
1878. W. R. Guilfoyle, 'Australian Botany,' p. 83:
"Native Snowdrop. _Anguillaria Australis_. The earliest
of all our indigenous spring-flowering plants. . . . In early
spring our fields are white with the flowers of this pretty
little bulbous-rooted plant."
# Ant-eater #, _n_.
(1) i.q. _Ant-eating-Porcupine_. See _Echidna_.
(2) The _Banded Ant-eater_ (q.v.).
# Ant-eater, Banded #. See _Banded Ant-eater_.
# Antechinornys #, _n_. scientific name for the genus
with the one species of _Long legged Pouched-Mouse_
(q.v.). (Grk. _'anti_, opposed to, _'echivos_,
hedgehog, and _mus_, mouse, sc. a mouse different to the
hedgehog.) It is a jumping animal exclusively insectivorous.
# Antipodes #, _n_. properly a Greek word, the plural
of _'antipous_, lit. "having feet opposed." The
ancients, however, had no knowledge of the southern hemisphere.
Under the word _perioikos_, Liddell and Scott explain that
_'antipodes_ meant "those who were in opposite parallels
and meridians." The word _Antipodes_ was adopted into the
Latin language, and occurs in two of the Fathers, Lactantius
and Augustine. By the mediaeval church to believe in the
antipodes was regarded as heresy. 'O.E.D.' quotes two examples
of the early use of the word in English.
1398. 'Trevisa Barth. De P. R.,' xv. lii. (1495), p. 506:
"Yonde in Ethiopia ben the Antipodes, men that have theyr fete
ayenst our fete."
1556. 'Recorde Cast. Knowl.,' 93:
"People . . . called of the Greeks and Latines also
_'antipodes_, _Antipodes_, as you might say
Counterfooted, or Counterpasers."
Shakspeare uses the word in five places, but, though he knew
that this "pendent world" was spherical, his Antipodes were not
Australasian. In three places he means only the fact that it
is day in the Eastern hemisphere when it is night in England.
'Midsummer Night's Dream,' III. ii. 55:
"I'll believe as soon
This whole earth may be bored, and that the moon
May thro' the centre creep and so displease
His brother's noontide with the Antipodes."
'Merchant of Venice,' V. 127:
"We should hold day with the Antipodes
If you would walk in absence of the sun."
'Richard II.,' III. ii. 49:
"Who all this while hath revell'd in the night,
Whilst we were wandering with the Antipodes."
In 'Henry VI.,' part 3, I. iv. 135, the word more clearly
designates the East:
"Thou art as opposite to every good
As the Antipodes are unto us,
Or as the South to the Septentrion." [_sc_. the North.]
But more precise geographical indications are given in 'Much
Ado,' II. i. 273, where Benedick is so anxious to avoid
Beatrice that he says--
"I will go on the slightest errand now to the Antipodes that
you can devise to send me on. I will fetch you a tooth-picker
now from the farthest inch of Asia; bring you the length of
Prester John's foot; fetch you a hair of the great Kam's beard;
do you any embassage to the Pygmies rather than hold three
words conference with this harpy."
Now the Pygmies lived on the Upper Nile, near Khartoum,
Prester John in India, and the great Kam (Khan) in Tartary.
The word _Antipodes_ in modern use is applied rather to
places than to people. Geographically, the word means a place
exactly opposite on the surface of the globe, as Antipodes
Island (Eastward of New Zealand), which is very near the
opposite end of the diameter of the globe passing through
London. But the word is often used in a wider sense, and the
whole of Australasia is regarded as the Antipodes of Great
Britain.
The question is often asked whether there is any singular to
the word Antipodes, and 'O.E.D.' shows that _antipode_ is
still used in the sense of the exact opposite of a
person. _Antipod_ is also used, especially playfully. The
adjectives used are _Antipodal_ and _Antipodean_.
1640. Richard Brome [Title]:
"The Antipodes; comedy in verse." [Acted in 1638, first
printed 4t0. 1640.]
# Ant-orchis #, _n_. an Australian and Tasmanian
orchid, _Chiloglottis gunnii_, Lind.
# Apple # and # Apple-tree #, _n_. and
_adj_. The names are applied to various indigenous trees,
in some cases from a supposed resemblance to the English fruit,
in others to the foliage of the English tree. The varieties
are--
Black or Brush Apple--
_Achras australis_, R. Br.
Emu A.--
_Owenia acidula_, F. v. M.; called also _Native
Nectarine_ and _Native Quince_.
_Petalostigma quadriloculare_, F. v. M.; called also
_Crab-tree_, _Native Quince_, _Quinine-tree_
(q.v.)
Kangaroo A.--
See _Kangaroo Apple_.
Mooley A. (West N.S.W. name)--
_Owenia acidula_, F. v. M.
Mulga A.--
The Galls of _Acacia aneura_, F. v. M.
Oak A.--
Cones of _Casuarina stricta_, Ait.
Rose A.--
_Owenia cerasifera_, F. v. M.
1820. John Oxley, 'Journal of Two Expeditions into the Interior
of New South Wales,' p. 187:
"The blue gum trees in the neighbourhood were extremely fine,
whilst that species of Eucalyptus, which is vulgarly called the
apple-tree . . . again made its appearance. . . ."
1827. Vigors and Horsfield, 'Transactions of Linnaean Society,'
vol. xv. p. 260:
"It builds its nest of sticks lined with grass in
_Iron-bark_ and _Apple-trees_ (a species of
_Angophora_)."
1827. P. Cunningham, 'Two Years in New South Wales,'
vol. i. p. 200:
"The apple-trees resemble the English apple only in leaf."
1830. R. Dawson, 'Present State of Australia,' p. 195:
"In looking down upon the rich flats below, adjoining the
stream, I was perpetually reminded of a thriving and rich
apple-orchard. The resemblance of what are called apple-trees
in Australia to those of the same name at home is so striking
at a distance in these situations, that the comparison could
not be avoided, although the former bear no fruit, and do not
even belong to the same species."
1846. C. P. Hodgson, 'Reminiscences of Australia,' p. 52:
"I have heard of men employed in felling whole apple-trees
(_Angophera lanceolata_) for the sheep."
1846. J. L. Stokes, 'Discoveries in Australia,' vol. ii. c.
iv. p. 132;
"Red Apple, Quonui, affects salt grounds."
1847. J. D. Lang, 'Phillipsland,' p. 256:
"The plains, or rather downs, around it (Yass) are thinly but
most picturesquely covered with 'apple-trees,' as they are
called by the colonists, merely from their resemblance to the
European apple-tree in their size and outline, for they do not
resemble it in producing an edible fruit."
1850. J. B. Clutterbuck, 'Port Phillip in 1849,' p. 32:
"The musk-plant, hyacinth, grass-tree, and kangaroo apple-tree
are indigenous."
1852. G. C. Mundy, 'Our Antipodes' (edition 1855), p. 219:
"Pomona would indignantly disown the apple-tree, for there is
not the semblance of a pippin on its tufted branches."
1881. A. C. Grant, 'Bush Life in Queensland,' vol. i. p. 113:
"Sandy apple-tree flats, and iron-bark ridges, lined the creek
here on either side."
1896. H. Lawson, 'When the World was Wide,' p. 158:
"The desolate flats where gaunt apple-trees rot."
# Apple-berry #, _n_. the fruit of an Australian
shrub, _Billardiera scandens_, Smith,
N.O. _Pittosporeae_, called by children "dumplings."
1793. J. E. Smith, 'Specimen of Botany of New Holland,' pp. 1, 3:
"_Billardiera scandens_. Climbing Apple Berry. . . .
The name Billardiera is given it in honour of James Julian la
Billardiere, M.D., F.M.L.S., now engaged as botanist on board
the French ships sent in search of M. de la Peyrouse."
# Apple-gum #, _n_. See _Gum_.
# Apple-scented gum #, _n_. See _Gum_.
# Apteryx #, _n_. [Grk. _'a_ privative and
_pterux_, a wing.] A New Zealand bird about the size of
a domestic fowl, with merely rudimentary wings.See _Kiwi_.
1813. G. Shaw, 'Naturalist's Miscellany.' c. xxiv. p. 1058
('O.E.D.'):
"The Southern Apteryx."
1848. W. Westgarth, 'Australia Felix,' p. 137:
"The present Apterix or wingless bird of that country (New
Zealand)."
1851. 'Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Van
Diemen's Land,' vol. i. p. 300 [Letter from Rev. W. Colenso,
Waitangi, Hawke's Bay, New Zealand, Sept. 4, 1850:
"You enquire after an _Apteryx_. How delighted should I
be to succeed in getting you one. Three years ago Owen
expressed a similar wish, and I have repeatedly tried, but
failed. Yet here they still are in the mountain forests,
though, doubtless, fast hastening towards extinction. I saw
one in its wild state two years ago in the dense woods of the
interior; I saw it clearly. . . . Two living specimens were
lately taken by the Acheron, steamer, to Sydney, where they
died; these were obtained at the Bay of Islands, where also I
once got three at one time. Since then I have not been able to
obtain another, although I have offered a great price for one.
The fact is, the younger natives do not know how to take them,
and the elder ones having but few wants, and those fully
supplied, do not care to do so. Further, they can only be
captured by night, and the dog must be well trained to be of
service."
1874. F. P. Cobbe, in 'Littell's Age,' Nov. 7, p. 355
('Standard'):
"We have clipped the wings of Fancy as close as if she were
an Apteryx.'
# Arbutus, Native #, _n_. See _Wax-Cluster_.
# Ardoo #, _n_. See _Nardoo_.
# Artichoke #, _n_. name given to the plant
_Astelia Alpina_, R. Br., _N.O. Liliaceae_.
# Ash #, _n_. The name, with various epithets, is
applied to the following different Australasian trees--
Black Ash--
_Nephelium semiglaucum_, F. v. M.,
_N.O. Sapindaceae_; called also _Wild Quince_.
Black Mountain A.-- _Eucalyptus leucoxylon_, F. v. M.,
_N.O. Myrtaceae_.
Blue A.--
_Elaeodendron australe_, Vent., _N.O. Celastrinae_.
Blueberry A.-- _Elaeocarpus holopetalus_, F. v. M.,
_N.O. Tiliaceae_.
Brush Apple-- _Acronychia baueri_, Schott. (of Illawarra,
N.S.W.).
Crow's A.--
_Flindersia australis_, R. Br., _N.O. Meliaceae_.
Elderberry A. (of Victoria)--
_Panax sambucifolius_, Sieb., _N.O. Araliaceae_.
Illawarra A.--
_Elaeocarpus kirtonia_, F. v. M., _N.O. Tiliaceae_.
Moreton Bay A.--
_Eucalyptus tessellaris_, Hook., _N.O. Myrtaceae_.
Mountain A. (see _Mountain Ash_).
New Zealand A. (see _Titoki_).
Pigeonberry A.--
_Elaeocarpus obovatus_, G. Don., _N.O. Tiliaceae_.
Red A.--
_Alphitonia excelsa_, Reiss, _N.O. Rhamnaceae_.
1847. L. Leichhardt, 'Overland Expedition,' p. 75:
"The Moreton Bay Ash (a species of _Eucalyptus_). ..was
here also very plentiful."
# Assigned #, _past part_. of _verb_ to assign,
to allot. Used as _adj_. of a convict allotted to a
settler as a servant. Colloquially often reduced to "signed."
1827. 'Captain Robinson's Report,' Dec. 23:
"It was a subject of complaint among the settlers, that their
assigned servants could not be known from soldiers, owing to
their dress; which very much assisted the crime of
'bush-ranging.'"
1837. J. D. Lang, 'New South Wales,' vol. ii. p. 31
"The assigned servant of a respectable Scotch family residing
near Sydney."
1845. R. Howitt, 'Australia,' p. 75:
"Of the first five persons we saw to Van Diemen's Land, four
were convicts, and perhaps the fifth. These were the assigned
servants of the pilot."
1848. W. Westgarth, 'Australia Felix,' p. 324:
"Under the old practice, the convicts, as soon as they arrived
from Britain, were assigned among the various applicants. The
servant thus assigned was bound to perform diligently, from
sunrise till sunset, all usual and reasonable labour."
# Assignee #, _n_. a convict assigned as a servant. The
word is also used in its ordinary English sense.
1843. 'Penny Cyclopaedia,' vol. xxv. p. 139, col. 2:
"It is comparatively difficult to obtain another
assignee,--easy to obtain a hired servant."
1848. W. Westgarth, 'Australia Felix,' p. 324:
"Any instance of gross treatment disqualified him for the
future as an assignee of convict labour."
# Assignment #, _n_. service as above.
1836. C. Darwin, 'Journal of Researches' (1890),
c. xix. p. 324:
"I believe the years of assignment are passed away with
discontent and unhappiness."
1852. John West, 'History of Tasmania,' vol. ii. p. 126:
"That form of service, known as assignment, was established by
Governor King in 1804."
1861. T. McCombie, 'Australian Sketches,' p. 117:
"The assignment system was then in operation, and such as
obtained free grants of land were allowed a certain proportion
of convicts to bring it into cultivation."
# Asthma # Herb, Queensland, _n. Euphorbia
pilulifera_, Linn. As the name implies, a remedy for asthma.
The herb is collected when in flower and carefully dried.
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 183:
"This plant, having obtained some reputation in Australasia in
certain pulmonary complaints, has acquired the appellation to
the Colonies of 'Queensland Asthma Herb'. Nevertheless, it is
by no means endemic in Australasia, for it is a common tropical
weed."
# Aua #, _n_. Maori name for a New Zealand fish,
_Agonostoma forsteri_, Bleek. Another Maori name is
_Makawhiti_; also called _Sea-Mullet_ and sometimes
_Herring_; (q.v.). It is abundant also in Tasmanian
estuaries, and is one of the fishes which when dried is called
_Picton Herring_ (q.v.). See also _Maray_ and
_Mullet_. _Agonostoma_ is a genus of the family
_Mugilidae_ or _Grey-Mullets_.
# Aurora australis #, _n._ the Southern equivalent
for _Aurora borealis_.
1790. J. White, 'Voyage to New South Wales,' p. 214:
"Sept. 5, 1788. About half after six in the evening, we saw an
_Aurora Australis_, a phenomenon uncommon in the southern
hemisphere."
# Austral #, _adj_. "Belonging to the South,
Southern. Lat. _Australis_, from _auster_,
south-wind." ('O.E.D.') The word is rarely used in Australasia
in its primary sense, but now as equivalent to Australian or
Australasian.
1823. Wentworth's Cambridge poem on 'Australasia':
"And grant that yet an Austral Milton's song,
Pactolus-like, flow deep and rich along,
An Austral Shakespeare rise, whose living page
To Nature true may charm in every age;
And that an Austral Pindar daring soar,
Where not the Theban Eagle reach'd before."
1825. Barron Field, 'First Fruits of Australian Poetry,' Motto in
Geographical Memoir of New South Wales, p. 485:
"I first adventure. Follow me who list;
And be the second Austral harmonist."
_Adapted from Bishop Hall_.
1845. R. Howitt, 'Australia,' p. 184:
"For this, midst Austral wilds I waken
Our British harp, feel whence I come,
Queen of the sea, too long forsaken,
Queen of the soul, my spirit's home."--Alien Song.
1855. W. Howitt, 'Two Years in Victoria,' vol. i. p. 43:
"Every servant in this Austral Utopia thinks himself a
gentleman."
1868. C. Harpur, 'Poems' (ed. 1883), p. 215:
"How oft, in Austral woods, the parting day
Has gone through western golden gates away."
1879. J. B. O'Hara, 'Songs of the South,' p. 127:
"What though no weird and legendary lore
Invests our young, our golden Austral shore
With that romance the poet loves too well,
When Inspiration breathes her magic spell."
1894. Ernest Favenc [Title]:
"Tales of the Austral Tropics."
1896. [Title]:
"The Austral Wheel--A Monthly Cycling Magazine, No. 1, Jan."
1896. 'The Melburnian,' Aug. 28, p. 53
"Our Austral Spring." [Title of an article describing Spring in
Australia.]
# Australasia #, _n_. (and its adjectives), name
"given originally by De Brosses to one of his three divisions
of the alleged _Terra australis_." ('O.E.D.') Now used as
a larger term than Australian, to include the continent of
Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania, Fiji and islands. For
peculiar use of the name for the Continent in 1793, see
_Australia_.
1756. Charles de Brosses, 'Histoire des Navigations aux Terres
Australes,' tom. i. p. 80:
"On peut de meme diviser le monde austral inconnu en trois
portions. .. .L'une dans l'ocean des Indes au sud de l'Asie que
j'appellerai par cette raison australasie."
1766. Callander, 'Terra Australis,' i. p. 49 (Translation of
de Brosses)('O.E.D.):
"The first [division] in the Indian Ocean, south of Asia, which
for this reason we shall call Australasia."
1802. G. Shaw, 'Zoology,' iii. p. 506 ('O.E.D.'):
"Other Australasian snakes."
1823. Subject for English poem at Cambridge University:
'Australasia.'
[The prize (Chancellor's Medal) was won by Winthrop Mackworth
Praed. William Charles Wentworth stood second.] The concluding
lines of his poem are:
"And Australasia float, with flag unfurl'd,
A new Britannia in another world."
1846. C. P. Hodgson, 'Reminiscences of Australia,' p. 77:
"How far had these ideas been acted upon by the Colonists of
Austral Asia?" [sic.]
1852. J. West, 'History of Tasmania,' vol. 1. p. 109:
"'The Austral-Asiatic Review,' by Murray, also made its
appearance [in Hobart] in February, 1828."
1855. Tennyson, 'The Brook,' p. 194:
" Katie walks
By the long wash of Australasian seas
Far off, and holds her head to other stars,
And breathes in converse seasons."
[Altered in Edition of 1894 to "breathes in April-autumns."]
1857. Daniel Bunce [Title]:
"Australasiatic reminiscences."
1864. 'The Australasian,' Oct. 1, First Number [Title]:
"The Australasian."
1880. Alfred R. Wallace [Title]:
"Australasia." [In Stanford's 'Compendium of Geography and
Travel.']
1881. David Blair [Title]:
"Cyclopaedia of Australasia."
1890. E. W. Hornung, 'Bride from the Bush,' p. 29:
"It was neither Cockney nor Yankee, but a nasal blend of both:
it was a lingo that declined to let the vowels run alone, but
trotted them out in ill-matched couples, with discordant and
awful consequences; in a word, it was Australasiatic of the
worst description."
1890. 'Victorian Consolidated Statutes,' Administration and
p.obate Act, Section 39:
"'Australasian Colonies,' shall mean all colonies for the time
being on the main land of Australia. ..and shall also include
the colonies of New Zealand, Tasmania and Fiji and any other
British Colonies or possessions in Australasia now existing or
hereafter to be created which the Governor in Council may from
time to time declare to be Australasian Colonies within the
meaning of this Act."
1895. Edward Jenks [Title]:
"History of the Australasian Colonies."
1896. J. S. Laurie [Title]:
"The Story of Australasia."
# Australia #, _n_., and # Australian #,
_adj_. As early as the 16th century there was a belief in
a _Terra australis_ (to which was often added the epithet
_incognita_), literally "southern land," which was
believed to be land lying round and stretching outwards from
the South Pole.
In 'Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of
Australasia,' Sydney, Jan. 1892, is printed a paper read at the
Geographical Congress at Berne, by E. Delmar Morgan, on the
'Early Discovery of Australia.' This paper is illustrated by
maps taken from 'Nordenskiold's Atlas.' In a map by Orontius
Finoeus, a French cosmographer of Provence, dated 1531, the
_Terra australis_ is shown as "Terra Australis recenter
inventa, sed nondum plene cognita." In Ortelius' Map, 1570, it
appears as "Terra Australis nondum cognita." In Gerard
Mercator's Map, 1587, as "Terra Australis" simply.
In 1606 the Spaniard Fernandez de Quiros gave the name of
_Terra Australis del Espiritu Santo_ to land which he
thought formed part of the Great Southland. It is in fact one
of the New Hebrides.
The word "_Australian_ " is older than "_Australia_"
(see quotations, 1693 and 1766). The name _Australia_ was
adapted from the Latin name _Terra Australis_. The
earliest suggestion of the word is credited to Flinders, who
certainly thought that he was inventing the name. (See
quotation, 1814.) Twenty-one years earlier, however, the word
is found (see quotation, 1793); and the passage containing it
is the first known use of the word in print. Shaw may thus be
regarded as its inventor. According to its title-page, the
book quoted is by two authors, the _Zoology_, by Shaw and
the _Botany_ by Smith. The _Botany_, however, was
not published. Of the two names--_Australia_ and
_Australasia_--suggested in the opening of the quotation,
to take the place of New Holland, Shaw evidently favoured
_Australia_, while Smith, in the 'Transactions of the
Linnaean Society,' vol. iv. p. 213 (1798), uses
_Australasia_ for the continent several times. Neither
name, however, passed then into general use. In 1814, Robert
Brown the Botanist speaks of "_Terra Australis_," not of
"_Australia_." "Australia" was reinvented by Flinders.
_Quotations for " Terra Australis"_--
1621. R. Burton, 'Anatomy of Melancholy' (edition 1854), p. 56:
"For the site, if you will needs urge me to it, I am not fully
resolved, it may be in _Terra Australis incognita_, there
is room enough (for of my knowledge, neither that hungry
Spaniard nor Mercurius Britannicus have yet discovered half of
it)."
Ibid. p. 314:
"_Terra Australis incognita_. ..and yet in likelihood it
may be so, for without all question, it being extended from the
tropic of Capricorn to the circle Antarctic, and lying as it
doth in the temperate zone, cannot choose but yield in time
some flourishing kingdoms to succeeding ages, as America did
unto the Spaniards."
Ibid. p. 619:
"But these are hard-hearted, unnatural, monsters of men,
shallow politicians, they do not consider that a great part of
the world is not yet inhabited as it ought, how many colonies
into America, _Terra Australis incognita_, Africa may be
sent?"
_Early quotations for "Australian_"
1693. 'Nouveau Voyage de la Terre Australe, contenant les
Coutumes et les Moeurs des Australiens, etc.' Par Jaques
Sadeur [Gabriel de Foigny].
[This is a work of fiction, but interesting as being the first
book in which the word _Australiens_ is used. The next
quotation is from the English translation.]
1693. 'New Discovery, Terra Incognita Australis,' p. 163
('O.E.D.'):
"It is easy to judge of the incomparability of the Australians
with the people of Europe."
1766. Callander, 'Terra Australis' (Translation of De Brosses),
c. ii. p. 280:
"One of the Australians, or natives of the Southern World,
whom Gonneville had brought into France."
_Quotations for "Australia_"
1793. G. Shaw and I. E. Smith, 'Zoology and Botany of New
Holland,' p. 2:
"The vast Island or rather Continent of Australia, Australasia,
or New Holland, which has so lately attracted the particular
attention of European navigators and naturalists, seems to
abound in scenes of peculiar wildness and sterility; while the
wretched natives of many of those dreary districts seem less
elevated above the inferior animals than in any other part of
the known world; Caffraria itself not excepted; as well as less
indued with the power of promoting a comfortable existence by
an approach towards useful arts and industry. It is in these
savage regions however that Nature seems to have poured forth
many of her most highly ornamented products with unusual
liberality."
1814. M. Flinders, 'Voyage to Terra Australis,' Introduction,
p. iii. and footnote:
"I have . . . ventured upon the readoption of the _original
Terra Australis_, and of this term I shall hereafter make
use, when speaking of New Holland [_sc_. the West] and New
South Wales, in a collective sense; and when using it in the
most extensive signification, the adjacent isles, including
that of Van Diemen, must be understood to be comprehended."
[Footnote]: "Had I permitted myself any innovation upon the
original term, it would have been to convert it into Australia;
as being more agreeable to the ear, and an assimilation to the
names of the other great portions of the earth."
1827. P. Cunningham, 'Two Years in New South Wales,'
vol. i. p. 9:
"New South Wales (or Australia, as we colonials say)."
1839. C. Darwin, 'Naturalist's Voyage' (ed. 1890), p. 328:
"Farewell, Australia! You are a rising child, and doubtless
some day will reign a great princess in the South; but you are
too great and ambitious for affection, yet not great enough for
respect. I leave your shores without sorrow or regret."
1852. A Liverpool Merchant [Title]:
"A Guide to Australia and the Gold Regions."
1873. A. Trollope, 'Australia and New Zealand,' c. viii. (new
ed.) p. 152:
"The colonies are determined to be separate. Australia is a
term that finds no response in the patriotic feeling of any
Australian. . . . But this will come to an end sooner or later.
The name of Australia will be dearer, if not greater, to
Australian ears than the name of Great Britain."
[Mr. Trollope's prophecy has come true, and the name of
Australia is now dearer to an Australian than the name of his
own separate colony. The word "Colonial" as indicating
Australian nationality is going out of fashion. The word
"Australian" is much preferred.]
1878. F. P. Labilliere, 'Early History of the Colony of
Victoria,' vol. i. p. 184:
"In a despatch to Lord Bathurst, of April 4th, 1817, Governor
Macquarie acknowledges the receipt of Captain Flinders's charts
of 'Australia.' This is the first time that the name of
Australia appears to have been officially employed. The
Governor underlines the word. . . . In a private letter to
Mr. Secretary Goulbourn, M.P., of December 21st, 1817, [he]says
. . . 'the Continent of Australia, which, I hope, will be the
name given to this country in future, instead of the very
erroneous and misapplied name hitherto given it of New Holland,
which, properly speaking, only applies to a part of this
immense Continent.'"
1883. G. W. Rusden, 'History of Australia,' vol. i. p. 64:
"It is pleasant to reflect that the name Australia was selected
by the gallant Flinders; though, with his customary modesty, he
suggested rather than adopted it."
1895. H. M. Goode, 'The Argus,' Oct. 15, p. 7, col. 4:
"Condemning the absurd practice of using the word 'Colonial' in
connection with our wines, instead of the broader and more
federal one, 'Australian.' In England our artists, cricketer,
scullers, and globe-trotters are all spoken of and acknowledged
as Australians, and our produce, with the exception of wine, is
classed as follows:--Australian gold and copper, Australian
beef and mutton, Australian butter, Australian fruits, &c."
Ibid. p. 14:
"Merops or Bee-Eater. A tribe [of birds] which appears to be
peculiarly prevalent in the extensive regions of Australia."
# Australian # flag, _n_. Hot climate and country
work have brought in a fashion among bushmen of wearing a belt
or leather strap round the top of trousers instead of braces.
This often causes a fold in the shirt protruding all round from
under the waistcoat, which is playfully known as "the
Australian flag." Slang.
# Australioid # and # Australoid #, _adj_. like
Australian, sc. aboriginal--a term used by ethnologists. See
quotations.
1869. J. Lubbock, 'Prehistoric Times,' vol. xii. p. 378:
"The Australoid type contains all the inhabitants of Australia
and the native races of the Deccan."
1878. E. B. Tylor, 'Encyclopaedia Britannica,' vol. ii. p. 112:
"He [Professor Huxley] distinguishes four principal types of
mankind, the Australioid, Negroid, Mongoloid, and Xanthochroic,
adding a fifth variety, the Melanochroic. The special points
of the Australioid are a chocolate-brown skin, dark brown or
black eyes, black hair (usually wavy), narrow (dolichocephalic)
skull, brow-ridges strongly developed, projecting jaw, coarse
lips and broad nose. This type is best represented by the
natives of Australia, and next to them by the indigenous tribes
of Southern India, the so-called coolies."
# Austral Thrush #, _n_. See _Port-Jackson
Thrush_.
# Avocet #, _n_. a well-known European bird-name.
The Australian species is the Red-necked A., _Recurvirostra
nova-hollandiae_, Vieill.
# Aweto #, _n_. Maori name for a
vegetable-caterpillar of New Zealand. See quotation.
1889. E. Wakefield, 'New Zealand after Fifty Years,' p. 81:
". . . the _aweto_, or vegetable-caterpillar, called by
the naturalists _Hipialis virescens_. It is a perfect
caterpillar in every respect, and a remarkably fine one too,
growing to a length in the largest specimens of three and a
half inches and the thickness of a finger, but more commonly to
about a half or two-thirds of that size. . . . When
full-grown, it undergoes a miraculous change. For some
inexplicable reason, the spore of a vegetable fungus
_Sphaeria Robertsii_, fixes itself on its neck, or between
the head and the first ring of the caterpillar, takes root and
grows vigorously . . . exactly like a diminutive bulrush from 6
to 10 inches high without leaves, and consisting solely of a
single stem with a dark-brown felt-like head, so familiar in
the bulrushes . . . always at the foot of the _rata_."
1896. A. Bence Jones, in 'Pearson's Magazine,' Sept., p. 290:
"The dye in question was a solution of burnt or powdered resin,
or wood, or the aweto, the latter a caterpillar, which,
burrowing in the vegetable soil, gets a spore of a fungus
between the folds of its neck, and unable to free itself, the
insect's body nourishes the fungus, which vegetates and
occasions the death of the caterpillar by exactly filling the
interior of the body with its roots, always preserving its
perfect form. When properly charred this material yielded a
fine dark dye, much prized for purposes of moko." [See
_Moko_.]
# Axe-breaker #, _n_. name of a tree, _Notelaea
longifolia_, Vent., _N.O. Jasmineae_.
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 579:
"Axe-breaker. Wood hard, close-grained and firm. Its
vernacular name emphasizes its hardness."
B
# Baal #, or # Bail #, _interj_. and _adv_.
"An aboriginal expression of disapproval." (Gilbert Parker,
Glossary to 'Round the Compass in Australia,' 1888.) It was
the negative in the Sydney dialect.
1893. J. F. Hogan, 'Robert Lowe,' p. 271, quoting from 'The
Atlas' (circa 1845):
"Traces, however, of the Egyptian language are discoverable
among the present inhabitants, with whom, for instance, the
word 'Bale' or 'Baal' is in continual use . . . ." [Evidently
a joke.]
# Babbler #, _n_. a bird-name. In Europe, "name
given, on account of their harsh chattering note, to the
long-legged thrushes." ('O.E.D.') The group "contains a great
number of birds not satisfactorily located elsewhere, and has
been called the ornithological waste-basket." ('Century.') The
species are--
The Babbler--
_Pomatostomus temporalis_, V. and H.
Chestnut-crowned B.--
_P. ruficeps_, Hart.
Red-breasted B.--
_P. rubeculus_, Gould.
White-browed B.--
_P. superciliosus_, V. and H.
# Back-blocks #, _n_. (1) The far interior of
Australia, and away from settled country. Land in Australia is
divided on the survey maps into blocks, a word confined, in
England and the United States, to town lands.
(2) The parts of a station distant from the _frontage_
(q.v.).
1872. Anon. 'Glimpses of Life in Victoria,' p. 31:
". . . we were doomed to see the whole of our river-frontage
purchased. . . . The back blocks which were left to us were
insufficient for the support of our flocks, and deficient in
permanent water-supply. . . ."
1880. J. Mathew, Song--'The Bushman':
"Far, far on the plains of the arid back-blocks
A warm-hearted bushman is tending his flocks.
There's little to cheer in that vast grassy sea:
But oh! he finds pleasure in thinking of me.
How weary, how dreary the stillness must be!
But oh! the lone bushman is dreaming of me."
1890. E. W. Horning, 'A Bride from the Bush,' p. 298:
"'Down in Vic' you can carry as many sheep to the acre as acres
to the sheep up here in the 'backblocks.'"
1893. M. Gaunt, 'English Illustrated, 'Feb., p. 294:
"The back-blocks are very effectual levellers."
1893. Haddon Chambers, 'Thumbnail Sketches of Australian
Life,' p. 33
"In the back-blocks of New South Wales he had known both hunger
and thirst, and had suffered from sunstroke."
1893. 'The Australasian,' Aug. 12, p. 302, col. 1:
"Although Kara is in the back-blocks of New South Wales, the
clothes and boots my brother wears come from Bond Street."
# Back-block #, _adj_. from the interior.
1891. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Sydneyside Saxon,' vol. xii. p. 215:
"'What a nice mare that is of yours!' said one of the
back-block youngsters."
# Back-blocker #, _n_. a resident in the back-blocks.
1870. 'The Argus,' March 22, p. 7, col. 2
"I am a bushman, a back blocker, to whom it happens about once
in two years to visit Melbourne."
1892. E. W. Hornung, 'Under Two Skies,' p. 21:
"As for Jim, he made himself very busy indeed, sitting on his
heels over the fire in an attitude peculiar to back-blockers."
# Back-slanging #, _verbal n_. In the back-blocks
(q.v.) of Australia, where hotels are naturally scarce and
inferior, the traveller asks for hospitality at the
_stations_ (q.v.) on his route, where he is always made
welcome. There is no idea of anything underhand on the part of
the traveller, yet the custom is called _back-slanging_.
# Badger #, _n_. This English name has been
incorrectly applied in Australia, sometimes to the Bandicoot,
sometimes to the Rock-Wallaby, and sometimes to the Wombat. In
Tasmania, it is the usual bush-name for the last.
1829. 'The Picture of Australia,' p. 173:
"The _Parameles_, to which the colonists sometimes give
the name of badger. . . ."
1831. Ross, 'Hobart Town Almanack,' p. 265:
"That delicious animal, the wombat (commonly known at that
place [Macquarie Harbour] by the name of _badger_, hence
the little island of that name in the map was so called, from
the circumstance of numbers of that animal being at first found
upon it)."
1850. James Bennett Clutterbuck, M.D., 'Port Phillip in 1849,'
p. 37:
"The rock Wallaby, or Badger, also belongs to the family of the
Kangaroo; its length from the nose to the end of the tail is
three feet; the colour of the fur being grey-brown."
1875. Rev. J. G. Wood, 'Natural History,' vol. i. p. 481:
"The Wombat or Australian Badger as it is popularly called by
the colonists. . . ."
1891. W. Tilley, 'Wild West of Tasmania,' p. 8:
"With the exception of wombats or 'badgers,' and an occasional
kangaroo . . . the intruder had to rely on the stores he carried
with him."
ibid. p. 44:
"Badgers also abound, or did until thinned out by hungry
prospectors."
# Badger-box #, _n_. slang name for a roughly-
constructed dwelling.
1875. 'Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania,'
September, p. 99 ['Port Davey in 1875,' by the Hon. James Reid
Scott, M.L.C.]:
"The dwellings occupied by the piners when up the river are of
the style known as 'Badger-boxes,' in distinction from huts,
which have perpendicular walls, while the Badger-box is like an
inverted V in section. They are covered with bark, with a
thatch of grass along the ridge, and are on an average about 14
x 10 feet at the ground, and 9 or 10 feet high."
# Bail #, _n_. "A framework for securing the head of
a cow while she is milked." ('O.E.D.')
This word, marked in 'O.E.D.' and other Dictionaries as
Australian, is provincial English. In the 'English Dialect
Dictionary,' edited by Joseph Wright, Part I., the word is
given as used in "Ireland, Northamptonshire, Norfolk, Suffolk,
Hampshire and New Zealand." It is also used in Essex.
1872. C. H. Eden, 'My Wife and I in Queensland,' p. 83:
"In every milking yard is an apparatus for confining a cow's
head called a 'bail.' This consists of an upright standiron,
five feet in height, let into a framework, and about six inches
from it another fixed at the heel, the upper part working
freely in a slit, in which are holes for a peg, so that when
the peg is out and the movable standiron is thrown back, there
is abundance of room for a cow's head and horns, but when
closed, at which time the two standirons are parallel to each
other and six inches apart, though her neck can work freely up
and down, it is impossible for her to withdraw her head . . ."
1874. W. M. B., 'Narrative of Edward Crewe,' p. 225:
"The former bovine female was a brute to manage, whom it would
have been impossible to milk without a 'bail.' To what man or
country the honour of this invention belongs, who can tell? It
is in very general use in the Australian colonies; and my
advice to any one troubled with a naughty cow, who kicks like
fury during the process of milking, is to have a bail
constructed in their cow-house."
# Bail up #, _v_. (1) To secure the head of a cow in a
bail for milking.
(2) By transference, to stop travellers in the bush, used of
bushrangers. The quotation, 1888, shows the method of
transference. It then means generally, to stop. Like the
similar verb, _to stick up_ (q.v.), it is often used
humorously of a demand for subscriptions, etc.
1844. Mrs. Chas. Meredith, 'Notes and Sketches of New South
Wales,' p. 132:
"The bushrangers . . . walk quickly in, and 'bail up,' i.e.
bind with cords, or otherwise secure, the male portion."
1847. Alex. Marjoribanks, 'Travels in New South Wales,' p. 72:
". . . there were eight or ten bullock-teams baled up by three
mounted bushrangers. Being baled up is the colonial phrase for
those who are attacked, who are afterwards all put together,
and guarded by one of the party of the bushrangers when the
others are plundering."
1855 W. Howitt, 'Two Years in Victoria,' vol. ii. p. 309:
"So long as that is wrong, the whole community will be wrong,--
in colonial phrase, 'bailed up' at the mercy of its own
tenants."
1862. G. T. Lloyd, 'Thirty-three Years in Tasmania and Victoria,'
p. 192:
"'Come, sir, immediately,' rejoined Murphy, rudely and
insultingly pushing the master; 'bail up in that corner, and
prepare to meet the death you have so long deserved.'"
1879. W. J. Barry, 'Up and Down,' p. 112:
"She bailed me up and asked me if I was going to keep my
promise and marry her."
1880. W. Senior, 'Travel and Trout,' p. 36:
"His troutship, having neglected to secure a line of retreat,
was, in colonial parlance, 'bailed up.'"
1880. G. Walch, 'Victoria in 1880,' p.133:
"The Kelly gang . . . bailed up some forty residents in the local
public house."
1882. A. J. Boyd, 'Old Colonials,' p. 76:
"Did I ever get stuck-up? Never by white men, though I have
been bailed up by the niggers."
1885. H. Finch-Hatton, 'Advance Australia,' p. 105:
"A little further on the boar 'bailed up' on the top of a
ridge."
1888. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Robbery under Arms,' p. 368:
"One of the young cows was a bit strange with me, so I had to
shake a stick at her and sing out 'Bail up' pretty rough before
she'd put her head in. Aileen smiled something like her old
self for a minute, and said, 'That comes natural to you now,
Dick, doesn't it ?' I stared for a bit and then burst out
laughing.It was a rum go, wasn't it? The same talk for cows
and Christians. That's how things get stuck into the talk in a
new country. Some old hand like father, as had been assigned
to a dairy settler, and spent all his mornings in the cow-yard,
had taken to the bush and tried his hand at sticking up people.
When they came near enough of course he'd pop out from behind a
tree, with his old musket or pair of pistols, and when he
wanted 'em to stop, 'Bail up, d-- yer,' would come a deal
quicker and more natural-like to his tongue than 'Stand.' So
'bail up' it was from that day to this, and there'll have to be
a deal of change in the ways of the colonies, and them as come
from 'em before anything else takes its place between the man
that's got the arms and the man that's got the money."
# Bailing-up Pen #, _n_. place for fastening up cattle.
1889. R. M. Praed, 'Romance of Station,' vol. i. c. ii.
['Eng. Dial. Dict.']:
"Alec was proud of the stockyard and pointed out . . . the
superior construction of the 'crush,' or branding lane, and the
bailing-up pen."
# Bald-Coot #, _n_. a bird-name, _Porphyrio
melanotus_, Temm.; Blue, _P. bellus_, Gould. The
European bald-coot is _Fulica atra_.
# Ballahoo #, _n_. a name applied to the
_Garfish_ (q.v.) by Sydney fishermen. The word is West
Indian, and is applied there to a fast-sailing schooner; also
spelled _Bullahoo_ and _Ballahou_.
# Balloon-Vine # _n_. Australian name for the common
tropical weed, _Cardiospermum halicacabum_, Linn.,
_N.O. Sapindaceae_: called also _Heart-seed,
Heart-pea_, and _Winter-cherry_. It is a climbing
plant, and has a heart-shaped scar on the seed.
# Balsam of Copaiba Tree #, _n_. The name is applied
to the Australian tree, _Geijera salicifolia_, Schott,
_N.O. Rutaceae_, because the bark has the odour of the
drug of that name.
# Bamboo-grass #, _n_. an Australian cane-like grass,
_Glyceria ramigera_, F. v. M. ; also called _Cane
Grass_. Largely used for thatching purposes. Stock eat the
young shoots freely.
# Banana #, _n_. There are three species native to
Queensland, of which the fruit is said to be worthless--
_Musa Banksii_, F. v. M.
_M. Hillii_, F. v. M.
_M. Fitzalani_, F. v. M., _N.O. Scitamineae_.
The _Bananas_ which are cultivated and form a staple
export of Queensland are acclimatized varieties.
# Banana-land #, _n_. slang name for Queensland,
where bananas grow in abundance.
# Banana-lander #, _n_. slang for a Queenslander (see
above).
# Banded Ant-eater #, _n_. name given to a small
terrestrial and ant-eating marsupial, _Myrmecobius
fasciatus_, Waterh, found in West and South Australia. It
is the only species of the genus, and is regarded as the most
closely allied of all living marsupials to the extinct
marsupials of the Mesozoic Age in Europe. It receives its name
banded from the presence along the back of a well-marked series
of dark transverse bands.
1871. G. Krefft, 'Mammals of Australia':
"The _Myrmecobius_ is common on the West Coast and in the
interior of New South Wales and South Australia: the
Murrumbidgee River may be taken as its most eastern boundary."
1893. A. R. Wallace, 'Australasia,' p. 340:
"Thus we have here [W. Australia] alone the curious little
banded ant-eater (_Myrmecobius fasciatus_), which presents
the nearest approach in its dentition to the most ancient known
mammals whose remains are found in the oolite and Trias of the
Mesozoic epoch."
# Banded-Kangaroo #, i.q. _Banded-Wallaby_. See
_Lagostrophus_ and _Wallaby_.
# Banded-Wallaby #, _n_. sometimes called
_Banded-Kangaroo_. See _Lagostrophus_ and
_Wallaby_.
# Bandicoot #, _n_. an insect-eating marsupial
animal; family, _Peramelidae_; genus, _Perameles_.
"The animals of this genus, commonly called _Bandicoots_
in Australia, are all small, and live entirely on the ground,
making nests composed of dried leaves, grass and sticks, in
hollow places. They are rather mixed feeders; but insects,
worms, roots and bulbs, constitute their ordinary diet."
('Encyclopaedia Britannica,' 9th edit., vol. xv. p. 381.) The
name comes from India, being a corruption of Telugu
_pandi-kokku_, literally "pig-dog," used of a large rat
called by naturalists _Mus malabaricus_, Shaw, _Mus
giganteus_, Hardwicke; _Mus bandis coota_, Bechstein.
The name has spread all over India. The Indian animal is very
different from the Australian, and no record is preserved to
show how the Anglo-Indian word came to be used in Australia.
The Bandicoots are divided into three genera--the _True
Bandicoots_ (genus _Perameles_, q.v.), the _Rabbit
Bandicoots_ (genus _Peragale_, q.v.), and the
_Pig-footed Bandicoots_ (q.v.) (genus _Choeropus_,
q.v.). The species are--
Broadbent's Bandicoot--
_Perameles broadbenti_, Ramsay.
Cockerell's B.--
_P. cockerelli_, Ramsay.
Common Rabbit B.--
_Peragale lagotis_, Reid.
Desert B.--
_P. eremiana_, Spencer.
Doria's B.--
_Perameles dorerana_, Quoy & Gaim.
Golden B.--
_P. aurata_, Ramsay.
Gunn's B.--
_P. gunni_, Gray.
Less Rabbit B.--
_Peragale minor_, Spencer.
Long-nosed B.--
_Perameles nasuta_, Geoffr.
Long-tailed B.--
_P. longicauda_, Peters & Doria.
North-Australian B.--
_P. macrura_, Gould.
Port Moresby B.--
_P. moresbyensis_, Ramsay.
Raffray's B.--
_P. rafrayana_, Milne-Edw.
Short-nosed B.--
_P. obesula_, Shaw.
Striped B.--
_P. bougainvillii_, Quoy & Gaim.
White-tailed Rabbit B.--
_P. lesicura_. Thomas.
Pig-footed B.--
_Choeropus castanotis_, Gray.
1802. D. Collins, 'Account of New South Wales',
vol. ii. p. 188 (Bass's Diary at the Derwent, January 1799):
"The bones of small animals, such as opossums, squirrels,
kangooroo rats, and bandicoots, were numerous round their
deserted fire-places."
1820. W. C. Wentworth, 'Description o New South Wales,' p. 3:
"The animals are, the kangaroo, native dog (which is a smaller
species of the wolf), the wombat, bandicoot, kangaroo-rat,
opossum, flying squirrel, flying fox, etc. etc."
1827. P. Cunningham, 'Two Years in New South Wales,' vol. i.
p. 316
"The bandicoot is about four times he size of a rat, without
a tail, and burrows in the ground or in hollow trees."
1832. Bischoff, 'Van Diemen's Land,' vol. ii. p. 28:
"The bandicoot is as large as a rabbit. There are two kinds,
the rat and the rabbit bandicoot."
1845. R. Howitt, 'Australia,' p. 233:
"The common people are not destitute of what Wordsworth calls
'the poetry of common speech,' many of their similes being very
forcibly and naturally drawn from objects familiarly in sight
and quite Australian. 'Poor as a bandicoot,' 'miserable as a
shag on a rock.'"
Ibid. p. 330:
"There is also a rat-like animal with a swinish face, covered
with ruddy coarse hair, that burrows in the ground--the
bandicoot. It is said to be very fine eating."
1845. J. O. Balfour, 'Sketch of New South Wales,' p. 26:
"The bandicoot is the size of a large rat, of a dark brown
colour; it feeds upon roots, and its flesh is good eating.
This animal burrows in the ground, and it is from this habit,
I suppose, that when hungry, cold, or unhappy, the Australian
black says that he is as miserable as the bandicoot."
1890. C. Lumholtz, 'Among Cannibals, p. 92:
"The bandicoots are good eating even for Europeans, and in my
opinion are the only Australian mammals fit to eat. They
resemble pigs, and the flesh tastes somewhat like pork."
# Bangalay #, _n_. a Sydney workmen's name for the
timber of _Eucalyptus botrioides_, Smith. (See
_Gum_.) The name is aboriginal, and by workmen is always
pronounced _Bang Alley_.
# Bangalow #, _n_. an ornamental feathery-leaved
palm, _Ptychosperma elegans_, Blume, _N.O. Palmeae_.
1851. J. Henderson, 'Excursions in New South Wales,' vol. ii.
p.229
"The Bangalo, which is a palm. . . The germ, or roll of young
leaves in the centre, and near the top, is eaten by the
natives, and occasionally by white men, either raw or boiled.
It is of a white colour, sweet and pleasant to the taste."
1884. W. R. Guilfoyle, 'Australian Botany,' p. 23:
"The aborigines of New South Wales and Queensland, and
occasionally the settlers, eat the young leaves of the cabbage
and bangalo palms."
1886. H. C. Kendall, 'Poems,' p. 193:
You see he was bred in a bangalow wood,
And bangalow pith was the principal food
His mother served out in her shanty."
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 592:
"Bangalow. . . . The small stems sometimes go under the name
of 'Moreton Bay Canes.' It is a very ornamental,
feathery-leaved palm."
# Bang-tail muster #. See quotation.
1887. W. S. S. Tyrwhitt, 'The New Churn in the Queensland Bush,'
p. 61:
"Every third or fourth year on a cattle station, they have what
is called a 'bang tail muster'; that is to say, all the cattle
are brought into the yards, and have the long hairs at the end
of the tail cut off square, with knives or sheep-shears. . .
The object of it is. . .to find out the actual number of
cattle on the run, to compare with the number entered on the
station books."
# Banker #, _n_. a river full up to the top of the
banks. Compare Shakspeare: "Like a proud river, peering o'er
his bounds." ('King John,' III. i. 23.)
1888. Cassell's 'Picturesque Australasia,' vol, iii. p. 175
"The Murrumbidgee was running a 'banker'--water right up to the
banks."
1890. Lyth, 'Golden South,' c. vii. p. 52:
"The driver stated that he had heard the river was 'a banker.'"
1896. H. Lawson, 'When the World was Wide,' p. 45:
"The creeks were bankers, and the flood
Was forty miles round Bourke."
Ibid. p. 100:
"Till the river runs a banker,
All stained with yellow mud."
# Banksia #, _n_. "A genus of Australian shrubs with
umbellate flowers,--now cultivated as ornamental shrubs in
Europe." ('O.E.D.') Called after Mr. Banks, naturalist of the
_Endeavour_, afterwards Sir Joseph Banks. The so-called
_Australian Honeysuckle_ (q.v.). See also
_Bottle-brush_.
1790. J. White, 'Voyage to New South Wales,' p. 221:
"The different species of banksia. The finest new genus
hitherto found in New Holland has been destined by Linnaeus,
with great propriety, to transmit to posterity the name of Sir
Joseph Banks, who first discovered it in his celebrated voyage
round the world."
1798. D. Collins, 'Account of English Colony in New South
Wales,' p. 557:
"A few berries, the yam and fern root, the flowers of the
different banksia, and at times some honey, make up the whole
vegetable catalogue."
1829. Vigors and Horsfield, 'Transactions of the Linnaean
Society,' vol. xv. p. 312:
"Scrubs where the different species of banksia are found, the
flowers of which I (Mr. Caley) have reason to think afford it
sustenance during winter."
1833. C. Sturt, 'South Australia,' vol. ii. c. ii. p. 30:
"Some sandhills . . . crowned by banksias."
1845. J. Q. Balfour, 'Sketch of New South Wales,' p. 39:
"Many different species of banksia grow in great plenty in the
neighbourhood of Sydney, and from the density of their foliage
are very ornamental."
1846. L. Leichhardt, quoted by J. D. Lang, 'Cooksland,' p. 331:
"The table-land is covered by forests of stringy-bark, of
melaleuca-gum, and banksia."
1851. 'Quarterly Review,' Dec., p. 40:
"In this they will find an extremely rich collection of
bottle-brush-flowered, zigzag-leaved, grey-tinted, odd-looking
things, to most eyes rather strange than beautiful,
notwithstanding that one of them is named _Banksia
speciosa_. They are the 'Botany Bays' of old-fashioned
gardeners, but are more in the shrub and tree line than that of
flowering pots. _Banksia Solandei_ will remind them to
turn to their 'Cook's Voyages' when they get home, to read how
poor Dr. Solander got up a mountain and was heartily glad to get
down again."
1877. F. v. Mueller, 'Botanic Teachings,' p. 46:
"The banksias are of historic interest, inasmuch as the genus
was dedicated already by the younger Linne in 1781 to Sir
Joseph Banks, from whom the Swedish naturalist received
branchlets of those species, which in Captain Cook's first
voyage more than 100 years ago (1770) were gathered by Banks at
Botany-Bay and a few other places of the east coast of
Australia."
1887. J. Bonwick, 'Romance of the Wool Trade,' p. 228:
"A banksia plain, with its collection of
bottle-brush-like-flowers, may have its charms for a botanist,
but its well-known sandy ground forbids the hope of good
grasses."
# Baobab #, _n. a_ tree, native of Africa,
_Adansonia digitata_. The name is Ethiopian. It has been
introduced into many tropical countries. The Australian
species of the genus is _A. gregorii_, F. v. M., called also
_Cream of Tartar_ or _Sour Gourd-tree_,
_Gouty-stem_ (q.v.), and _Bottle-tree_ (q.v.).
# Barber #, or # Tasmanian Barber #, _n_. a name
for the fish _Anthias rasor_, Richards., family
_Percidae_; also called _Red-Perch_. See
_Perch_. It occurs in Tasmania, New Zealand, and Port
Jackson. It is called _Barber_ from the shape of the
_praeoperculum_, one of the bones of the head. See
quotation.
1841. John Richardson, 'Description of Australian Fish,' p. 73:
"_Serranus Rasor_.-- Tasmanian Barber. . . . The
serrature of the preoperculum is the most obvious and general
character by which the very numerous Serrani are connected with
each other . . . The Van Diemen's Land fish, which is described
below, is one of the 'Barbers,' a fact which the specific
appellation _rasor_ is intended to indicate; the more
classical word having been previously appropriated to another
species. . . Mr. Lempriere states that it is known locally as
the 'red perch or shad.'"
[Richardson also says that Cuvier founded a subdivision of the
_Serrani_ on the characters of the scales of the jaws,
under the name of 'les Barbiers,' which had been previously
grouped by Block under the title _Anthias_.]
# Barcoo-grass #, _n_. an Australian grass,
_Anthistiria membranacea_, Lindl. One of the best pasture
grasses in Queensland, but growing in other colonies also.
# Barcoo Rot #, _n._ a disease affecting inhabitants
of various parts of the interior of Australia, but chiefly
bushmen. It consists of persistent ulceration of the skin,
chiefly on the back of the hands, and often originating in
abrasions.
It is attributed to monotony of diet and to the cloudless
climate, with its alternations of extreme cold at night and
burning heat by day. It is said to be maintained and
aggravated by the irritation of small flies.
1870. E. B. Kennedy, 'Four Years in Queensland,' p. 46:
"Land scurvy is better known in Queensland by local names,
which do not sound very pleasant, such as 'Barcoo rot,'
'Kennedy rot,' according to the district it appears in. There
is nothing dangerous about it; it is simply the festering of
any cut or scratch on one's legs, arms or hands. . . They take
months to heal. . . Want of vegetables is assigned as the
cause."
1890. C. Lumholtz, 'Among Cannibals,' p. 58:
"In Western Queensland people are also subject to bad sores on
the hand, called Barcoo-rot."
# Barcoo Vomit #, _n_. a sickness occurring in
inhabitants of various parts of the high land of the interior
of Australia. It is characterized by painless attacks of
vomiting, occurring immediately after food is taken, followed
by hunger, and recurring as soon as hunger is satisfied.
The name _Barcoo_ is derived from the district traversed
by the river Barcoo, or Cooper, in which this complaint and the
_Barcoo Rot_ are common. See Dr. E. C. Stirling's 'Notes
from Central Australia,' in 'Intercolonial Quarterly Journal of
Medicine and Surgery,' vol. i. p. 218.
# Bargan #, _n_. a name of the Come-back
_Boomerang_ (q.v.). (Spelt also _barragan_.)
1892. J. Fraser, 'Aborigines of New South Wales,' p. 70:
"The 'come-back' variety (of boomerang) is not a fighting
weapon. A dialect name for it is bargan, which word may be
explained in our language to mean 'bent like a sickle or
crescent moon.'"
# Barking Owl #, _n_. a bird not identified, and not
in Gould (who accompanied Leichhardt).
1847. L. Leichhardt, 'Overland Expedition, p. 47:
"The glucking-bird and the barking-owl were heard throughout
the moonlight night."
# Barrack #, _v_. to jeer at opponents, to interrupt
noisily, to make a disturbance; with the preposition "for," to
support as a partisan, generally with clamour. An Australian
football term dating from about 1880. The verb has been ruled
unparliamentary by the Speaker in the Victorian Legislative
Assembly. It is, however, in very common colloquial use. It
is from the aboriginal word _borak_ (q.v.), and the sense
of jeering is earlier than that of supporting, but jeering at
one side is akin to cheering for the other. Another suggested
derivation is from the Irish pronunciation of "Bark," as
(according to the usually accepted view) "Larrikin" from
"larking." But the former explanation is the more probable.
There is no connection with soldiers' "barracks;" nor is it
likely that there is any, as has been ingeniously suggested,
with the French word _baragouin_, gibberish.
1890. 'Melbourne Punch,' Aug. 14, p. 106, col. 3:
"To use a football phrase, they all to a man 'barrack' for the
British Lion."
1893. 'The Age,' June 17, p. 15, col. 4:
"[The boy] goes much to football matches, where he barracks,
and in a general way makes himself intolerable."
1893. 'The Argus,' July 5, p. 9, col. 4, Legislative Assembly:
"_Mr. Isaacs_:. . . He hoped this 'barracking' would not
be continued." [Members had been interrupting him.]
1893. 'The Herald' (Melbourne), Sept. 9, p. 1, col. 6:
"He noticed with pleasure the decrease of disagreeable
barracking by spectators at matches during last season.
Good-humoured badinage had prevailed, but the spectators had
been very well conducted."
# Barracker #, _n_. one who barracks (q.v.).
1893. 'The Age,' June 27, p. 6, col. 6:
"His worship remarked that the 'barracking' that was carried on
at football matches was a mean and contemptible system, and was
getting worse and worse every day. Actually people were afraid
to go to them on account of the conduct of the crowd of
'barrackers.' It took all the interest out of the game to see
young men acting like a gang of larrikins."
1894. '"The Argus,' Nov. 29, p. 4, col. 9:
"The 'most unkindest cut of all' was that the Premier, who was
Mr. Rogers's principal barracker during the elections, turned
his back upon the prophet and did not deign to discuss his
plan."
# Barracks #, _n_. a building on a station with rooms
for bachelors.
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'A Colonial Reformer,' p. 100
"A roomy, roughly-finished building known as the 'barracks.'
. . . . Three of the numerous bedrooms were tenanted by young
men, . . . neophytes, who were gradually assimilating the love
of Bush-land."
# Barracouta #, or # Barracoota #, _n_. The
name, under its original spelling of _Barracuda_, was
coined in the Spanish West Indies, and first applied there to a
large voracious fish, _Sphyraena pecuda_, family
_Sphyraenidae_. In Australia and New Zealand it is
applied to a smaller edible fish, _Thyrsites atun_,
Cuv. and Val., family _Trichiuridae_, called _Snook_
(q.v.) at the Cape of Good Hope. It is found from the Cape of
Good Hope to New Zealand.
1845. 'Voyage to Port Philip,' p. 40:
"We hook the barracuda fish."
1882. Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, 'Fishes of New South Wales,'
p. 69:
"_Sphyrenidae_. The first family is the barracudas, or
sea-pike." [Footnote]: "This name is no doubt the same as
Barracouta and is of Spanish origin. The application of it to
_Thyrsites atun_ in the Southern seas was founded on some
fancied resemblance to the West Indian fish, which originally
bore the name, though of course they are entirely different."
(2) The word is used as a nickname for an inhabitant of Hobart;
compare _Cornstalk_.
# Barramunda #, _n_. a fish, i.q. _Burramundi_
(q.v.).
# Basket-Fence #, _n._ Local name for a stake-hedge.
See quotation.
1872. G. S. Baden-Powell, 'New Homes for the Old Country,' p. 208:
"For sheep, too, is made the 'basket fence.' Stakes are driven
in, and their pliant 'stuff' interwoven, as in a stake hedge in
England."
# Bastard Dory # and # John Dory # (q.v.), spelt also
# Dorey #, _n_. an Australian fish, _Cyttus australis_,
family _Cyttidae_; the Australian representative of
_Zeus faber_, the European "John Dory," and its close
relative, is called _Bastard Dorey_ in New Zealand, and
also _Boar-fish_ (q.v.).
1880. Guenther, 'Study of Fishes,' p. 387:
"_Histiopterus_. . . .The species figured attains to a
length of twenty inches, and is esteemed as food. It is known
at Melbourne by the names of 'Boar-fish' or 'Bastard Dorey'
(fig.), _Histiopterus recurvirostris_."
# Bastard Trumpeter #, _n_. a fish. See _Morwong,
Paper-fish_, and _Trumpeter_. In Sydney it is
_Latris ciliaris_, Forst., which is called _Moki_ in
New Zealand; in Victoria and Tasmania, _L. forsteri_,
Casteln.
1883. 'Royal Commission on the Fisheries of Tasmania,' p. 35:
"The bastard trumpeter (_Latris Forsteri_). . . .Scarcely
inferior to the real trumpeter, and superior to it in abundance
all the year round, comes the bastard trumpeter. . . This fish
has hitherto been confounded with _Latris ciliaris_
(Forst.); but, although the latter species has been reported as
existing in Tasmanian waters, it is most probably a mistake:
for the two varieties (the red and the white), found in such
abundance here, have the general characters as shown
above. . . They must be referred to the _Latris Forsteri_
of Count Castelnau, which appears to be the bastard trumpeter
of Victorian waters."
# Bat-fish #, _n_. The name in England is given to a
fish of the family _Maltheidae_. It is also applied to
the Flying Gurnard of the Atlantic and to the Californian
Sting-ray. In Australia, and chiefly in New South Wales, it is
applied to _Psettus argenteus_, Linn., family
_Carangidae_, or Horse Mackerels. Guenther says that the
"Sea Bats," which belong to the closely allied genus
_Platax_, are called so from the extraordinary length of
some portion of their dorsal and anal fins and of their
ventrals.
# Bathurst Bur #, _n_. Explained in quotation.
1855. W. Howitt, 'Two Years in Victoria,' vol. i. p. 261:
"The Bathurst bur (_Xanthium spinosuzn_), a plant with
long triple spines like the barbary, and burs which are ruinous
to the wool of the sheep--otherwise, itself very like a
chenopodium, or good-fat-hen."
# Bats-wing-coral #, _n_. the Australian wood
_Erythrina vespertilio_, Bentham, _N.O. Leguminosae_.
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 426:
"Batswing Coral. . . .The wood is soft, and used by the
aborigines for making their 'heilamans,' or shields. It is
exceedingly light and spongy, and of the greatest difficulty to
work up to get anything like a surface for polishing."
# Bauera #, _n_. a shrub, _Bauera rubioides_,
Andr., _N.O. Saxifrageae_, the _Scrub Vine_, or
_Native Rose_; commonly called in Tasmania "Bauera,"and
celebrated for forming impenetrable thickets in conjunction
with "cutting grass," _Cladium psittacorum_, Labill.
1835. Ross, 'Hobart Town Almanack,' p. 70:
"Bauera rubiaefolia. Madder leaved Bauera. A pretty little
plant with pink flowers. This genus is named after the
celebrated German draughtsman, whose splendid works are yet
unrivalled in the art, especially of the Australian plants
which he depicted in his voyage round New Holland with
Capt. Flinders in the Investigator."
1888. R. M. Johnston, 'Geology of Tasmania,' Intro. p. vi.:
"The Bauera scrub . . . is a tiny, beautiful shrub . . . Although
the branches are thin and wiry, they are too tough and too much
entangled in mass to cut, and the only mode of progress often
is to throw one's self high upon the soft branching mass and
roll over to the other side. The progress in this way is slow,
monotonous, and exhausting."
1891. 'The Australasian,' April 4, p. 670, col. 2:
"Cutting-grass swamps and the bauera, where a dog can't hardly
go,
Stringy-bark country, and blackwood beds, and lots of it broken
by snow."
1891. W. Tilley, 'Wild West of Tasmania,' p. 7:
"Interposing the even more troublesome Bauera shrub; whose
gnarled branches have earned for it the local and expressive
name of 'tangle-foot' or 'leg ropes.' [It] has been named by
Spicer the 'Native Rose.'"
# Beal #, # Bool #, or # Bull #, _n_. a sweet
aboriginal drink.
1827. P. Cunningham, 'Two Years in New South Wales,' vol. i.:
"A good jorum of _bull_ (washings of a sugar bag)" [given
to aborigines who have been working].
1839. T. L. Mitchell, 'Three Expeditions,' vol. ii. p. 288:
"The flowers are gathered, and by steeping them a night in
water the natives made a sweet beverage called 'bool.'"
1878. R. Brough Smyth, 'Aborigines of Victoria,' vol. i. p. 210:
"In the flowers of a dwarf species of banksia
(_B. ornata_) there is a good deal of honey, and this was
got out of the flowers by immersing them in water. The water
thus sweetened was greedily swallowed by the natives. The
drink was named _beal_ by the natives of the west of
Victoria, and was much esteemed."
# Beal # (2), _n_. i.q. _Belar_ (q.v.).
# Bean, Queensland #, or # Leichhardt #, or
# Match-box #, _n. Entada scandens_, Benth.,
_N.O. Leguminosae_. Though this bean has two Australian
names, it is really widely distributed throughout the tropics.
A tall climbing plant; the seeds are used for match-boxes.
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 425:
"The seeds are about two inches across, by half-an-inch thick,
and have a hard woody and beautifully polished shell, of a dark
brown or purplish colour. These seeds are converted into
snuff-boxes, scent-bottles, spoons, etc., and in the Indian
bazaars they are used as weights. ('Treasury of Botany.') In
the colonies we usually see the beans of this plant mounted
with silver, as match-boxes. The wood itself is soft, fibrous,
and spongy."
# Bean-Tree #, _n_. called also _Moreton Bay
Chestnut, Castanospermum australe_, Cunn. and Fraser,
_N.O. Leguminosae_; a tall tree with red flowers and large
seed-pods. The timber of young specimens has beautiful dark
clouding.
# Bear, Native #, _n_. the colonists' name for an
animal called by the aborigines Koala, Koolah, Kool-la, and
Carbora (_Phascolarctus cinereus_). It is a tree-climbing
marsupial, about two feet in length, like a small bear in its
heavy build. Its food is the young leaves of the Eucalyptus,
and it is said that the Native Bear cannot be taken to England
because it would die on board ship, owing to there being no
fresh gum leaves. The writers are incorrect who call the
animal a sloth.
1827. P. Cunningham, 'Two Years in New South Wales,' vol. i.
p. 317
"Our coola (sloth or native bear) is about the size of an
ordinary poodle dog, with shaggy, dirty-coloured fur, no tail,
and claws and feet like a bear, of which it forms a tolerable
miniature. It climbs trees readily and feeds upon their
leaves."
1846. G. H. Haydon, 'Five Years in Australia Felix,' p. 57:
"The bear (phascolomys) of the colonists is in reality a
species of sloth, and partakes of all the characteristics of
that animal; it is of the marsupial order, and is found chiefly
in the neighbourhood of thickly timbered high land; its flesh
is used by the aborigines for food, but is tough and
unpalatable; its usual weight is from eight to twelve pounds."
[Note: _Phascolomys_ is the name of the Wombat, not the
Bear.]
1854. G. H. Hayden, 'The Australian Emigrant,' p. 126:
"The luckless _carbora_ fell crashing through the
branches." [Footnote] "The native name of an animal of the
sloth species, but incorrectly called by the colonists a bear."
1855. W. Blandowski, 'Transactions of Philosophical Society of
Victoria,' vol. i. p. 68:
"The koala or karbor (_Phascolarctus cinereus_) frequents
very high trees, and sits in places where it is most sheltered
by the branches. . . . Its fur is of the same colour as the
bark . . . like the cat has the power of contracting and
expanding the pupil of the eye . . . . Its skin is remarkably
thick . . . dense woolly fur . . . . The natives aver that the
koala never drinks water."
1865. Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, 'History of the Discovery and
Exploration of Australia,' vol. i. p. 448:
"They were soon entirely out of provisions, but found a sort of
substitute by living on the native bear (_Phascolarctus
cinereus_), which was plentiful even in the forests."
1881. A. C. Grant, 'Bush Life in Queensland,' vol. i. p. 214:
"Look, high up in the branches of that tall tree is a native
bear! It sits motionless. It has something the appearance of
a solemn old man. How funny his great ears and Roman nose
look! He sits on the branch as if it was a chair, holding with
hand-like claws the surrounding twigs."
1890. C. Lumholtz, 'Among Cannibals,' p. 9:
"We learned that a koala or native bear (_Phascolarctus
cinereus_) was sitting on a tree near the but of a
shepherd . . . not a dangerous animal. It is called 'native
bear,' but is in no wise related to the bear family. It is an
innocent and peaceful marsupial, which is active only at night,
and sluggishly climbs the trees, eating leaves and sleeping
during the whole day. As soon as the young has left the pouch,
the mother carries it with her on her back. The Australian
bear is found in considerable numbers throughout the eastern
part of the continent, even within the tropical circle."
# Bearded Lizard #, _n_. See _Jew Lizard_.
# Beardie #, or # Beardy #, _n_. a fish. In
Scotland the name is applied to the Bearded Loach,
_Nemachilus barbatus_, of Europe; in New South Wales the
name is given to the fish _Lotella marginata_, Macl., of
the family _Gadidae_, or Cod-fishes, which is also called
_Ling_ (q.v.).
# Beaver-rat #, _n_. an aquatic rodent, something
like the English water-rat, genus _Hydromys_.
1864. 'Proceedings of the Royal Society of Van Diemen's Land'
[paper by Morton Allport], p. 62:
"Common to both fresh and brackish water is the yellow bellied
beaver-rat or musk-rat (_Hydromys chrysogaster_)."
# Beech #, _n_. There is only one true Beech in
Australia, _Fagus cunninghamii_, Hook,
_N.O. Cupuliferae_; but the name is applied to many other
kinds of Australian trees, viz.--
(1) Simply to
_Cryptocarya glaucescens_, R. Br., _N.O. Laurineae_,
called also Black Sassafras, White Laurel, She Beech, and Black
Beech.
_Flindersia australis_, R. Br., _N.O. Meliaceae_,
called also Flindosa Ash, Crow's Ash, and Rasp-pod, and
invariably Myrtle to Tasmania.
Gmelina leichhardtii, F. v. M., _N.O. Verbenaceae_.
_Monotoca elliptica_, R. Br., _N.O. Epacrideae_.
_Phyllanthus ferdinandi_, Muell. and Arg., _N.O.
Euphorbiaceae_, called also Pencil Cedar in Southern
New South Wales.
_Schizomeria ovata_, D. Don, _N.O. Saxifrageae_,
called also Corkwood, Light-wood, Coachwood, and White Cherry.
_Trochocarpa laurina_, R. Br., _N.O. Epacrideae,
called_ also Brush Cherry, and Brush Myrtle.
(2) With various epithets the name is also used as follows--
Evergreen Beech--
_Fagus cunninghamii_, Hook, _N.O. Cupuliferae_,
called also Myrtle and Negro-head Beech.
Flindosy B.--
_Flindersia schottiana_, F. v. M., _N.O. Meliaceae_,
called also Ash and Stave-wood.
Indian B.--
_Pongamia glabra_, Vent., _N.O. Leguminosae_, B. Fl.
Mountain B.--
_Lomatia longifolia_, R. Br., _N.O. Proteaceae_.
Native B.--
_Callicoma serratifolia_, Andr., _N.O. Saxifragiae_,
"one of the trees called by the early colonists 'Black Wattle,'
from the fancied resemblance of the flowers to those of some of
the wattles." (Maiden, p. 389.)
Negro-head B., i.q. Evergreen B. (q.v. supra).
Queensland B.--
_Gmelina leichhardtii_ , F. v. M., _N.O. Verbenaceae_,
a tall valuable timber-tree.
Red B.--
_Tarrietia trifoliata_, F. v. M., _N.O. Sterculiaceae_.
She B.--
_Cryptocazya obovata_, R. Br., _H.0. Laurineae_, B. Fl.,
called also Bastard Sycamore.
White B.--
_Elaeocarpus kirtoni_, F. v. M., _N.O. Tiliaceae_,
called also Mountain Ash.
(3) In New Zealand, there are six species of true beeches, which
according to Kirk are as follows--
Blair's B.--
_Fagus blairii_, T. Kirk.
Entire-leaved B.--
_F. solandri_, Hook. f.
Mountain B.--
_F. cliffortioides_, Hook. f.
Pointed-leaved B.--
_F. apiculata_, Colenso.
Silver B.--
_F. Menziesii_, Hook. f.
Tooth-leaved B.--
_F. fusca_, Hook. f.
All these, however, are commonly called _Birches_.
See also the words _Ash, Myrtle, Sassafras_.
# Bee-eater #, _n_. a bird-name. The European
Bee-eater is _Merops apiaster_; the Australian species is
_Merops ornatus_, Lath. The bird was called
"_M. phrygius_, the Embroidered Merops," by Shaw.
1793. G. Shaw, 'Zoology [and Botany] of New Holland,' p. 14:
"Specific character.--Black Merops varied with yellow. The
bird figured in its natural size on the present plate is a
species of Merops or Bee-eater; a tribe which appears to be
peculiarly prevalent in the extensive regions of Australia,
since more birds of this genus have been discovered than of any
other, except the very numerous one of Psittacus."
[The birds, however, have been since this date further
differentiated, and are now all classed in other genera, except
the present species.]
1790. J. White, 'Voyage to New South Wales,' p. 144:
"The wattled bee-eater, of which a plate is annexed, fell in
our way during the course of the day. . . . Under the eye,
on each side, is a kind of wattle of an orange colour. . .
This bird seems to be peculiar to New Holland."
Ibid. p. 190:
"We this day shot a knob-fronted bee-eater (see plate annexed).
This is about the size of a black-bird." [Description follows.]
# Beef-wood #, _n_. the timber of various Australian
trees, especially of the genus _Casuarina_, and some of
the Banksias; often used as a synonym of _She-oak_ (q.v.).
The name is taken from the redness of the wood.
1826. J. Atkinson, 'Agriculture and Grazing in New South Wales,'
p. 31:
"The wood is well known in England by the names of Botany Bay
wood, or beef wood.The grain is very peculiar, but the wood is
thought very little of in the colony; it makes good shingles,
splits, in the colonial phrase, from heart to bark . . ."
1833. C. Sturt, 'Southern Australia,' vol. i. c. i. p. 22:
"They seemed to be covered with cypresses and beef-wood."
1846. C. Holtzapffel, 'Turning,' vol. i. p. 74:
"Beef wood. Red-coloured woods are sometimes thus named, but
it is generally applied to the Botany-Bay oak."
1852. G. C. Munday, 'Our Antipodes' (edition 1855), p. 219:
"A shingle of the beef-wood looks precisely like a raw
beef-steak."
1856. Capt. H. Butler Stoney, 'A Residence in Tasmania,' p. 265:
"We now turn our attention to some trees of a very different
nature, _Casuarina stricta_ and _quadrivalvis_,
commonly called He and She oak, and sometimes known by the name
of beef-wood, from the wood, which is very hard and takes a
high polish, exhibiting peculiar maculae spots and veins
scattered throughout a finely striated tint . . ."
1868. Paxton's 'Botanical Dictionary,' p. 116:
"Casuarinaceae,or Beefwoods. Curious branching, leafless trees
or shrubs, with timber of a high order, which is both hard and
heavy, and of the colour of raw beef, whence the vulgar name."
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants.' (See 'Index of
vernacular names.')
# Belar #, _n_. (various spellings, _Belah, billa,
beela, beal_), an aboriginal name for the tree _Casuarina
glauca_. The colonists call the tree Bull-oak, probably
from this native name.
1862. H. C. Kendall, 'Poems,' p. 18:
"A voice in the beela grows wild in its wail."
1868. J. A. B., 'Meta,' p. 19:
"With heartfelt glee we hail the camp,
And blazing fire of beal."
[Footnote]: "Aboriginal name of the gum-tree wood."
1874. W. H. L. Ranken, 'Dominion of Australia,' c. vi. p. 110:
"These scrubs . . . sometimes crown the watersheds as 'belar.'"
# Bell-bird #, _n_. name given to several birds,
from
their note, like the tinkling of a bell. In Australia,
a Honey-eater, _Myzantha melanophrys_, Gould ('Birds of
Australia,' vol. iv. pl. 80), the 'Australian Bell-bird' (the
same bird as _Myzantha flavirostris_, V. and H.), chiefly
found in New South Wales; also _Oreoica gutturalis_, Gould
(vol. ii. pl. 81), the 'Bell-bird' of Western Australia; and
_Oreoica cristata_, Lewin. In New Zealand, _Anthornis
melanura_, Sparrm., chief Maori names, _Korimako_
(q.v.) in North, and _Makomako_ in South. Buller gives
ten Maori names. The settlers call it _Moko_ (q.v.).
There is also a Bell-bird in Brazil.
1774. J. Hawkesworth, 'Voyages,' vol. ii. p. 390 [Journal of
Jan. 17, 1770):
"In the morning we were awakened by the singing of the birds;
the number was incredible, and they seemed to strain their
throats in emulation of each other. This wild melody was
infinitely superior to any that we had ever heard of the same
kind; it seemed to be like small bells most exquisitely tuned,
and perhaps the distance, and the water between, might be no
small advantage to the sound. Upon enquiry we were informed
that the birds here always began to sing about two hours after
midnight, and continuing their music till sunrise were, like
our nightingales, silent the rest of the day."
[This celebrated descriptive passage by Dr. Hawkesworth is
based upon the following original from 'Banks's Journal,' which
now, after an interval of 122 years, has just been published in
London, edited by Sir J. D. Hooker.]
1770. J. Banks, 'Journal,' Jan. 17 (edition 1896):
"I was awakened by the singing of the birds ashore, from whence
we are distant not a quarter of a mile. Their numbers were
certainly very great. They seemed to strain their throats with
emulation, and made, perhaps, the most melodious wild music I
have ever heard, almost imitating small bells, but with the
most tunable silver sound imaginable, to which, maybe, the
distance was no small addition. On inquiring of our people, I
was told that they had observed them ever since we had been
here, and that they began to sing about one or two in the
morning, and continue till sunrise, after which they are silent
all day, like our nightingales."
1802. G. Barrington, 'History of New South Wales,'
c. viii. p. 84:
"The cry of the bell-bird seems to be unknown here."
1827. Vigors and Horsfield, 'Transactions of Linnaean
Society,' vol. xv. p. 319:
"Mr. Caley thus observes on this bird: 'Dell-bird or Bell-bird.
So called by the colonists. It is an inhabitant of bushes,
where its disagreeable noise (disagreeable at least to me) [but
not to the poets] may be continually heard; but nowhere more so
than on going up the harbour to Paramatta, when a little above
the Flats.'"
1835. T. B. Wilson, 'Voyage Round the World,' p. 259:
"During the night, the bell bird supplied, to us, the place of
the wakeful nightingale . . . a pleasing surprise, as we had
hitherto supposed that the birds in New Holland were not formed
for song."
1839. E. J. Wakefield, 'Adventures in New Zealand,' p. 23:
"Every bough seemed to throng with feathered musicians: the
melodious chimes of the bell-bird were specially distinct."
1845. R. Howitt, 'Australia,' p. 102:
"Look at the bell-bird's nest, admire the two spotted salmon
coloured eggs."
Ibid. ('Verses written whilst we lived in tents'), p. 171:
"Through the Eucalyptus shade,
Pleased could watch the bell-bird's flutter,
Blending with soft voice of waters
The delicious tones they utter."
1846. Lady Martin, 'Bush journey, 1846, Our Maoris,' p. 93:
"We did hear the birds next morning as Captain Cook had
described --first the bell-bird gave its clear, full note, and
then came such a jargoning as made one's heart glad."
1848. J. Gould, 'Birds of Australia,' vol. ii. pl. 81:
"_Oreoica gutturalis_, Gould. Crested Oreoica.
_Bell-bird_, Colonists of Swan River [Western
Australia]. . . I find the following remarks in my note-book--
'Note, a very peculiar piping whistle, sounding like
_weet-weet-weet-weet-oo_, the last syllable fully drawn
out and very melodious. . . . In Western Australia, where the
real Bell-bird is never found, this species has had that
appellation given to it,--a term which must appear ill-applied
to those who have heard the note of the true Bell-bird of the
brushes of New South Wales, whose tinkling sound so nearly
resembles that of a distant sheep-bell as occasionally to
deceive the ears of a practised shepherd."
1866. Lady Barker, 'Station Life in New Zealand,' p. 93:
"Every now and then we stood, by common consent, silent and
almost breathless, to listen to the bell-bird, a dingy little
fellow, nearly as large as a thrush with the plumage of a
chaffinch, but with such a note! How can I make you hear its
wild, sweet, plaintive tone, as a little girl of the party said
'just as if it had a bell in its throat;' but indeed it would
require a whole peal of silver bells to ring such an exquisite
chime."
1868. F. Napier Broome, 'Canterbury Rhymes,' second edition, p. 108:
"Where the bell-bird sets solitudes ringing,
Many times I have heard and thrown down
My lyre in despair of all singing."
1881. A. C. Grant, 'Bush Life in Queensland,' vol. i. p. 21:
"Listen to the bell-bird. Ping, ping, sounds through the vast
hushed temple of nature."
1883. G. W. Rusden, 'History of Australia,' vol. i. p. 81:
"The bell-bird, with metallic but mellow pipe, warns the
wanderer that he is near water in some sequestered nook."
1886. H. C. Kendall, 'Poems,' p. 8:
"And softer than slumber and sweeter than singing,
The notes of the bell-bird are running and ringing."
1888. W. L. Buller, 'Birds of New Zealand,' vol. i. p. 85:
"_Anthornis melanura_. Chatham Island Bell-bird
(_A. Melanocephala_), the Bell-bird--so-called from the
fanciful resemblance of one of its notes to the distant tolling
of a bell."
1889. Prof. Parker, 'Catalogue of New Zealand Exhibition,' p. 119:
"Bell-bird, Korimako,or Makomako (_Anthornis melanura_),
is still common in many parts of the South Island--e.g. in the
neighbourhood of Dunedin; but has almost disappeared from the
North Island. Its song is remarkably fine."
1893. W. P. Reeves, 'The Passing of the Forest,' 'Review of
Reviews,' Feb. 1893, p. 45:
"Gone are the forest birds, arboreal things,
Eaters of honey, honey-sweet in song;
The tui, and the bell-bird--he who sings
That brief rich music one would fain prolong.'
1896. G. A. Keartland, 'Horne Expedition in Central
Australia,' Part II., Zoology, _Aves_, p. 74:
"In the north they [Oreoica] are frequently called
'Bell-birds,' but bear no resemblance to _Manorhina
melanophrys_ in plumage, shape, or note. The Oreoica is
such an accomplished ventriloquist that it is difficult to
find."
# Bell-bottomed #, _adj_. a particular fashion of
trouser affected by the _larrikin_ (q.v.).
1891. 'The Argus,' Dec. 5, p. 13, col. 2:
"Can it be that the pernicious influence of the House is
gradually tingeing the high priests of the bell-bottomed
ballottee with conservatism!"
# Bell-Frog, Golden #, _n_. See _Golden Bell-Frog_.
# Bell-topper #, _n_. The ordinary Australian name
for the tall silk-hat.
1860. W. Kelly, 'Life in Victoria,' p. 268 [Footnote]:
"Bell-topper was the derisive name given by diggers to old
style hat, supposed to indicate the dandy swell."
# Benjamin #, _n_. a husband, in Australian
pigeon-English.
1870. Chas. H. Allen, 'A Visit to Queensland and her Goldfields,'
p. 182:
"There are certain native terms that are used by the whites
also as a kind of colonial slang, such as 'yabber,' to talk;
'budgeree,' good; 'bale,' no; 'yan,' to go; 'cabon,' much; and
so on.
"With the black people a husband is now called a 'benjamin,'
probably because they have no word to their own language to
express this relationship."
# Benjamin-Tree #, _n_. also called _Weeping
Fig_ in Queensland, Ficus benjaminea, Linn.,
_N.O. Urticaceae_.
# Bent-grass #. _n_. See _Grass_.
1835. Ross, 'Hobart Town Almanack,' p. 65:
_"Agrostis virginica_. Virginian Agrostis, or Bent-grass.
. . . Many species of this genus go under the general name of
Bent-grass. Their roots spread along among light and sandy
soil in which they generally grow with joints like the Squitch
or Couch grass of England."
# Berigora #, _n_. aboriginal name for a bird of
genus _Falco_, from _beri_, claw, and _gora_,
long. See _Hawk_
1827. Vigors and Horsfield, 'Transactions of Linnaean Society,' vol.
xv. p. 185:
"The native name of this bird which we have adopted as its
specific name, is _Berigora_. It is called by the
settlers _Orange-speckled Hawk_."
1848. J. Gould, 'Birds of Australia,' I. i. pl. 11:
"_Hieracidea berigora_. Brown Hawk. Berigora, Aborigines
of New South Wales. Orange-speckled Hawk of the Colonists."
# Berley #, _n_. term used by Australian fishermen
for ground bait. It is probably of aboriginal origin.
1882. Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods,
'Fish and Fisheries of New South Wales,' p. 75:
"With hook and line along the rocks of our sea-coast these
fishes are caught, but the bait should be crabs. It is usual
to wrench legs and shell off the back, and cast them out for
Berley."
1896. 'Badminton Magazine,' August, p. 201:
"I would signal to the sharks by opening and washing out a few
of the largest fish at the boat's head, sometimes adding bait
chopped small to serve for what Australian fishermen call
Berley."
# Betcherrygah #, _n_. bird-name, _Melopsittacus
undulatus_, Shaw. See Budgerigar.
# Bettongia #, _n_. the scientific name of the genus
of Prehensile-tailed _Kangaroo-Rats_, whose aboriginal name
is _Bettong_. They are the only ground-dwelling
marsupials with prehensile tails, which they use for carrying
bunches of grasses and sticks. See _Kangaroo-Rat_.
# Biddy-biddy #, or # Biddybid #, _n_. a
corruption of Maori name _piripiri_. It is a kind of bur.
1880. T. H. Potts, 'Out in the Open, 'New Zealand Country Journal,'
vol. xii. p. 95:
"Piri-piri (_acaena sanguisorbe_) by settlers has been
converted or corrupted into biddy-biddy; a verb has been formed
on it, which is in very constant use for a good part of the
year at least. To biddy, is to rid one of burrs, as 'I'll just
biddy my clothes before I come in.' Small birds are
occasionally found in a wretched state of discomfort in which
they appear a moving mass of burrs. Parroquets, pipets, and
the little white-eyes, have been found victims suffering from
these tenacious burrs of the piri-piri, just moving little
brown balls unable to fly till picked up and released from
their bonds."
1896. 'Otago Witness,' Jan. 23, vol. ii. p. 36:
"Yes, biddybids detract very materially from the value of the
wool, and the plant should not be allowed to seed where sheep
are depastured. They are not quite so bad as the Bathurst
burr, but they are certainly in the same category."
# Biddy #, _v_. See _Biddy-biddy, n_.
# Bidgee Widgee #, _n_. name given to a Tasmanian
_Bur_ (q.v.).
# Bidyan Ruffe #, _n_. a fresh-water fish of New
South Wales, _Therapon richardsonii_, Castln., family
_Percidae_. Mr. J. Douglas Ogilby, Assistant Zoologist at
the Australian Museum, Sydney, says in a letter "The Bidyan
Ruffe of Sir Thomas Mitchell is our _Therapon ellipticus_,
Richards (_T. richardsonii_, Castln.). Found in all the
rivers of the Murray system, and called _Kooberry_ by the
natives." It is also called the _Silver Perch_ and
sometimes _Bream_.
1838. T. L. Mitchell, 'Three Expeditions,' vol. i. p. 95 [Note]:
"Bidyan is the aboriginal name."
Ibid. vol. i. p. 135:
"Abundance of that which the men commonly called bream
(_Cernua bidyana_), a very coarse but firm fish, which
makes a groaning noise when taken out of the water."
# Big-head #, _n_. a fish. The name is used locally
for various fishes; in Australia it is _Eleotris
nudiceps_, Castln., family _Gobiidae_, a river fish.
Of the genus _Eleotris_, Guenther says that as regards
form they repeat almost all the modifications observed among
the Gobies, from which they differ only in having the ventral
fins non-coalescent. See _Bull-head_ (2).
# Billabong #, _n_. an effluent from a river,
returning to it, or often ending in the sand, in some cases
running only in flood time.
In the Wiradhuri dialect of the centre of New South Wales, East
coast, _billa_ means a river and _bung_ dead. See
_Bung. Billa_ is also a river in some Queensland
dialects, and thus forms part of the name of the river
Belyando. In the Moreton Bay dialect it occurs in the form
_pill_ , and in the sense of 'tidal creek.' In the
'Western Australian Almanack' for 1842, quoted in J. Fraser's
'Australian Language,' 1892, Appendix, p. 50, _Bilo_ is
given for _River_.
_ Billabong_ is often regarded as a synonym for
_Anabranch_ (q.v.); but there is a distinction. From the
original idea, the _Anabranch_ implies rejoining the
river; whilst the _Billabong_ implies continued separation
from it; though what are called _Billabongs_ often do
rejoin.
1862. W. Landsborough, 'Exploration of Australia,' p. 30:
"A dried-up tributary of the Gregory, which I named the
Macadam."
[Footnote]: "In the south, such a creek as the Macadam is
termed a _billy-bonn_ [sic], from the circumstance of the
water carrier returning from it with his pitcher (_billy_)
empty (_bong_, literally dead)."
1865. W. Howitt, 'Discovery in Australia, vol. i. p. 298:
"What the Major calls, after the learned nomenclature of
Colonel Jackson, in the 'Journal of the Geographical Society,'
anabranches, but which the natives call billibongs, channels
coming out of a stream and returning into it again."
1880. P. J. Holdsworth, 'Station Hunting on the Warrego:'
"In yon great range may huddle billabongs."
1888. D. Macdonald, 'Gum Boughs,' p. 25:
"What a number of swallows skim about the 'billabongs' along
the rivers in this semi-tropical region."
1893. 'The Argus,' April 8, p. 4, col. 1:
"Let's make a start at once, d'ye hear; I want to get over to
the billabong by sunrise."
# Billet #, _n_. an appointment, a position; a very
common expression in Australia, but not confined to Australia;
adapted from the meaning, "an official order requiring the
person to whom it is addressed to provide board and lodging for
the soldier bearing it." ('O.E.D.')
1890. E. W. Hornung, 'A Bride from the Bush,' p. 267:
"If ever she went back to Australia, she'd remember my young
man, and get him a good billet."
# Billy #, _n_. a tin pot used as a bushman's kettle.
The word comes from the proper name, used as abbreviation for
William. Compare the common uses of 'Jack,' 'Long Tom,'
'Spinning Jenny.' It came into use about 1850. It is not used
in the following.
1830. R. Dawson, 'Present State of Australia,' p. 48:
"He then strikes a light and makes a fire to boil his kettle
and fry his bacon."
About 1850, the billy superseded the _quart-pot_ (q.v.),
chiefly because of its top-handle and its lid. Another
suggested derivation is that billy is shortened from
_billycan_, which is said to be bully-can (sc.
Fr. _bouili_). In the early days "_boeuf bouilli_"
was a common label on tins of preserved meat in ship's stores.
These tins, called "bully-tins," were used by diggers and
others as the modern billy is (see quotation 1835). A third
explanation gives as the origin the aboriginal word
_billa_ (river or water).
1835. T. B. Wilson, 'Voyage Round the World,' p. 238:
"An empty preserved meat-canister serving the double purpose of
tea-kettle and tea-pot."
[The word _billy_ is not used, but its origin is
described.]
1857. W. Howitt, 'Tallangetta,' vol. i. p. 202:
"A tin pan bearing the familiar name of a billy."
1871 J. J. Simpson, 'Recitations,' p. 5:
"He can't get a billy full for many a mile round."
1881. A. C. Grant, 'Bush Life in Queensland,' vol. i. p. 41:
"A billy (that is a round tin pitcher with a lid) in his hand."
1889. Cassell's 'Picturesque Australasia,' vol. iv. p. 69:
"A tin can, which the connoisseurs call for some reason or
other a 'billy.'"
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Squatter's Dream,' p. 24:
"A very black camp-kettle, or billy, of hot tea."
1892. 'The Australasian,' April 9, p. 707, col. 4:
"How we praised the simple supper
(we prepared it each in turn),
And the tea! Ye gods! 'twas nectar.
Yonder billy was our urn."
# Billy-can #, _n._ a variation of the above, more
used by townsmen than bushmen.
1892. 'The Australasian,' April 9, p. 707, col. 4:
"But I said, 'Dear friend and brother, yonder billy-can is
mine; You may confiscate the washing that is hanging on the
line, You may depredate the larder, take your choice of pot and
pan; But, I pray thee, kind sundowner, spare, oh spare, my
billy-can.'"
# Bingy # [_g_ soft], _n_. stomach or belly.
Aboriginal. The form at Botany Bay was _bindi_; at Jervis
Bay, _binji_.
1851. Rev. David Mackenzie, 'Ten Years in Australia,' p. 140:
"They lay rolling themselves on the ground, heavily groaning in
pain, and with their hands rubbing their bellies, exclaiming,
'Cabonn buggel along bingee' (that is, I am very sick in the
stomach)."
# Birch #, _n_. In New Zealand, the trees called
birches are really _beeches_ (q.v.), but the term birch is
used very vaguely; see quotation 1889. In Tasmania, the name is
applied to _Dodonaea ericifolia_, Don., _N.O.
Sapindaceae_.
1853. J. Hector, 'Handbook of New Zealand,' p. 125:
"White-birch of Nelson and Otago (from colour of bark),
Black-heart Birch of Wellington, _Fagus solandri_, Hook, a
lofty, beautiful ever-green tree, 100 feet high. Black-birch
(Tawhai) of Auckland and Otago (from colour of bark), Red-birch
of Wellington and Nelson (from colour of timber), _Fagus
fusca, N.O. Cupuliferae_, a noble tree 60 to 90 feet high."
1889. T. Kirk, 'Forest Flora of New Zealand,' p. 91:
"Like all small-leaved forest trees it [_Fagus solandri_,
Hook. f.] is termed 'birch' by the bushman. . . . It is not
too much to say that the blundering use of common names in
connection with the New Zealand beeches, when the timber has
been employed in bridges and constructive works, has caused
waste and loss to the value of many thousands of pounds."
# Bird-catching Plant #, _n_. a New Zealand shrub or
tree, _Pisonia brunoniana_, Endl.,
_N.O. Nyctagineae_; Maori name, _Parapara_.
1883. R. H. Govett, 'Transactions of the New Zealand Institute,'
vol. xvi. Art. xxviii. p. 364::
"A Bird-killing Tree. . . . In a shrub growing in my father's
garden at New Plymouth, two Silver-eyes (_Zosterops_) and
an English Sparrow had been found with their wings so glued by
the sticky seed-vessels that they were unable to move, and
could only fly away after having been carefully washed."
1889. T. Kirk, 'Forest Flora of New Zealand,' p. 293:
"It is sometimes termed the 'birdcatching plant' by settlers
and bushmen . . . It will always be a plant of special
interest, as small birds are often found captured by its viscid
fruits, to which their feathers become attached as effectively
as if they were glued."
# Bird's-nest fungus #, _n_. a small fungus of the
genus _Cyathus_, four species of which occur in
Queensland.
# Bitter-Bark #, _n_. an Australian tree,
_Petalostigma quadrilo_ culare, F. v. M.,
_N.O. Euphorbiacea_. Called also _Crab-tree, Native
Quince, Emu apple_, and _Quinine-tree_. The bark
contains a powerful bitter essence, which is used medicinally.
The name is also applied to _Tabernaemontana orientalis_,
R. Br., _N.O. Apocyneae_, and to _Alstonia
constricta_, F. v. M., _N.O. Aporynacece_, which is also
called Feverbark.
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 204:
"Bitter Bark. This small tree has an intensely bitter bark,
and a decoction of it is sometimes sold as 'bitters."
# Bitter-Leaf #, _n_. a Tasmanian name for the
_Native Hop_. See _Hops_ and _Hopbush_.
# Bittern #, _n_. bird-name well known in England.
The Australian species are--
The Bittern--
_Botaurus paeciloptilus_, Wagl.
Black B.--
_Butoroides flavicollis_, Lath.
Green B.--
_B. javanica_, Horsfield.
Little B.--
_Ardetta pusilla_, Vieill.
# Blackberry, Native #, or # Bramble #, _n_.
called also _Raspberry_. Three species of the genus
_Rubus_ occur in Queensland--_Rubus moluccanus_,
Linn., _R. parvifolius_, Linn., _R.
rosifolius_, Smith, _N.O. Rosaceae_ See also
_Lawyer_.
# Blackbird #, _n_. "A cant name for a captive negro,
or Polynesian, on board a slave or pirate ship." ('O.E.D.') But
no instance is given of its use for a negro.
1871. 'Narrative of the Voyage of the Brig Carl' [pamphlet]
"They were going to take a cruise round the islands
'black-bird' catching."
1872. 'The Argus,' Dec. 21, Supplement, p. 2, col. 1 [Chief
Justice's charge in the case of the 'Carl Outrage']:
"They were not going pearl-fishing but blackbird-hunting. It
is said you should have evidence as to what blackbird-hunting
meant. I think it is a grievous mistake to pretend to
ignorance of things passing before our eyes everyday. We may
know the meaning of slang words, though we do not use them. Is
there not a wide distinction between blackbird-hunting and a
legitimate labour-trade, if such a thing is to be carried on?
What did he allude to? To get labourers honestly if they could,
but, if not, any way?"
1881. 'Chequered Career,' p.188 ('O.E.D.')
"The white men on board know that if once the 'blackbirds'
burst the hatches . . . they would soon master the ship."
# Black-birding #, _n_. kidnapping natives of South
Sea islands for service in Queensland plantations.
1871. 'Narrative of the Voyage of the Brig Carl' [pamphlet]:
"All the three methods, however, of obtaining labour in the
South Seas--that which was just and useful, that which was of
suspicious character, and that which was nothing, more or less,
than robbery and murder--were in use the same time, and all
three went by the same general slang term of 'blackbirding,' or
'blackbird catching.'"
1872. Rev. H. S. Fagan, 'The Dark Blue' (Magazine), June,
p. 437:
"Well, you see how it is that C is not safe, even though he is
a missionary bishop, after A has made the name of missionary an
offence by his ingenious mode of 'black-birding.'"
1892. Gilbert Parker, 'Round the Compass in Australia,' p. 78:
"In the early days of sugar-planting there may have been
black-birding, but it was confined to a very few, and it is
done away with altogether now."
# Black-birding #, _adj_.
1883. 'The Academy,' Sept. 8, p. 158 ('O.E.D.')
"[He] slays Bishop Patteson by way of reprisal for the
atrocities of some black-birding crew."
# Blackboy #, _n_. a grass-tree. Name applied to all
species of the genus _Xanthorroea_, but especially to
_X. preissii_, Endl., _N.O. Liliaceae_. Compare
_Maori-head_.
1846. J. L. Stokes, 'Discovery in Australia,' ii. 4, 132:
"Black Boy . . . gum on the spear, resin on the trunk."
Ibid. ii. 12, 280 [Note]
"These trees, called blackboys by the colonists, from the
resemblance they bear in the distance to natives."
1873. A. Trollope, 'Australia and New Zealand,' vol. ii. p. 92:
"Gas admirably fitted for domestic purposes had been extracted
from the shrub called the 'blackboy.' I regret to state that
the gas . . . is not . . . at present known in the colony."
1886. R. Henty, 'Australiana,' p. 15:
"The common grass-tree or 'blackboy,' so called from its long
dark stem and dark seed head (when dry)."
1896. 'The Australasian,' Feb. 15, p. 313 (with an
Illustration):
"The Blackboy trees are a species of grass-tree or
_Xanthorrhoea_, exuding a gummy substance used by the
blacks for fastening glass and quartz-barbs to their spears.
Many years ago, when coal was scarce in Western Australia, an
enterprising firm . . . erected a gas-making plant, and
successfully lit their premises with gas made from the
Blackboy."
1896. Modern:
A story is told of a young lady saying to a naval officer:--
"I was this morning watching your ship coming into harbour,
and so intently that I rode over a young blackboy." The officer
was shocked at her callousness in expressing no contrition.
# Black-Bream #, _n_. an Australian fish,
_Chrysophrys australis_, Gunth., family _Sparidae_,
or Sea-Breams; called in Tasmania _Silver-Bream_, the fish
there called _Black-Bream_ being another of the
_Sparidae_, _Girella tricuspidata_, Cuv. and Val.
See _Tarwhine_ and _Black-fish_.
1882. Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, 'Fish of New South Wales,' p. 42:
"_Chrysophrys_ comprises the tarwhine and black-bream of
the Sydney fishermen. . . . We have two species in
Australia. . . . The black-bream, _C. australis_,
Gunth., and the tarwhine, _C. sarba_, Forsk. . . .
The Australian bream is as common on the south as on the east
coast. It affords excellent sport to anglers in Victoria."
# Blackbutt #, _n_. _Eucalyptus pilularis_, Smith,
Victoria; _E. regnans_, F. v. M., New South Wales; a timber
tree, a gum. Another name is _Flintwood_. The lower part
of the trunk is black.
1847. L. Leichhardt, 'Overland Expedition,' p. 49:
"The range . . . having with the exception of the Blackbutt all
the trees . . . of Moreton Bay."
1863. M. K. Beveridge, 'Gatherings among Gum-trees,' p. 86:
"'Tis there the 'blackbut' rears its head."
1894. 'Melbourne Museum Catalogue, Economic Woods,' p. 30:
"A tree of considerable size. . . The bark smooth and falling
off in flakes upward, and on the branches."
1897. 'The Age,' Feb. 22, p. 5, col. 3:
"Mr. Richards stated that the New South Wales black butt and
tallow wood were the most durable and noiseless woods for
street-paving, as well as the best from a sanitary point of
view."
# Black-Cod #, _n_. a New Zealand fish, _Notothenia
angustata_.
# Blackfellow #, _n_. an aboriginal Australian.
1846. J. L. Stokes, 'Discovery in Australia,' i. 4, 74:
"The native Miago . . . appeared delighted that these 'black
fellows,' as he calls them, have no throwing sticks."
1847. L. Leichhardt, 'Overland Expedition,' p. 9:
"The well-known tracks of blackfellows are everywhere visible."
1871. Dingo, 'Australian Rhymes,' p. 14:
"Wurragaroo loved Wangaraday
In a blackfellow's own peculiar way."
# Black-Fern #, _n_. The Tasmanian species so called
is _Athyrium australe_, Presl., _N.O. Polypodeae_.
# Black-fish #, _n_. The name is given, especially in
Sydney, to the sea-fishes _Girella simplex_, Richards (see
_Ludrick_), and _Girella tricuspidata_, Cuv. and
Val.; also to a fresh-water fish all over Australia,
_Gadopsis marmoratus_, Richards. _G. marmoratus_ is
very common in New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, and
parts of Tasmania. There are local varieties. It is much
esteemed as a food fish, but is, like all mud fishes, rich and
oily. _Girella_ belongs to the family _Sparida_, or
Sea-Breams, and _Gadopsis_ to the _Gadopsidae_, a
family allied to that containing the Cod fishes. The name was
also formerly applied to a whale.
1853. C. St. Julian and E. K. Silvester, 'Productions,
Industry, and Resources of New South Wales,' p. 115:
"There is a species of whale called by those engaged in the
south sea fishing the _Black-fish_ or _Black-whale_,
but known to the naturalist as the Southern Rorqual, which the
whalemen usually avoid."
1888. D. Macdonald, 'Gum Boughs,' p. 100
"Nothing is better eating than a properly cooked black-fish.
The English trout are annihilating them, however."
# Black-Line #. See _Black-War_.
# Black-Perch #, _n._ a river fish of New South Wales.
_Therapon niger_, Castln., family _Percidae_.
A different fish from those to which the name is applied
elsewhere. See _Perch_.
# Black-and-white Ringed Snake #. See under _Snake_.
# Black Rock-Cod #, _n_. an Australian fish, chiefly
of New South Wales, _Serranus daemeli_, Gunth.; a
different fish from the _Rock-Cod_ of the northern
hemisphere. The Serrani belong to the family _Percidae_,
and are commonly called "Sea-perches."
1882. Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, 'Fish of New South Wales,'
p. 33:
"The genus _Serranus_ comprises most of the fishes known
as 'rock cod.'. . . One only is sufficiently useful as an
article of food to merit notice, and that is the 'black rock
cod' (_Serranus damelii_, Guenther), without exception the
very best of all our fishes."
# Black-Snake. # See under _Snake_.
# Black-Swan. # See _Swan_.
# Black Thursday #, the day of a Victorian conflagration,
which occurred on Feb. 6, 1851. The thermometer was 112
degrees in the shade. Ashes from the fire at Macedon, 46 miles
away, fell in Melbourne. The scene forms the subject of the
celebrated picture entitled "Black Thursday," by William
Strutt, R.B.A.
1859. Rev. J. D. Mereweather, 'Diary of a Working Clergyman in
Australia,' p. 81:
"Feb. 21 . . . Dreadful details are reaching us of the great
bush fires which took place at Port Phillip on the 6th of this
month . . . . Already it would seem that the appellation of
'Black Thursday' has been given to the 6th February, 1851, for
it was on that day that the fires raged with the greatest
fury."
1889. Rev. J. H. Zillman, 'Australian Life,' p. 39:
"The old colonists still repeat the most terrible stories of
Black Thursday, when the whole country seemed to be on fire.
The flames leaped from tree to tree, across creeks, hills, and
gullies, and swept everything away. Teams of bullocks in the
yoke, mobs of cattle and horses, and even whole families of
human beings, in their bush-huts, were completely destroyed,
and the charred bones alone found after the wind and fire had
subsided."
# Black-Tracker #, _n_. an aboriginal employed in
tracking criminals.
1867. 'Australia as it is,' pp. 88-9:
"The native police, or 'black trackers,' as they are sometimes
called, are a body of aborigines trained to act as policemen,
serving under a white commandant--a very clever expedient for
coping with the difficulty . . . of hunting down and discovering
murderous blacks, and others guilty of spearing cattle and
breaking into huts . . ."
1870. 'The Argus,' March 26, p. 5, col. 4:
"The troopers, with the assistance of two black trackers,
pursued the bushrangers . . ."
1870. Ibid. April 13, p. 6, col. 7:
. . . two members of the police force and a black tracker . . .
called at Lima station . . ."
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Miner's Right,' c. xvii. p. 165:
"Get the black-trackers on the trail."
1893. 'The Argus,' April 8, p. 4, col. 3 .
"Only three weeks before he had waddied his gin to death for
answering questions put to her by a blacktracker, and now he
advanced to Charlie . . . and said,. . . 'What for you come alonga
black fella camp?'"
1896. 'The Argus,' March 30, p. 6, col. 9:
"About one hundred and fifty horsemen have been out to-day in
addition to the local police. The black-trackers arrived by
the train last night, and commenced work this morning."
# Black-Trevally #. See _Trevally_.
# Black-War #, or # Black-Line #, a military
operation planned in 1830 by Governor Arthur for the capture
of the Tasmanian aborigines. A levy _en masse_ of the
colonists was ordered. About 5000 men formed the "black line,"
which advanced across the island from north to south-east, with
the object of driving the tribes into Tasman's Peninsula. The
operation proved a complete failure, two blacks only being
captured at a cost to the Government of L 30,000.
1835. H. Melville, 'History of Van Diemen's Land,' p. 103:
"The parties forming the 'black line,' composed, as they were,
of a curious melange of masters and servants, took their
respective stations at the appointed time. As the several
parties advanced, the individuals along the line came closer
and closer together --the plan was to keep on advancing slowly
towards a certain peninsula, and thus frighten the Aborigines
before them, and hem them in."
1852. J. West, 'History of Tasmania,' vol, ii. p. 54:
"Thus closed the Black War. This campaign of a month supplied
many adventures and many an amusing tale, and, notwithstanding
the gravity of his Excellency, much fun and folly . . . . Five
thousand men had taken the field. Nearly L 30,000 had been
expended, and probably not much less in time and outlay by the
settlers, and two persons only were captured."
# Black Wednesday #, _n_. a political phrase for a
day in Victoria (Jan. 9, 1878), when the Government without
notice dismissed many Civil Servants, including heads of
departments, County Court judges and police magistrates, on the
ground that the Legislative Council had not voted the money for
their salaries.
1878. 'Melbourne Punch,' May 16, vol. xlvi. p. 195 [Title of
Cartoon]:
"In Memoriam. Black Wednesday, 9th January 1878."
1896. 'The Argus,' [Sydney telegram] Aug. 18, p. 6, col. 4:
"The times in the public service at present reminded him of
Black Wednesday in Victoria, which he went through. That
caused about a dozen suicides among public servants. Here it
had not done so yet, but there was not a head of a department
who did not now shake in his shoes."
# Blackwood #, _n_. an Australian timber, _Acacia
melanoxylon_, R. Br.; often called _Lightwood_; it is
dark in colour but light in weight.
1828. 'Report of Van Diemen's Land Company,' Bischoff, 'Van
Diemen's Land, 1832,' p. 118
"Without a tree except a few stumps of blackwood."
1884. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Melbourne Memories,' p. 21:
"Grassy slopes thickly timbered with handsome Blackwood trees."
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 359:
"Called 'Blackwood' on account of the very dark colour of the
mature wood."
1894. 'Melbourne Museum Catalogue, Economic Woods,' p. 4:
"Blackwood, Lightwood--rather frequent on many rich river-flats
. . . .It is very close-grained and heavy, and is useful for
all purposes where strength and flexibility are required."
# Bladder Saltbush #, _n_. a Queensland shrub,
_Atriplex vesicarium_, Heward, _N.O. Salsolaceae_.
The Latin and vernacular names both refer to "the bladdery
appendage to fruiting perianth." (Bailey.) See
_Saltbush_.
# Blandfordia #, _n_. the scientific name of the
_Gordon-Lily_ (see under _Lily_). The plant was
named after George, Marquis of Blandford, son of the second
Duke of Marlborough. The Tasmanian aboriginals called the
plant _Remine_, which name has been given to a small port
where it grows in profusion on the west coast.
# Bleeding-Heart #, _n_. another name for the
_Kennedya_ (q.v.).
1896. 'The Melburnian,' Aug. 28, p. 53:
"The trailing scarlet kennedyas, aptly called the 'bleeding-
heart' or 'coral-pea,' brighten the greyness of the sandy
peaty wastes."
# Blight #. See _Sandy-blight_.
# Blight-bird #, _n_. a bird-name in New Zealand for
the _Zosterops_ (q.v.). Called also _Silver-eye_
(q.v.), _Wax-eye_, and _White-eye_ (q.v.). It is
called Blight-bird because it eats the blight on trees.
1882. T. H. Potts, 'Out in the Open,' p. 130:
"The white-eye or blight-bird, with cheerful note, in crowded
flocks, sweeps over the face of the country, and in its
progress clears away multitudes of small insect pests."
1885. A. Hamilton, 'Native Birds of Petane, Hawke's Bay,'
'Transactions of New Zealand Institute,' vol. xviii. p. 125:
"_Zosterops lateralis_, white-eye, blight-bird. One of
our best friends, and abundant in all parts of the district."
1888. W. L. Buller, 'Birds of New Zealand,' (2nd ed.)
vol. i. p. 82:
"By the settlers it has been variously designated as Ring-eye,
Wax-eye, White-eye, or Silver-eye, in allusion to the beautiful
circlet of satiny-white feathers which surrounds the eyes; and
quite as commonly the 'Blightbird' or 'Winter-migrant.' . . .
It feeds on that disgusting little aphis known as American
blight, which so rapidly covers with a fatal cloak of white the
stems and branches of our best apple-trees; it clears our early
cabbages of a pestilent little insect, that left unchecked
would utterly destroy the crop; it visits our gardens and
devours another swarming parasite that covers our roses."
# Blind Shark #, or # Sand Shark #,
_n_. i.q. _Shovel-nose_ (q.v.).
1882. Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods 'Fish and Fisheries of New
South Wales, p. 97:
"_Rhinobatus granulatus_ or shovel-nose, which is properly
speaking a Ray, is called here the blind or sand shark, though,
as Mr. Hill remarks, it is not blind. He says 'that it
attains the length of from 6 to 7 feet, and is also harmless,
armed only with teeth resembling small white beads secured
closely upon a cord; it however can see tolerably well, and
searches on sandy patches for crustaceae and small shell fish.'"
1886. J. Douglas-Ogilby, 'Catalogue of the Fishes of New South
Wales,' p. 5:
"Rhinobatus Granulatus . . . I have not seen a New South Wales
example of this fish, which appears to have been confounded
with the following by writers on the Australian fauna.
_Rhinobatus Bongainvillei_, Muell and Heule,
_Habitat_ Port Jackson. _Shovel-nosed Ray of_ Sydney
fishermen."
# Blind-your-Eyes #, _n_. another name for the
_Milky Mangrove_. See _Mangrove_.
# doing the block #, _v_. lounging in the
fashionable promenade. In Melbourne, it is Collins Street,
between Elizabeth and Swanston Streets. In Sydney, "The Block"
is that portion of the city bounded by King, George, Hunter,
and Pitt Streets. It is now really two blocks, but was all in
one till the Government purchased the land for the present Post
Office, and then opened a new street from George to Pitt
Street. Since then the Government, having purchased more land,
has made the street much wider, and it is now called Martin's
Place.
1869. Marcus Clarke, 'Peripatetic Philosopher,' (in an Essay on
'Doing the Block') (reprint), p. 13:
"If our Victorian youth showed their appreciation for domestic
virtues, Victorian womanhood would 'do the Block' less
frequently."
1872. 'Glimpses of Life in Victoria by a Resident,' p. 349:
"A certain portion of Collins street, lined by the best
drapers' and jewellers' shops, with here and there a bank or
private office intervening, is known as 'the Block,' and is the
daily resort of the belles and beaux. . . ."
1875. R. and F. Hill, 'What We Saw in Australia,' p. 267:
"To 'do the block' corresponds in Melbourne to driving in Hyde
Park."
1876. Wm. Brackley Wildey, 'Australasia and the Oceanic Region,'
p. 234:
"The streets are thronged with handsome women, veritable
denizens of the soil, fashionably and really tastefully
attired, 'doing the block,' patrolling Collins-street, or
gracefully reclining in carriages. . . ."
1890. Tasma, 'In her Earliest Youth,' p. 126:
"You just do as I tell you, and we'll go straight off to town
and 'do the block.'"
1894. 'The Herald' (Melbourne), Oct. 6, p. 6, col. 1:
"But the people doing the block this morning look very nice."
# Block, on the #.(1) On the promenade above referred to.
1896. 'The Argus,' July 17, p. 4. col. 7:
" We may slacken pace a little now and again, just as the busy
man, who generally walks quickly, has to go slowly in the crowd
on the Block."
(2) Term in mining, fully explained in 'The Miner's Right,'
chapters vii. and viii.
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'The Miner's Right,' p. 86:
"I declare the Liberator Lead to be 'on the block.'"
'Extract from Mining Regulation 22' (Ibid. p. 77):
"The ground shall be open for taking up claims in the block
form."
# Blood-bird #, _n_. name given to the _Sanguineous
Honey-eater_. See _Honey-eater_.
1848. J. Gould, 'Birds of Australia,' vol. iv. pl. 63:
_"Myzomela sanguinolenta_, Sanguineous Honey-eater.
Blood-bird of the Colonists of New South Wales."
# Blood-sucker #, _n_. popular name for certain
species of Lizards belonging to the genus _Amphibolurus
(Grammatophora_). Especially applied to _A. muricata_,
Shaw.
1852. Mrs. Meredith, 'My Home in Tasmania,' vol. ii. p. 37:
"Another description of lizard is here vulgarly called the
'bloodsucker.' "
1890. F. McCoy, 'Prodromus of the Natural History of Victoria,'
Dec. 12, pl. cxi.:
"Why the popular name of 'Bloodsucker' should be so universally
given to this harmless creature by the Colonists (except on the
locus a non lucendo principle) I cannot conceive."
1890. A. H. S. Lucas, 'Handbook of the Australasian Association
for the Advancement of Science,' Melbourne, p. 70:
"Two species of 'blood sucker' so absurdly designated."
# Blood-wood #, or # Blood-tree #, _n_. a name
applied, with various epithets, to many of the _Gum-trees_
(q.v.), especially to--(1) _Eucalyptus corymbosa_, Smith,
sometimes called Rough-barked bloodwood; (2) _E. eximia_,
Schauer, Mountain or Yellow bloodwood; (3) _Baloghia
lucida_, Endl., _N.O. Euphorbiaceae_, called Brush
Bloodwood. The sap is blood-red, running copiously when cut
across with a knife.
1827. Vigors and Horsfield, 'Transactions of Linnaean
Society,' vol. xv. p. 271:
"The natives tell me it breeds in the winter in Mun'ning-trees
or Blood-trees of the colonists (a species of _Eucalyptus_)."
1847. L.Leichhardt,' Overland Expedition,' p. 292:
"The bergue was covered with fine bloodwood trees,
stringy-bark, and box."
1892. A. J. North, 'Proceedings of Linnaean Society,' New South
Wales, vol. vii. series 2, p. 396:
"I traced her to a termite nest in a bloodwood tree
(_Eucalyptus corymbosa_)."
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' 448:
"It [_E. eximia_] is called 'bloodwood,' partly because
kino exudes in the concentric circles of the wood . . . partly
because its fruits are in shape very similar to those of
_E. corymbosa_."
# Blow #, _n_. stroke of the shears in sheep-shearing.
1890. 'The Argus,' September 20, p. 13, col. 7:
"The shearers must make their clip clean and thorough. If it
be done so incompetently that a 'second blow' is needed, the
fleece is hacked."
# Blow,/2/ # _n_. braggadocio, boasting.
1890. Lyth, 'Golden South,' viii. p. 71:
"Is there not very much that the Australian may well be proud
of, and may we not commend him for a spice of blow?"
1891. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Sydney-Side Saxon,' p. 77:
"He can walk as fast as some horses can trot, cut out any beast
that ever stood on a camp, and canter round a cheese-plate.
This was a bit of blow."
1893. 'The Australasian,' Aug. 12, p. 102, col. 1:
"Now Digby Holland will think it was mere Australian blow."
# Blow #, _v_. to boast; abbreviated from the phrase
"to blow your own trumpet." The word is not Australian though
often so regarded. It is common in Scotland and in the United
States.
1873. A. Trollope, 'Australia and New Zealand,' vol. i. p. 387:
"The blast of the trumpet as heard in Victoria is louder than
all the blasts--and the Melbourne blast beats all the other
blowing of that proud colony. My first, my constant, my
parting advice to my Australian cousins is contained in two
words, 'don't blow.'"
# Blower #, _n_. a boaster. (See _Blow, v_.)
1890. Rolf Boldrewood,' A Colonial Reformer,' p. 411:
"A regular Sydney man thinks all Victorians are blowers and
speculators."
# Blowing #, _verbal n_. boasting.
1873. A. Trollope, 'Australia and New Zealand,' vol. i. p. 387:
"A fine art much cultivated in the colonies, for which the
colonial phrase of 'blowing' has been created."
1881. A. C. Grant, 'Bush Life in Queensland,' vol. ii. p. 9:
"Blowing (that is, talking loudly and boastingly on any and
every subject)."
1885. R. M. Praed, 'Australian Life,' p. 45:
"He was famous for 'blowing' in Australian parlance . . .
of his exploits."
# Bluebell #, _n_. The name is given in Tasmania
to the flower _Wahlenbergia gracilis_, De C., _N.O.
Campanulaceae_.
# Blueberry #, _n_. i.q. _Native Currant_
(q.v.). The name is also given to _Dianella longifolia_,
R. Br., _N.O. Liliaceae_.
# Blueberry Ash #, _n_. a Victorian tree,
_Elaeocarpus holopetalus_, F. v. M.
1894. 'Melbourne Museum Catalogue, Economic Woods,' p. 15:
"Blueberry Ash or Prickly Fig. A noble tree, attaining a
height of 120 feet. Wood pale, fine-grained; exquisite for
cabinet work."
# Blue-bush #, _n_. an Australian forage plant,
a kind of Salt-bush, _Kochia pyrainidata_, Benth,
_N.O. Chenopodiaceae_.
1876. W. Harcus. 'South Australia,' p. 124:
"[The country] would do splendidly for sheep, being thickly
grassed with short fine grass, salt and blue bush, and geranium
and other herbs."
# Blue-Cod #, _n_. name given to a New Zealand fish,
_Percis colias_, family _Trachinidae_. Called also
in New Zealand _Rock-Cod_ (q.v.). The fish is of a
different family from the _Cod_ of the northern
hemisphere.
# Blue-creeper #, _n_. name given to the creeper,
_Comesperma volubile_, Lab., _N.O. Campanulaceae_.
# Blue-eye #, _n_. a bird name. _The Blue faced
Honey-eater_ (q.v.).
1848. J. Gould, 'Birds of Australia,' vol. iv. pl. 68:
"_Entomyza cyanotis_, Swains. Blue-faced _Entomyza_.
Blue-eye of the colonists."
# Blue-fish #, _n_. name given in Sydney to
_Girella cyanea_, of the family _Sparidae_, or
Sea-Breams. It is different from the _Blue-fish_ of the
American coasts, which is of the family _Carangidae_.
# Blue-Groper #, _n_. a fish of New South Wales and
Tasmania, _Cossyphus gouldii_, one of the _Labridae_
or Wrasses, often called _Parrot-Fish_ in Australia.
Called also _Blue-head_ in Tasmania. Distinct from the
fish called the _Groper_ (q.v).
# Blue-gum #, _n_. See under _Gum_. It is an
increasing practice to make a single word of this compound, and
to pronounce it with accent on the first syllable, as
'wiseman,' 'goodman.'
# Blue-head #, _n_. Tasmanian name for the fish
called the _Blue-Groper_ (q.v.)
# Blue Lobelia #, _n_. The indigenous species in
Tasmania which receives this name is _Lobelia gibbosa_,
Lab., _N.O. Campanulaceae_.
# Blue-pointer #, _n_. a name given in New South
Wales to a species of Shark, _Lamna glauca_, Mull. and
Heule, family _Lamnidae_, which is not confined to
Australasia.
1882. Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, 'Fish of New South Wales,'
p. 95:
"On the appearance of a 'blue pointer' among boats fishing for
schnapper outside, the general cry is raised, 'Look out for the
blue pointer.' . . . These are high swimming fishes, and may
be readily seen when about pushing their pursuits; the
beautiful azure tint of their back and sides, and independent
manner they have of swimming rapidly and high among the boats
in search of prey, are means of easy recognition, and they
often drive the fishermen away."
# Bluestone #, _n_. a kind of dark stone of which many
houses and public buildings are built.
1850. 'The Australasian' (Quarterly), Oct. [Footnote], p. 138:
"The ancient Roman ways were paved with polygonal blocks of a
stone not unlike the trap or bluestone around Melbourne."
1855. R. Brough Smyth, 'Transactions of Philosophical Society,
Victoria,' vol. i. p. 25:
"The basalt or 'bluestone,' which is well adapted to structural
purposes, and generally obtains where durability is desired."
1883. J. Hector, 'Handbook to New Zealand,' p. 62:
"Basalts, locally called 'bluestones,' occur of a quality
useful for road-metal, house-blocks, and ordinary rubble
masonry."
1890. 'Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania,' p. xx.
[Letter from Mr. S. H. Wintle]:
"The newer basalts, which in Victoria have filled up so
extensively Miocene and Pliocene valleys, and river channels,
are chiefly vesicular Zeolitic _dolerites_ and
_anaemesites_, the former being well represented by the
light-coloured Malmsbury 'bluestone' so extensively employed in
buildings in Melbourne."
# Blue-tongued Lizard #, _n_. name given to
_Tiliqua nigroluteus_, Gray, a common Australian and
Tasmanian lizard belonging to the family _Scincidae_.
The name is derived from its blue-coloured tongue, and on
account of its sluggish habits it is also often called the
Sleepy lizard.
1887. F. McCoy, 'Prodromus of the Zoology of Victoria,' Dec. 14,
pl. 131:
"Not uncommon about Melbourne, where it is generally called the
'Blue-tongued Lizard,' or 'Sleepy Lizard.'"
# Blue-wing #, _n_. a sportsman's name (as in England)
for the bird called the _Shoveller_ (q.v.).
# Bluey #, _n_. (1) A blue blanket commonly used by
swagmen in Australia. He wraps his bundle in it, and the whole
is called a _Swag_ (q.v.). _To hump bluey_ means to
go on the tramp, carrying a swag on the back.
(2) In the wet wildernesses of Western Tasmania a rough shirt
or blouse is made of this material, and is worn over the coat
like an English smock-frock. Sailors and fishermen in England
call it a "Baltic shirt."
1890. 'The Argus,' Aug. 16, p. 13, col. 2:
"We shall have to hump bluey again."
1891. R. Wallace, 'Rural Economy and Agriculture of Australia
and New Zealand,' p. 73:
"'Humping bluey' is for a workman to walk in search of work."
1891. W. Tilley, 'The Wild West of Tasmania,' p. 29:
"Leehan presents an animated scene . . . . Heavily laden
drays, pack-horses and mules, form constant processions
journeying from Dundas or Trial; miners with their swags,
surveyors in their 'blueys' . . . all aid effectively in the
panorama."
# Board #, _n_. term used by shearers. See quotation.
1893. 'The Herald' (Melbourne), Dec. 23, p. 6, col. 1:
"'The board' is the technical name for the floor on which the
sheep are shorn."
_With a full board_, with a full complement of shearers.
1894. 'The Herald,' Oct. 6, p. 1. Col. 2:
"The secretary of the Pastoralists' Association . . . reports
that the following stations have started shearing with full
boards."
# Boar-fish #, _n_. a name applied in England to
various dissimilar fishes which have projecting snouts.
('Century.') In New Zealand it is given to _Cyttus
australis_, family _Cyttidae_, which is related to the
_John Dory_ (q.v.). This name is sometimes applied to it,
and it is also called _Bastard Dory_ (q.v.). In Melbourne
the _Boar-fish_ is _Histiopterus recurvirostris_,
family _Percidae_, and _Pentaceropsis
recurvirostris_, family _Pentacerotidae_.
Mrs. Meredith, in 'Tasmanian Friends and Foes,' 1880 (pl. vi.),
figures _Histiopterus recurvirostris_ with the vernacular
name of _Pig-faced Lady_. It is a choice edible fish.
# Boil down #, _v_. to reduce a statement to its
simplest form; a constant term amongst pressmen. Over the
reporters' table in the old 'Daily Telegraph' office
(Melbourne) there was a big placard with the words-"Boil it
down." The phrase is in use in England. 'O.E.D.' quotes
'Saturday Review,' 1880. The metaphor is from the numerous
boiling-down establishments for rendering fat sheep into
tallow. See quotation, 1878.
1878. F. P. Labilliere, 'Early History of the Colony of
Victoria,' vol. ii. p. 330:
"The first step which turned the tide of ill-fortune was the
introduction of the system of boiling down sheep. When stock
became almost worthless, it occurred to many people that, when
a fleece of wool was worth from half-a-crown to three shillings
in England, and a sheep's tallow three or four more, the value
of the animal in Australia ought to exceed eighteenpence or two
shillings. Accordingly thousands of sheep were annually boiled
down after shearing . . . until . . . the gold discovery; and
then 'boiling down,' which had saved the country, had to be
given up. . . . The Messrs. Learmonth at Buninyong . . . found
it answered their purpose to have a place of their own, instead
of sending their fat stock, as was generally done, to a public
'boiling down' establishment."
1895. 'The Argus,' Aug. 17, p. 8, col. 2:
"Boiled down, the matter comes to this."
# Bonduc Nuts #, _n_. a name in Australia for the
fruit of the widely distributed plant _Caesalpina
bonducella_, Flem., _N.O. Leguminosae_. Called
_Molucca Beans_ in Scotland and _Nicker Nuts_
elsewhere.
# Bonito #, _n_. Sir Frederick McCoy says that the
_Tunny_, the same fish as the European species _Thynnus
thynnus_, family _Scombridae_, or Mackerels, is called
_Bonito_, erroneously, by the colonists and fishermen. The
true _Bonito_ is _Thynnus pelamys_, Linn., though the
name is also applied to various other fishes in Europe, the
United States, and the West Indies.
# Bony-Bream #, i.q. _Sardine_ (q.v.).
# Boobook #, _n_. an owl. _Ninox boobook_ (see
_Owl_); _Athene boobook_ (Gould's 'Birds of
Australia,' vol.i. pl. 32)." From cry or note of bird. In the
Mukthang language of Central Gippsland, BawBaw, the mountain in
Gippsland, is this word as heard by the English ear."
(A. W. Howitt.) In South Australia the word is used for a
_mopoke_.
1827. Vigors and Horsfield, 'Transactions of Linnaean
Society,' vol. xv. p. 188:
"The native name of this bird, as Mr. Caley informs us, is
Buck'buck. It may be heard nearly every night during winter,
uttering a cry, corresponding with that word. . . .The lower
order of the settlers in New South Wales are led away by the
idea that everything is the reverse in that country to what it
is in England : and the cuckoo, as they call this bird, singing
by night, is one of the instances which they point out."
1894. 'The Argus,' June 23, p. 11, col. 4:
"In most cases--it may not be in all--the familiar call, which
is supposed to sound like 'More-pork,' is not the mopoke (or
podargus) at all, but the hooting of a little rusty red
feather-legged owl, known as the Boobook. Its double note is
the opposite of the curlew, since the first syllable is dwelt
upon and the second sharp. An Englishman hearing it for the
first time, and not being told that the bird was a 'more-pork,'
would call it a night cuckoo."
# Booby #, _n_. English bird-name. Used in Australia
for the _Brown-Gannet_. See _Gannet_.
# Boobyalla #, or # Boobialla #, _n_. the
aboriginal name for the tree _Acacia longifolia_, Willd.,
_N.O. Leguminosae_, also called _Native Willow_. A
river in Tasmania bears the name of Boobyalla, the tree being
plentiful on the coast.
1835. Ross, 'Hobart Town Almanack,' p63:
_"Acacia sophora_. Sophora podded Acacia or Booby-aloe.
This species forms a large shrub on the sand-hills of the
coast."
1843. J. Backhouse, 'Narrative of a Visit to the Australian
Colonies,' p. 59:
"The sandbanks at the mouth of Macquarie Harbour are covered
with Boobialla, a species of _Acacia_, the roots of which
run far in the sand."
1855. J. Milligan, 'Vocabulary of Dialects of the Aboriginal
Tribes of Tasmania,' 'Proceedings of the Royal Society of
Tasmania,' vol. iii. p. 238:
"Wattle tree--seaside. (_Acacia Maritinia_) Boobyallah."
1861. Mrs. Meredith, 'Over the Straits,' vol. ii. p. 62:
"Boobyalla bushes lay within the dash of the ceaseless spray."
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 359:
"Boobyalla . . . an excellent tree for binding coast-sands."
1894. 'Melbourne Museum Catalogue, Economic Woods,' p. 4:
"On the coast it is known by the native name, Boobyalla."
# Boomah #, or # Boomer #, _n_. name of a very
large kangaroo, _Macropus giganteus_, Shaw. The spelling
"boomah" seems due to a supposed native origin. See
quotation, 1872, the explanation in which is probably
erroneous. It is really from the verb to boom, to rush with
violence.
1830. Ross, 'Hobart Town Almanack,' p. 110:
"Snapped the boomah's haunches, and he turned round to offer
battle."
1833. Lieut. Breton, 'Excursions in New South Wales, Western
Australia, and Van Diemen's Land,' p. 251:
"Boomah. Implies a large kangaroo."
Ibid. p. 254:
"The flying gin (gin is the native word for woman or female)
is a boomah, and will leave behind every description of dog."
1852. Mrs. Meredith, 'My Home in Tasmania,' vol. i. p. 244:
"The Great or Forest Kangaroo (Macropus giganteus), the
'Forester' of the Colonists. . . .The oldest and heaviest male
of the herd was called a 'Boomer,' probably a native term."
1853. J. West, 'History of Tasmania,' vol. i. p. 325:
"The forester (_Macropus major_, Shaw), the male being
known by the name of 'boomer,' and the young female by that of
'flying doe,' is the largest and only truly gregarious
species."
1854. G. H. Haydon, 'The Australian Emigrant,' p. 124:
"It was of an old man kangaroo,a regular boomer."
1855. G. C. Mundy, 'Our Antipodes,' p. 169:
"An officer from Van Diemen's Land told me that he had once
killed in that colony a kangaroo of such magnitude, that, being
a long way from home, he was unable, although on horseback, to
carry away any portion except the tail, which alone weighed
thirty pounds. This species is called the boomah, and stands
about seven feet high."
1857. W. Howitt, 'Tallangetta,' vol. i. p. 47:
"Sometimes starting a grand boomah, or great red kangaroo."
1862. F. J. Jobson, 'Australia,' c. v. p. 124:
"Some of the male kangaroos, called 'boomers,' were described
as being four or five feet high."
1864. J. Rogers, 'New Rush,' p. 55:
"The Boomer starts, and ponders
What kind of beasts we be."
1867. W. Richardson, 'Tasmanian Poems,' p. 26:
"The dogs gather round a 'boomer' they've got."
1872. Mrs. E. Millett, 'An Australian Parsonage,' p. 195:
"A tall old _Booma_, as the natives call the male
kangaroo, can bring his head on a level with the face of a man
on horseback. . . . A kangaroo's feet are, in fact, his
weapons of defence with which, when he is brought to bay, he
tears his antagonists the dogs most dreadfully, and instances
are not wanting of even men having been killed by a large old
male. No doubt this peculiar method of disposing of his
enemies has earned him the name of _Booma_, which in the
native language signifies to strike."
1888. D. Macdonald, 'Gum Boughs,' p. 16:
"As he plunged into the yellow waters, the dogs were once more
by his side, and again the 'boomer' wheeled, and backed against
one of the big trees that stud these hollows."
Applied generally to something very large.
1885. 'Australasian Printers' Keepsake,' p. 76:
"When the shades of evening come,
I choose a boomer of a gum."
# Boomerang #, _n_. a weapon of the Australian
aborigines, described in the quotations. The origin of the
word is by no means certain. One explanation is that of
Mr. Fraser in quotation, 1892. There may perhaps be an
etymological connection with the name _woomera_ (q.v.),
which is a different weapon, being a throwing stick, that is,
an instrument with which to throw spears, whilst the
_boomerang_ is itself thrown; but the idea of throwing is
common to both. In many parts the word is pronounced by the
blacks bummerang. Others connect it with the aboriginal word
for "wind," which at Hunter River was _burramaronga_, also
_boomori_. In New South Wales and South Queensland there
is a close correspondence between the terms for wind and
boomerang.
1827. Captain P. P. King, 'Survey of Intertropical and West
Coasts of Australia,' vol. i. p. 355:
"Boomerang is the Port Jackson term for this weapon, and may
be retained for want of a more descriptive name."
1830. R. Dawson, 'Present State of Australia,' p. 108:
"We gambolled all the way up, throwing small pieces of bark at
each other, after the manner of the native youths, who practise
this with a view of strengthening their arms, and fitting them
for hurling a curious weapon of war called a 'bomering,' which
is shaped thus:"
\
\
/
/
Ibid. p. 280:
"Around their loins was the opossum belt, in one side of which
they had placed their waddies, with which they meant to break
the heads of their opponents, and on the other was the
bomering, or stick, with which they threw their spears."
[This is a confusion between _boomerang_ and
_woomera_ (q.v.). Perhaps Mr. Dawson wrote the second
word, and this is a misprint.]
1839. Major T. L. 'Mitchell, 'Three Expeditions into the
Interior of Eastern Australia,' vol. ii. p. 348:
"The bommereng, or their usual missile, can be thrown by a
skilful hand, so as to rise upon the air, and thus to deviate
from the usual path of projectiles, its crooked course being,
nevertheless, equally under control."
1845. R. Howitt, 'Australia,' p. 186:
"The admirable dexterity with which they fling the bomerangs.
To our thinking the thrower was only sending the instrument
along the ground, when suddenly, after spinning along it a
little way, it sprung up into the air, performing a circle, its
crescent shape spinning into a ring, constantly spinning round
and round, until it came and fell at his feet."
1845. O. Wendell Holmes, 'Modest Request' (in Poems):
"Like the strange missile which the Australian throws,
Your verbal boomerang slaps you on the nose."
1849. J. P. Townsend, 'Rambles in New South Wales,' p. 39:
"This instrument, called a bommereng, is made of wood, and is
much like the blade of a scimitar. I believe it has been
introduced into England as a plaything for children."
1850. J. B. Clutterbuck, 'Port Phillip in 1849,' p. 57:
"The boomerang is an extraordinary missile, formed in the shape
of a crescent, and when propelled at an object, apparently
_point blank_, it turns in any direction intended by the
thrower, so that it can actually be directed in this manner
against a person standing by his side. The consummate art
visible in its unnatural-looking progression greatly depends
upon the manner in which it is made to rebound from the ground
when thrown."
1865. W. Howitt, 'Discovery in Australia,' vol. ii. p. 107;
"He [Sir Thomas Mitchell] applied to the screw propeller the
revolving principle of the boomerang of the Australian
natives."
1867. G. G. McCrae, 'Balladeadro,' p. 25:
"While circling thro' the air there sang
The swift careering boomerang."
1888. A. Seth, 'Encyclopaedia Britannica,' vol. xxiv. p. 530,
col. 2:
"He [Archbishop Whately] was an adept in various savage sports,
more especially in throwing the boomerang."
1889. P. Beveridge, 'Aborigines of Victoria and Riverina,' p. 49:
"Boomerang: a thin piece of wood, having the shape of a
parabola, about eighteen inches or two feet long from point to
point, the curve being on the thin side. Of the broad sides of
the missile one is slightly convex, the other is flat. The
thin sides are worked down finely to blunt edges. The peculiar
curve of the missile gives it the property of returning to the
feet of the thrower. It is a dangerous instrument in a melee.
Of course the wood from which it is made is highly seasoned by
fire. It is therefore nearly as hard as flint."
1890. C. Lumholtz, 'Among Cannibals,' p. 49:
[A full description of the use of the boomerang is given,
with illustrations.]
"The boomerang is a curved, somewhat flat, and slender weapon,
made from a hard and heavy wood, Brigalow (_Acacia
excelsa_), or Myall (_Acacia pendula_), but the best
one I found was made of a lighter kind of wood. The curving of
the boomerang, which often approaches a right angle, must be
natural, and in the wood itself. One side is perfectly flat,
and the other slightly rounded. The ends are pointed."
1890. G. W. Rusden, 'Proceedings, Royal Colonial Institute,' vol.
xxii. p. 62:
"You hardly ever see an allusion in the English Press to the
boomerang which does not refer to it as a weapon of war which
returns to the thrower, whereas the returning boomerang is not
a weapon of war, and the boomerang which is a weapon of war
does not return to the thrower. There are many kinds of
boomerang--some for deadly strife, some for throwing at game,
and the returning boomerang, which is framed only for
amusement. If a native had no other missile at hand, he would
dispatch it at a flight of ducks. Its circular course,
however, makes it unfit for such a purpose, and there is a
special boomerang made for throwing at birds. The latter keeps
a straight course, and a native could throw it more than two
hundred yards."
1892. J. Fraser, 'The Aborigines of New South Wales,' p. 69:
"The name bumarang has always hitherto been written boomerang;
but, considered etymologically, that is wrong, for the root of
it is buma--strike, fight, kill; and -ara, -arai, -arang, are
all of them common formative terminations."
1893. 'The Argus,' July 1, p. 8, col. 7:
"'I tell you, sir,' said Mr. Healy at an Irish political
meeting, 'that there are at the present moment crystallizing
in this city precedents which will some day come home to
roost like a boomerang.'"
# Boongary #, _n_. the tree-kangaroo of North
Queensland, a marsupial tree-climber, about the size of a large
wallaby, _Dendrolagus lumholtzii_, Collett. A native
name. _Bangaray_ = Red Kangaroo, in Governor Hunter's
vocabulary of the Port Jackson dialect (1793).
1890. C. Lumholtz, 'Among Cannibals,' p. 226:
"The tree-kangaroo is without comparison a better-proportioned
animal than the common kangaroo. The fore-feet, which are
nearly as perfectly developed as the hind-feet, have large
crooked claws, while the hind-feet are somewhat like those of a
kangaroo, though not so powerful. The sole of the foot is
somewhat broader and more elastic on account of a thick layer
of fat under the skin. In soft ground its footprints are very
similar to those of a child. The ears are small and erect, and
the tail is as long as the body of the animal. The skin is
tough, and the fur is very strong and beautiful. . . . Upon
the whole the boongary is the most beautiful mammal I have seen
in Australia. It is a marsupial, and goes out only in the
night. During the day it sleeps in the trees, and feeds on the
leaves."
# Bora #, _n_. a rite amongst the aborigines of
eastern Australia; the ceremony of admitting a young black to
the rights of manhood. Aboriginal word.
The word _bur_, given by Ridley, means not only girdle but
'circle.' In the man-making ceremonies a large circle is made
on the ground, where the ceremonies take place.
1875. W. Ridley, 'Kamilaroi,' p. 24:
"Girdle--bor or bur. Hence Bora, the ceremony of initiation
into manhood, where the candidate is invested with the belt of
manhood."
1885. R. M. Praed, 'Australian Life,' p. 24:
"The great mystery of the Blacks is the Bora--a ceremony at
which the young men found worthy receive the rank of warriors."
1892. J. Fraser, 'Aborigines of New South Wales,' p. 6:
"These ceremonies are . . . called the Bora."
# Borage, Native #, _n_. a plant, _Pollichia
zeylanica_, F. v. M., _N.O. Boragineae_. The so-called
_Native Borage_ is not endemic to Australia. In India it
is used as a cure for snake bites.
1847. L. Leichhardt, 'Overland Expedition,' p. 124:
"The native borage (_Trichodesina zeylanica_, R. Br.)."
# Borak #, _n_. aboriginal word of New South Wales,
meaning banter, chaff, fun at another's expense. (See
quotation, 1845.) Prior to 1870 the word was much in use on
the stations in New South Wales. About 1870 Victorian farmers'
sons took shearing work there, and brought back the word with
them. It was subsequently altered to _barrack_ (q.v.).
1845. C. Griffith, 'Present State and Prospects of the Port
Phillip District of New South Wales,' p. 162:
"The following is a specimen of such eloquence:--'You
pilmillally jumbuck, plenty sulky me, plenty boom, borack
gammon,' which, being interpreted, means--'If you steal my
sheep I shall be very angry, and will shoot you and no
mistake.'"
1856. W. W. Dobie, 'Recollections of a Visit to Port Phillip,
Australia, in 1852-55' p. 93:
". . . he gravely assured me that it was 'merrijig' (very
good), and that 'blackfellow doctor was far better than
whitefellow doctor.' In proof of which he would say, 'Borak
you ever see black fellow with waddie (wooden) leg.
Bungalallee white fellow doctor cut him leg, borak black
fellow stupid like it that."
1885. 'Australasian Printers' Keepsake,' p. 75:
"On telling him my adventures, how Bob in my misery had 'poked
borack' at me. . . ."
1888. Alfred J.Chandler,' Curley' in 'Australian Poets,'
1788-1888, ed. Sladen, p. 100:
"Here broke in Super Scotty, 'Stop
Your borak, give the bloomin' man a show.'"
1893. 'The Argus,' Aug. 26, p. 13, col. 1:
"It does not do for a man whose mission it is to wear stuff and
a horse-hair wig to 'poke borak' at that venerable and
eminently respectable institution--the law, and still worse is
it for a practising barrister to actually set to work, even in
the most kindly spirit, to criticise the judges, before whom at
any moment he may be called upon to plead."
# Borboby #, _n_. i.q. _Corrobbery_ (q.v.), but
the word is rare.
1890. Carl Lumholtz, 'Among Cannibals' [Title of illustration],
p. 122:
"A warrior in great excitement just before Borboby commences."
# Boree #, _n_. aboriginal name for the tree
_Acacia pendula_, A. Cunn., _N.O. Leguminosae_; a
variety of _Myall_, probably from Queensland aboriginal
word _Booreah_, fire. It would be preferred by black or
white man as firewood over any other timber except
_giddea_ (q.v.).
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 363:
"Weeping, or true myall. It is sometimes called bastard gidgee
in Western New South Wales. Called boree by aboriginals, and
often boree, or silver-leaf boree, by the colonists of Western
New South Wales. Nilyah is another New South Wales name."
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Squatter's Dream,' iii. p. 30:
"Myall and boree belts of timbers."
1893. 'The Times,' [Reprint] 'Letters from Queensland,' p. 60:
"The timber, of course, when seen close at hand is strange.
Boree and gidyah, coolibah and whitewood, brigelow, mulgah, and
myall are the unfamiliar names by which you learn to recognise
the commonest varieties."
# Borer #, _n_. name applied to an Australian insect.
See quotation.
1876. W. Harcus, 'South Australia,' p. 110:
"There is another destructive insect called the 'borer,' not
met with near the sea-coast, but very active and mischievous
inland, its attacks being chiefly levelled against timber.
This creature is about the size of a large fly."
# Boronia #, _n_. scientific and vernacular name of a
genus of Australian plants, certain species of which are noted
for their peculiar fragrance. The genus is especially
characteristic of West Australia, to which out of fifty-nine
species thirty-three are confined, while only five are known in
Tasmania. Boronia belongs to the _N.O. Rutaceae_.
1835. Ross, 'Hobart Town Almanack,' p. 72:
_"Boronia variabilis_. A beautiful little heath-like
plant growing about the Cascade and other hills round about
Hobart Town. . . . This genus is named after Borone, an
Italian servant of the late Dr. Sibthorp, who perished at
Athens. . . .Another species found in Van Diemen's Land is the
Lemon plant of the mountains."
1896. 'The Melburnian,' vol. xxii., No. 3, August 28, p. 53:
"Winter does not last for ever, and now at each street corner
the scent of boronia and the odour of wattle-blossom greet us
from baskets of the flower-girl."
# Boss-cockie #, _n_. a slang name in the bush for a
farmer, larger than a Cockatoo (see _Cockatoo, n_. 2), who
employs other labour as well as working himself.
# Botany Bay #, _n_. lying to the south of the
entrance to Port Jackson, New South Wales, the destination of
the first two shiploads of convicts from England. As a matter
of fact, the settlement at Botany Bay never existed. The
"First Fleet," consisting of eleven sail under Governor
Phillip, arrived at Botany Bay on January 18, 1788. The
Governor finding the place unsuitable for a settlement did not
land his people, but on January 25 removed the fleet to Port
Jackson. On the next day (January 26) he landed his people at
Sydney Cove, and founded the city of Sydney. The name,
however, citing to popular imagination, and was used sometimes
as the name of Australia. Seventy years after Governor
Phillip, English schoolboys used "go to Botany Bay" as an
equivalent to "go to Bath." Captain Cook and his naturalists,
Banks and Solander, landed at Botany Bay, and the name was
given (not at first, when the Bay was marked Stingray, but a
little later) from the large number of plants collected there.
1770. 'Captain Cook's Original Journal,' ed. by Wharton, 1893,
p. 247:
"6 May. . . .The great quantity of plants Mr. Banks and Dr.
Solander found in this place occasioned my giving it the Name
of Botany Bay."
1789. [Title]:
"The Voyage of Governor Phillip to Botany Bay," published in
London.
1789. Captain Watkin Tench [Title]: "A Narrative of the
Expedition to Botany Bay," published in London.
1793 G. Barrington [Title]:
"Voyage to Botany Bay," [published in London.]
This was the popular book on the new settlement, the others
being high priced. As Lowndes says, "A work of no authority,
but frequently printed." Barrington, the pickpocket, whose
name it bears, had nothing to do with it. It was pirated from
Phillip, Collins, etc. It went through various editions and
enlargements to 1810 or later. After 1795 the name was altered
to 'Voyage to New South Wales.'
1798. D. Collins, 'Account of the English Colony in New South
Wales,' vol. i. p. 502:
"The word 'Botany Bay' became a term of reproach that was
indiscriminately cast on every one who resided in New South
Wales."
1840. Thos. Hood, 'Tale of a Trumpet:
"The very next day
She heard from her husband at Botany Bay."
1851. Rev. David Mackenzie, 'Ten Years in Australia,' p. 50:
". . . a pair of artificially black eyes being the Botany Bay
coat of arms."
1852. J. West, 'History of Tasmania,' Vol. ii. p. 91:
"Some gentlemen, on a visit to a London theatre, to draw the
attention of their friends in an opposite box, called out
_cooey_; a voice in the gallery answered 'Botany Bay!'"
1894. 'Pall Mall Budget,' May 17, p. 20, col. 1:
"The owner of the ship was an ex-convict in Sydney--then called
Botany Bay--who had waxed wealthy on the profits of rum, and
the 'shangai-ing' of drugged sailors."
# Botany-Bay Greens #, _n_. a vegetable common to all
the colonies, _Atriplex cinereum_, Poir, _N.O.
Salsolaceae_.
1810. G. Barrington, 'History of New South Wales,' p. 263:
"Botany Bay greens are abundant; they much resemble sage in
appearance; and are esteemed a very good dish by the
Europeans."
1834. Ross, 'Van Diemen's Land Annual,' p. 134:
"I do not think it necessary to enter upon any description of
the Barilla shrubs (_Atriplex halimus, Rhagodur
billardiera_; and _Salicornia arbuscula_), which, with
some others, under the promiscuous name of Botany Bay greens,
were boiled and eaten along with some species of seaweed, by
the earliest settlers, when in a state of starvation."
1835. Ibid. p. 69:
"Atriplex Halimus. Barrilla. Botany Bay Greens. This is the
plant so common on the shores of Cape Barren and other islands
of the Straits, from which the alkaline salt is obtained and
brought up in boats to the soap manufactory at Hobart Town. It
has been set down as the same plant that grows on the coast of
Spain and other parts of Europe."
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 9:
"Once used as a pot-herb in New South Wales. Leichhardt used a
species of _Atriplex_ as a vegetable, and spoke very
highly of it."
# Botany-Bay Oak #, or # Botany-Bay Wood #,
_n_. a trade name in England for the timber of
_Casuarina_. See _Beef-wood_.
# Bottle-brush #, _n_. name given to various species
of _Callistemon_ and _Melaleuca_,
_N.O. Myrtaceae_; the _Purple Bottle-brush_ is
_Melaleuca squamea_, Lab. The name is also more rarely
given to species of _Banksia_, or _Honeysuckle_
(q.v.). The name _bottle-brush_ is from the resemblance
of the large handsome blossoms to the brush used to clean out
wine-bottles.
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 359:
"Red Bottle-brush. The flowers of some species of
_Callistemon_ are like bottle-brushes in shape."
# Bottle-Gourd #, _n_. an Australian plant,
_Lagenaria vulgaris_, Ser., _N.O. Cucurbitaceae_.
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 192:
"Bottle Gourd. This plant, so plentiful along the tropical
coast of Queensland, is said to be a dangerous poison. It is
said that some sailors were killed by drinking beer that had
been standing for some time in a bottle formed of one of these
fruits. (F. M. Bailey.)"
# Bottle-Swallow #, _n_. a popular name for the bird
_Lagenoplastis ariel_, otherwise called the _Fairy
Martin_. See _Martin_. The name refers to the bird's
peculiar retort shaped nest. _Lagenoplashs_ is from the
Greek _lagaenos_, a flagon, and _plautaes_, a modeller.
The nests are often constructed in clusters under rocks or the
eaves of buildings. The bird is widely distributed in
Australia, and has occurred in Tasmania.
# Bottle-tree #, _n_. an Australian tree, various
species of _Sterculia_, i.q. _Kurrajong_ (q.v.). So
named from its appearance. See quotations.
1846. C. P. Hodgson, 'Reminiscences of Australia,' p. 264:
"The sterculia, or bottle-tree, is a very singular curiosity.
It generally varies in shape between a soda-water and port-wine
bottle, narrow at the basis, gradually widening at the middle,
and tapering towards the neck."
1848. L. Leichhardt, Letter in 'Cooksland, by J. D. Lang,
p. 91:
"The most interesting tree of this Rosewood Brush is the true
bottle-tree, a strange-looking unseemly tree, which swells
slightly four to five feet high, and then tapers rapidly into a
small diameter; the foliage is thin, the crown scanty and
irregular, the leaves lanceolate, of a greyish green; the
height of the whole tree is about forty-five feet."
1865. Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, 'History of the Discovery and
Exploration of Australia,' vol. i. p. 127:
"It was on this range (Lat. 26 degrees, 42') that Mitchell saw
the bottle-tree for the first time. It grew like an enormous
pear-shaped turnip, with only a small portion of the root in
the ground."
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 60:
"A 'Kurrajong.' The 'Bottle-tree' of N.E. Australia, and also
called 'Gouty-stem,' on account of the extraordinary shape of
the trunk. It is the 'Binkey' of the aboriginals.
"The stem abounds in a mucilaginous substance resembling pure
tragacanth, which is wholesome and nutritious, and is said to
be used as an article of food by the aborigines in cases of
extreme need. A similar clear jelly is obtainable by pouring
boiling water on chips of the wood."
# Bottom #, _n_. in gold-mining, the old river-bed
upon which the wash-dirt rests, and upon which the richest
alluvial gold is found; sometimes called the gutter.
1887. H. H. Hayter, 'Christmas Adventure,' p. 5:
"We reached the bottom, but did not find gold."
# Bottom #, _v_. to get to the bedrock, or clay,
below which it was useless to sink (gold-mining).
1858. T. McCombie, 'History of Victoria,' c. xv. p. 219:
"In their anxiety to bottom their claims, they not seldom threw
away the richest stuff."
# Boundary-rider #, _n_. a man who rides round the
fences of a station to see that they are in order.
1890. E. W. Hornung, 'A Bride from the Bush,' p. 279:
"A boundary-rider is not a 'boss' in the Bush, but he is an
important personage in his way. He sees that the sheep in his
paddock draw to the water, that there is water for them to draw
to, and that the fences and gates are in order. He is paid
fairly, and has a fine, free, solitary life."
1892. 'Scribner's Magazine,' Feb., p. 147:
"The manager's lieutenants are the 'boundary-riders,' whose
duty it is to patrol the estate and keep him informed upon
every portion of it."
# Bower-bird # _n_. Australian bird. See quotation,
1891. See _Ptilonorhynchinae_. The following are the
varieties---
Fawn-breasted Bower-bird--
_Chlamydoderea cerviniventris_, Gould.
Golden B.--
_Prionodura newtoniana_, De Vis.
Great B.--
_Chlambydodera nuchalis_, Gould ('Birds of Australia,'
vol.iv. pl. 9).
Queensland B.--
_C. orientalis_, Gould.
Satin B.--
_Ptilonorhynchus violaceus_, Vieillot.
Spotted B.--
_Chlamydodera maculata_, Gould (ibid. pl. 8).
Yellow-spotted B.--
_C. gutttata_, Gould.
And the _Regent-bird_ (q.v.).
1845. R. Howitt, 'Australia,' p. 140:
"The same person had the last season found, to his surprise,
the playhouse, or bower, of the Australian satin bower-bird."
1888. D. Macdonald, 'Gum Boughs,' p. 28:
"Any shred of glass or metal which arrests the eye or reflects
the rays of the sun is a gem in the bower-bird's collection,
which seems in a sense to parody the art decorations of a
modern home."
1891. 'Guide to Zoological Gardens, Melbourne':
"In one is a representation of the playing place of the spotted
bowerbird. These bowers are quite independent of the birds'
nests, which are built on neighbouring trees. They first
construct a covered passage or bower about three feet long, and
near it they place every white or bright object they can find,
such as the bleached bones of animals, pieces of white or
coloured stone, feathers, shells, etc., etc.; the feathers they
place on end. When these curious playing places were first
discovered, they were thought to be made by the native women
for the amusement of their children. More than a bushel of
small pieces of bleached bones or shells are often found at one
of these curious sporting places. Sometimes a dozen or more
birds will assemble, and they delight in chasing each other
through the bower and playing about it."
# Box #, # Box-tree #, # Box-gum #,
_n_. The name is applied to many _Eucalypts_, and to
a few trees of the genus _Tristania_, as given below, all
of the _N.O. Myrtaceae_, chiefly from the qualities of
their timber, which more or less resembles "Boxwood." Most of
these trees also bear other vernacular names, and the same tree
is further often described vernacularly as different kinds of
_Box. China-, Heath_-, and _Native-Box_ (q.v. below)
are of other Natural Orders and receive their names of
_Box_ from other reasons. The following table is compiled
from Maiden:--
Bastard Box--
_Eucalyptus goniocalyx_, F. v. M.;
_E. largiflorens_, F. v. M. (called also _Cooburn_);
_E. longifolia_, Link.; _E. microtheca_, F. v. M.;
_E. polyanthema_, F. v. M.; _E. populifolia_,
Hook. (called also Bembil or Bimbil Box and Red Box);
_Tristania conferta_, R. Br.;
_T. laurana_, R. Br., all of the _N.O. Myrtaceae_.
Black Box--
_Eucalyptus obliqua_, L'Herit.;
_E. largiflorens_, F. v. M.;
_E. microtheca_, F. v. M.
Brisbane Box---
_Tristania conferta_, R. Br.
Broad-leaved Box--
_Eucalyptus acmenoides_, Schau.
Brown Box--
_Eucalyptus polyanthema_, Schau.
Brush Box--
_Tristania conferta_, R. Br.
China Box-- _Murraya exotica_, Linn., _N.O. Rutaceae_
(not a tree, but a perfume plant, which is found also in India
and China).
Dwarf, or Flooded Box-- _Eucalyptus microtheca_,
F. v. M. (Also called Swamp Gum, from its habit of growing on
land inundated during flood time. An aboriginal name for the
same tree is _goborro_.)
Grey Box--
_Eucalyptus goniocalyx_, F. v. M.;
_E. hemiphloia_, F. v. M.;
_E. largiflorens_, F. v. M.;
_E. polyanthema_, Schau.;
_E. saligna_, Smith.
Gum-topped Box--
_Eucalyptus hemiphloia_, F. v. M.
Heath Box-- _Alyxia buxifolia_, R. Br.,
_N.O. Apocyneae_ (called also _Tonga-beanwood_,
owing to its scent)
Iron-bark Box--
_Eucalyptus obliqua_, L'Herit.
Narrow-leaved Box--
_Eucalyptus microtheca_, F. v. M.
Native Box-- _Bursaria spinosa_, Cav.,
_N.O. Pittosporeae_. (Called also _Box-thorn_
and _Native-Olive_. It is not a timber-tree but a forage-
plant. See quotation, 1889.)
Poplar Box--
_Eucalyptus populifolia_, Hook.
Red Box--
_Eucalyptus populifolia_, Hook.;
_E. polyanthema_, Schau.;
_Tristania
conferta_, R. Br.
Thozet's Box--
_Eucalyptus raveretiana_, F. v. M.
White Box--
_Eucalyptus hemiphloia_, F. v. M.;
_E. odorata_, Behr.;
_E. populifolia_, Hook.;
_Tristania conferta_, R. Br.
Yellow Box--
_Eucalyptus hemiphloia_, F. v. M.
_E. largiflorens_, F. v. M.
_E. melliodora_, A. Cunn.
1820. John Oxley, 'Two Expeditions,' p. 126:
"The country continued open forest land for about three miles,
the cypress and the bastard-box being the prevailing timber;
of the former many were useful trees."
1838. T. L. Mitchell, 'Three Expeditions, vol. ii. p. 55:
"The small kind of tree . . . which Mr. Oxley, I believe, terms
the dwarf-box, grows only on plains subject to inundation
. . . . It may be observed, however, that all permanent waters
are invariably surrounded by the 'yarra.' These peculiarities
are only ascertained after examining many a hopeless hollow,
where grew the 'goborro' only; and after I had found my sable
guides eagerly scanning the 'yarra' from afar, when in search
of water, and condemning any view of the 'goborro' as hopeless
during that dry season."
[See _Yarra_, a tree.]
1865. W. Howitt, 'Discovery in Australia,' vol. ii. p. 6:
"Belts of open forest land, principally composed of the
box-tree of the colonists, a species of eucalyptus (in no
respect resembling the box of Europe)."
1877. F. v. Mueller, 'Botanic Teachings,' p. 15:
"The Honey-Eucalypt (_Eucalyptus melliodora_). This tree
passes by the very unapt vernacular name Yellow Box-tree,
though no portion of it is yellow, not even its wood, and
though the latter resembles the real boxwood in no way
whatever. Its systematic specific name alludes to the odour of
its flowers, like that of honey, and as the blossoms exude much
nectar, like most eucalypts, sought by bees, it is proposed to
call it the small-leaved Honey-Eucalypt, but the Latin name
might as easily be conveyed to memory, with the advantage of
its being a universal one, understood and used by all nations."
1881. A.C. Grant, 'Bush Life in Queensland,' vol. i. p. 46:
"Poor country, covered with ti-tree, box, and iron-bark
saplings, with here and there heavy timber growing on
sour-looking ridges."
1888. D. Macdonald, 'Gum Boughs,' p. 7:
"The clumps of box-gums clinging together for sympathy."
1888. J. Howlett Ross, 'Laureate of the Centaurs,' p. 41:
"Box shrubs which were not yet clothed with their creamy-white
plumes (so like the English meadowsweet)."
1889. P. Beveridge, 'Aborigines of Victoria and Riverina,'
p. 59:
"These spears are principally made from a tall-growing box (one
of the eucalypts) which often attains to an altitude of over
100 feet; it is indigenous to the north-western portion of the
colony, and to Riverina; it has a fine wavy grain, consequently
easily worked when in a green state. When well seasoned,
however, it is nearly as hard as ebony."
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 121:
"Native box is greedily eaten by sheep, but its thorny
character preserves it from extinction upon sheep-runs: usually
a small scrub, in congenial localities it developes into a
small tree."
# Box #, _n_. See succeeding _verb_.
1872. C. H. Eden, 'My Wife and I in Queensland,' p. 67:
"Great care must of course be taken that no two flocks come
into collision, for a 'box,' as it is technically called,
causes an infinity of trouble, which is the reason that the
stations are so far apart."
# Box #, _v_. to mix together sheep that ought to be
kept separate apparently from "to box" in the sense of to shut
up in narrow limits ('O.E.D.' v. i. 5); then to shut up
together and so confuse the classification; then the sense of
shutting up is lost and that of confusion remains.
1881. A.C. Grant, 'Bush Life in Queensland,' vol. i. p. 253:
"All the mobs of different aged lambs which had been hitherto
kept apart were boxed up together."
1889. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Robbery under Arms,' p. 356:
"After they'd got out twenty or thirty they'd get boxed, like a
new hand counting sheep, and have to begin all over again."
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'A Colonial Reformer,' p. 84:
"At nightfall, the fifteen flocks of sheep were all brought in,
and 'boxed,' or mixed together, to Ernest's astonishment."
1890. Tasma, 'In her Earliest Youth,' p. 166:
"He must keep tally when the sheep are being counted or
draughted, I'm not sure which, and swear--no, he needn't
swear--when they get boxed."
1896. A. B. Paterson, 'Man from Snowy River,' p. 54:
"But the travelling sheep and the Wilga sheep were boxed on the
Old Man Plain.
'Twas a full week's work ere they drafted out and hunted them off
again."
# Boxer #, _n_. This word means in Australia the
stiff, low-crowned, felt hat, called a _billy-cock_ or
_bowler_. The silk-hat is called a _bell-topper_
(q.v.).
1897. 'The Argus,' Jan. 9, p. 14, col. 2:
"And will you wear a boxer that is in a battered state ?
I wonder, will you--now that you're a knight?"
# Box-wood #, _n_. a New Zealand wood, _Olea
lanceolata_, Hook., _N.O. Jasminea_ (Maori name,
_Maire_). Used by the 'Wellington Independent' (April 19,
1845) for woodcuts, and recommended as superior to box-wood for
the purpose. See also _Box, n_.
# Boyla #, _n_. aboriginal word for a sorcerer.
1865. W. Howitt, 'Discovery in Australia,' vol. i. p. 384:
"The absolute power of boylas or evil sorcerers . . . he
chanted gloomily:--
Oh, wherefore would they eat the muscles?
Now boylas storm and thunder make.
Oh, wherefore would they eat the muscles ?"
# Bramble, Native #, _n_. See _Blackberry_.
# Bread, Native #, _n_. a kind of fungus. "The
sclerotium of _Polyporus mylitta_, C. et M. Until quite
recently the sclerotium was known, but not the fructification.
It was thought probable that its fruit would be ascomycetous,
and on the authority of Berkeley it was made the type of a
genus as _Mylitta Australis_. It is found throughout
Eastern Australia and Tasmania. The aborigines ate it, but to
the European palate it is tough and tasteless, and probably as
indigestible as leather." (L. Rodway.)
1843. James Backhouse, 'Narrative of a Visit to the Australian
Colonies,' p. 40:
"Natural Order. Fungi. . . . _Mylitta Australis_. Native
Bread. This species of tuber is often found in the Colony,
attaining to the size of a child's head: its taste somewhat
resembles boiled rice. Like the heart of the Tree-fern, and
the root of the Native Potato, cookery produces little change."
1848. 'Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Van
Diemen's Land,' vol. i. p. 157:
"11th October, 1848 . . . Specimens of the _fungus_ known
as 'native bread,' _Mylitta Australis_, lay upon the
table. A member observed that this substance, grated and made
into a pudding with milk alone, had been found by him very
palatable. Prepared in the same way, and combined with double
its weight of rice or sago, it has produced a very superior
dish. It has also been eaten with approval in soup, after the
manner of _truffle_, to which it is nearly allied."
1857. Dr. Milligan, in Bishop Nixon's 'Cruise of the Beacon,'
p. 27:
"But that which afforded the largest amount of solid and
substantial nutritious matter was the _native bread_, a
fungus growing in the ground, after the manner of the truffle,
and generally so near the roots of trees as to be reputed
parasitical."
1896. 'Hobart Mercury,' Oct. 30, p. 2, last col.:
"A large specimen of 'native bread,' weighing 12 lb., has been
unearthed on Crab Tree farm in the Huon district, by
Mr. A. Cooper. It has been brought to town, and is being
examined with interest by many at the British Hotel. It is one
of the fungi tribe that forms hard masses of stored food for
future use."
# Breadfruit-tree #, name given by the explorer Leichhardt
to the Queensland tree, _Gardenia edulis_, F. v. M.,
_N.O. Rubiaceae_.
# Breakaway #, _n_.(1) A bullock that leaves the
herd.
1893. 'The Argus,' April 29, p. 4, col. 4:
"The smartest stock horse that ever brought his rider up within
whip distance of a breakaway or dodged the horns of a sulky
beast, took the chance."
(2) The panic rush of sheep, cattle, or other animals at the
sight or smell of water.
1891: "The Breakaway," title of picture by Tom Roberts at
Victorian Artists' Exhibition.
# Bream #, _n_. The name is applied in Australia to
various species of _Chrysophrys_, family _Sparidae_,
and to other fishes of different families. The
_Black-Bream_ (q.v.) is _C. australis_, Gunth.
The _Bony-Bream_ is also called the _Sardine_ (q.v.).
The _Silver-Bream_ (q.v.) or _White-Bream_ is
_Gerres ovatus_, Gunth., family _Percidae_. The
_Red-Bream_ is a Schnapper (q.v.) one year old. The
popular pronunciation is _Brim_, and the fishes are all
different from the various fishes called _Bream_ in the
northern hemisphere. See also _Tarwhine_ and
_Blue-fish_.
# Brickfielder #, _n_. (1) Originally a Sydney name
for a cold wind, blowing from the south and accompanied by
blinding clouds of dust; identical with the later name for the
wind, the _Southerly Buster_ (q.v.). The brickfields lay
to the south of Sydney, and when after a hot wind from the west
or north-west, the wind went round to the south, it was
accompanied by great clouds of dust, brought up from the
brickfields. These brickfields have long been a thing of the
past, surviving only in "Brickfield Hill," the hilly part of
George Street, between the Cathedral and the Railway Station.
The name, as denoting a cold wind, is now almost obsolete, and
its meaning has been very curiously changed and extended to
other colonies to denote a very hot wind. See below (Nos. 2
and 3), and the notes to the quotations.
1833. Lieut. Breton, R.N., 'Excursions in New South Wales and
Van Diemen's Land,' p. 293:
"It sometimes happens that a change takes place from a hot wind
to a 'brickfielder,' on which occasions the thermometer has
been known to fall, within half an hour, _upwards of fifty
degrees_! That is to say, from above 100 degrees to 50
degrees! A brickfielder is a southerly wind, and it takes its
local name from the circumstances of its blowing over, and
bringing into town the flames [sic] of a large brick-field: it
is nearly as detestable as a hot wind."
[Lieut. Breton must have had a strong imagination. The
brickfields, at that date, were a mile away from the town, and
the bringing in of their _flames_ was an impossibility.
Perhaps, however, the word is a misprint for _fumes_; yet
even then this earliest quotation indicates part of the source
of the subsequent confusion of meaning. The main
characteristic of the true brickfielder was neither
_flames_ nor _fumes_,--and certainly not heat,--but
choking dust.]
1839. W. H. Leigh, 'Reconnoitering Voyages, Travels, and
Adventures in the new Colony of South Australia,' etc., p. 184:
"Whirlwinds of sand come rushing upon the traveller, half
blinding and choking him,--a miniature sirocco, and decidedly
cousin-german to the delightful sandy puffs so frequent at Cape
Town. The inhabitants call these miseries 'Brickfielders,' but
why they do so I am unable to divine; probably because they are
in their utmost vigour on a certain hill here, where bricks are
made."
[This writer makes no allusion to the temperature of the wind,
whether hot or cold, but lays stress on its especial
characteristic, the dust. His comparison with the sirocco
chiefly suggests the clouds of sand brought by that wind from
the Libyan Desert, with its accompanying thick haze and
darkness ('half blinding and choking'), rather than its
relaxing warmth.]
1844. John Rae, 'Sydney Illustrated,' p. 26:
"The 'brickfielder' is merely a colonial name for a violent
gust of wind, which, succeeding a season of great heat, rushes
in to supply the vacuum and equalises the temperature of the
atmosphere; and when its baneful progress is marked, sweeping
over the city in thick clouds of brick-coloured dust (from the
brickfields), it is time for the citizens to close the doors
and windows of their dwellings, and for the sailor to take more
than half his canvas in, and prepare for a storm."
[Here the characteristic is again _dust_ from the
brickfields, as the origin of the name, with cold as an
accompaniment.]
1844. Mrs.Meredith, 'Notes and Sketches of New South Wales,'
p. 44:
"These dust winds are locally named 'brickfielders,' from the
direction in which they come" [i.e. from neighbouring
sandhills, called the brickfields].
[Here _dust_ is the only characteristic observed, with the
direction of the wind as the origin of its name.]
1845. J. O. Balfour, 'Sketch of New South Wales,' p. 4:
"The greatest peculiarity in the climate is what is called by
colonists a brickfielder. This wind has all the
characteristics of a sirocco in miniature . . . . Returning
home, he discovers that the house is full of sand; that the
brickfielder has even insinuated itself between the leaves of
his books; at dinner he will probably find that his favourite
fish has been spoiled by the brickfielder. Nor is this all;
for on retiring to rest he will find that the brickfielder has
intruded even within the precincts of his musquito curtains."
[Here again its _dust_ is noted as the distinguishing
feature of the wind, just as sand is the distinguishing feature
of the 'sirocco' in the Libyan Desert, and precipitated
sand,--'blood rain' or 'red snow,'--a chief character of the
sirocco after it reaches Italy.]
1847. Alex. Marjoribanks, 'Travels in New South Wales,' p. 61:
"The hot winds which resemble the siroccos in Sicily are,
however, a drawback . . . but they are almost invariably
succeeded by what is there called a 'brickfielder,' which is a
strong southerly wind, which soon cools the air, and greatly
reduces the temperature."
[Here the cold temperature of the brickfielder is described,
but not its _dust_, and the writer compares the hot wind
which precedes the brickfielder with the sirocco. He in fact
thinks only of the heat of the sirocco, but the two preceding
writers are thinking of its sand, its thick haze, its quality
of _blackness_ and its suffocating character,--all which
applied accurately to the true _brickfielder_.]
1853. Rev. H. Berkeley Jones, 'Adventures in Australia in 1852
and 1853,' p. 228:
"After the languor, the lassitude, and enervation which some
persons experience during these hot blasts, comes the
'Brickfielder,' or southerly burster."
[Cold temperature noticed, but not _dust_.]
1853. 'Fraser's Magazine,' 48, p. 515:
"When the wind blows strongly from the southward, it is what
the Sydney people call a 'brickfielder'; that is, it carries
with it dense clouds of red dust or sand, like brick dust,
swept from the light soil which adjoins the town on that side,
and so thick that the houses and streets are actually hidden;
it is a darkness that may be felt."
[Here it is the _dust_, not the temperature, which
determines the name.]
(2) The very opposite to the original meaning,--a severe hot
wind. In this inverted sense the word is now used, but not
frequently, in Melbourne and in Adelaide, and sometimes even in
Sydney, as the following quotations show. It will be noted
that one of them (1886) observes the original prime
characteristic of the wind, its _dust_.
1861. T. McCombie,' Australian Sketches,' p. 79:
"She passed a gang of convicts, toiling in a broiling
'brickfielder.'"
1862. F. J. Jobson, 'Australia with Notes by the Way,' p. 155:
"The 'brickfielders' are usually followed, before the day
closes, with 'south-busters' [sic.]."
1886. F. Cowan, 'Australia, a Charcoal Sketch':
"The Buster and Brickfielder: austral red-dust blizzard;
and red-hot Simoom."
This curious inversion of meaning (the change from cold to hot)
may be traced to several causes. It may arise--
(a) From the name itself. People in Melbourne and Adelaide,
catching at the word _brickfielder_ as a name for a
_dusty_ wind, and knowing nothing of the origin of the
name, would readily adapt it to their own severe hot north
winds, which raise clouds of dust all day, and are described
accurately as being 'like a blast from a furnace,' or 'the
breath of a brick-kiln.' Even a younger generation in Sydney,
having received the word by colloquial tradition, losing its
origin, and knowing nothing of the old brickfields, might apply
the word to a hot blast in the same way.
(b) From the peculiar phenomenon.--A certain cyclonic change of
temperature is a special feature of the Australian coastal
districts. A raging hot wind from the interior desert (north
wind in Melbourne and Adelaide, west wind in Sydney) will blow
for two or three days, raising clouds of dust; it will be
suddenly succeeded by a '_Southerly Buster'_ from the
ocean, the cloud of dust being greatest at the moment of
change, and the thermometer falling sometimes forty or fifty
degrees in a few minutes. The Sydney word _brickfielder_
was assigned originally to the latter part--the _dusty_
cold change. Later generations, losing the finer distinction,
applied the word to the whole dusty phenomenon,and ultimately
specialized it to denote not so much the extreme dustiness of
its later period as the more disagreeable extreme heat of its
earlier phase.
(c) From the apparent, though not real, confusion of terms, by
those who have described it as a 'sirocco.'--The word
_sirocco_ (spelt earlier _schirocco_, and in Spanish
and other languages with the _sh_ sound, not the _s_)
is the Italian equivalent of the Arabic root _sharaga_,
'it rose.' The name of the wind, _sirocco_, alludes in
its original Arabic form to its rising, with its cloud of sand,
in the desert high-lands of North Africa. True, it is defined
by Skeat as 'a hot wind,' but that is only a part of its
definition. Its marked characteristic is that it is
_sand-laden_, densely hazy and black, and therefore
'choking,' like the _brickfielder_. The not unnatural
assumption that writers by comparing a _brickfielder_ with
a _sirocco_, thereby imply that a _brickfielder_ is a
hot wind, is thus disposed of by this characteristic, and by
the notes on the passages quoted. They were dwelling only on
its choking _dust_, and its suffocating qualities,--'a
miniature sirocco.' See the following quotations on this
character of the sirocco:--
1841. 'Penny Magazine,' Dec. 18, p. 494:
"The Islands of Italy, especially Sicily and Corfu, are
frequently visited by a wind of a remarkable character, to
which the name of sirocco, scirocco, or schirocco, has been
applied. The thermometer rises to a great height, but the air
is generally thick and heavy . . . . People confine themselves
within doors; the windows and doors are shut close, to prevent
as much as possible the external air from entering; . . . but a
few hours of the _tramontane_, or north wind which
generally succeeds it, soon braces them up again. [Compare this
whole phenomenon with (b) above.] There are some peculiar
circumstances attending the wind. . . . Dr. Benza, an Italian
physician, states:--'When the sirocco has been impetuous and
violent, and followed by a shower of rain, the rain has carried
with it to the ground an almost impalpable red micaceous sand,
which I have collected in large quantities more than once in
Sicily. . . . When we direct our attention to the island of
Corfu, situated some distance eastward of Sicily, we find the
sirocco assuming a somewhat different character. . . . The
more eastern sirocco might be called a refreshing breeze
[sic]. . . . The genuine or black sirocco (as it is called)
blows from a point between south-east and south-south-east.'"
1889. W. Ferrell, 'Treatise on Winds,' p. 336:
"The dust raised from the Sahara and carried northward by the
sirocco often falls over the countries north of the
Mediterranean as 'blood rain,' or as 'red snow,' the moisture
and the sand falling together. . . .The temperature never rises
above 95 degrees."
1889. 'The Century Dictionary,' s.v. Sirocco:
"(2) A hot, dry, dust-laden wind blowing from the highlands of
Africa to the coasts of Malta, Sicily and Naples. . . . During
its prevalence the sky is covered with a dense haze."
(3) The illustrative quotations on _brickfielder_, up to
this point, have been in chronological consecutive order. The
final three quotations below show that while the original true
definition and meaning, (1), are still not quite lost, yet
authoritative writers find it necessary to combat the modern
popular inversion, (2).
1863. Frank Fowler, 'The Athenaeum,' Feb. 21, p. 264, col. 1:
"The 'brickfielder' is not the hot wind at all; it is but
another name for the cold wind, or southerly buster, which
follows the hot breeze, and which, blowing over an extensive
sweep of sandhills called the Brickfields, semi-circling
Sydney, carries a thick cloud of dust (or 'brickfielder')
across the city."
[The writer is accusing Dr. Jobson (see quotation 1862, above)
of plagiarism from his book 'Southern Lights and Shadows.']
1890. Lyth, 'Golden South,' vol. ii. p. 11:
"A dust which covered and penetrated everything and everywhere.
This is generally known as a 'brickfielder.'"
1896. 'Three Essays on Australian Weather,' 'On Southerly
Buster,' by H. A. Hunt, p. 17:
"In the early days of Australian settlement, when the shores of
Port Jackson were occupied by a sparse population, and the
region beyond was unknown wilderness and desolation, a great
part of the Haymarket was occupied by the brickfields from
which Brickfield Hill takes its name. When a 'Southerly
Burster' struck the infant city, its approach was always
heralded by a cloud of reddish dust from this locality, and in
consequence the phenomenon gained the local name of
'brickfielder.' The brickfields have long since vanished, and
with them the name to which they gave rise, but the wind
continues to raise clouds of dust as of old under its modern
name of 'Southerly Burster."
# Bricklow #, _n_. obsolete form of _Brigalow_
(q.v.).
# Brigalow #, _n_. and _adj_. Spellings various.
Native name, _Buriargalah_. In the Namoi dialect in New
South Wales, _Bri_ or _Buri_ is the name for
_Acacia pendula_, Cunn.; _Buriagal_, relating to the
_buri; Buriagalah_ == place of the _buri_ tree. Any
one of several species of _Acacia_, especially
_A. harpophylla_, F. v. M., _H.O. Leguminosae_. J. H.
Maiden ('Useful Native Plants,' p. 356, 1889) gives its uses
thus:
"Wood brown, hard, heavy, and elastic; used by the natives for
spears, boomerangs, and clubs. The wood splits freely, and is
used for fancy turnery. Saplings used as stakes in vineyards
have lasted twenty years or more. It is used for building
purposes, and has a strong odour of violets.'
1846. L. Leichhardt, quoted by J. D. Lang, 'Cooksland,'
p. 312:
"Almost impassable bricklow scrub, so called from the bricklow
(a species of acacia)."
1847. L. Leichhardt, 'Overland Expedition,' p. 4:
"The Bricklow Acacia, which seems to be identical with the
Rosewood Acacia of Moreton Bay; the latter, however, is a fine
tree, 50 to 60 feet high, whereas the former is either a small
tree or a shrub. I could not satisfactorily ascertain the
origin of the word Bricklow, but as it is well understood and
generally adopted by all the squatters between the Severn River
and the Boyne, I shall make use of the name. Its long,
slightly falcate leaves, being of a silvery green colour, give
a peculiar character to the forest, where the tree
abounds."--[Footnote]: "_Brigaloe_ Gould."
1862. H. C. Kendall, 'Poems,' p. 79:
"Good-bye to the Barwan and brigalow scrubs."
1881. A. C. Grant, 'Bush Life in Queensland,' vol. i. p. 190:
"Now they pass through a small patch of Brigalow scrub. Some
one has split a piece from a trunk of a small tree. What a
scent the dark-grained wood has!"
1889. Cassell's 'Picturesque Australasia;' vol. iv. p. 69:
"There exudes from the Brigalow a white gum, in outward
appearance like gum-arabic, and even clearer, but as a
'sticker' valueless, and as a 'chew-gum' disappointing."
1892. Gilbert Parker, 'Round the Compass in Australia,' p. 23:
"The glare of a hard and pitiless sky overhead, the infinite
vista of saltbush, brigalow, stay-a-while, and mulga, the
creeks only stretches of stone, and no shelter from the
shadeless gums."
# Brill #, _n_. a small and very bony rhomboidal fish
of New Zealand, _Pseudorhombus scaphus_, family
_Pleuronectidae_. The true _Brill_ of Europe is
_Rhombus levis_.
# Brisbane Daisy #, _n_. See _Daisy, Brisbane_.
# Bristle-bird #, _n_. a name given to certain
Australian Reed-warblers. They are--_Sphenura
brachyptera_, Latham; Long-tailed
B.--_S. longirostris_, Gould; Rufous-headed
B.--_S. broadbentii_, McCoy. See _Sphenura_.
1827. Vigors and Horsfield, 'Transactions of Linnaean Society,'
vol. xv. p. 232:
"He (Mr. Caley) calls it in his notes 'Bristle Bird.'"
# Broad-leaf #, _n_. a settlers' name for
_Griselinia littoralis_, Raoul; Maori name,
_Paukatea_.
1879. W. N. Blair, 'Building Materials of Otago,' p. 155:
"There are few trees in the [Otago] bush so conspicuous or so
well known as the broad-leaf. . . . It grows to a height of
fifty or sixty feet, and a diameter of from three to six; the
bark is coarse and fibrous, and the leaves a beautiful deep
green of great brilliancy."
1879. J. B. Armstrong, 'Transactions of New Zealand
Institute,' vol. xii. Art. 49, p. 328:
"The broadleaf (_Griselinia littoralis_) is abundant in
the district [of Banks' Peninsula], and produces a hard red
wood of a durable nature."
1882. T. H. Potts, 'Out in the Open,' p. 103:
"The rough trunks and limbs of the broadleaf."
# Broker #, _n_. Australian slang for a man
completely ruined, stonebroke.
1891. 'The Australasian,' Nov. 21, p. 1014:
"We're nearly 'dead brokers,' as they say out here. Let's
harness up Eclipse and go over to old Yamnibar."
# Bronze-wing #, _n_. a bird with a lustrous
shoulder, _Phaps chalcoptera_, Lath. Called also
_Bronze-wing Pigeon_.
1790. J. White, 'Voyage to New South Wales,' p. 145:
"One of the gold-winged pigeons, of which a plate is annexed.
[Under plate, Golden-winged Pigeon.] This bird is a curious
and singular species remarkable for having most of the feathers
of the wing marked with a brilliant spot of golden yellow,
changing, in various reflections of light, to green and
copper-bronze, and when the wing is closed, forming two bars of
the same across it."
1832. J. Bischoff, 'Van Diemen's Land,' vol. ii. p. 31:
"The pigeons are by far the most beautiful birds in the island;
they are called bronze-winged pigeons."
1857. W. Howitt, 'Tallangetta,' vol. ii. p. 57:
"Mr. Fitzpatrick followed his kangaroo hounds, and shot his
emus, his wild turkeys, and his bronze-wings."
1865. 'Once a Week.' 'The Bulla-Bulla Bunyip.'
"Hours ago the bronze-wing pigeons had taken their evening
draught from the coffee-coloured water-hole beyond the
butcher's paddock, and then flown back into the bush to roost
on 'honeysuckle' and in heather."
1872. C. H. Eden, 'My Wife and I in Queensland,' p. 122:
"Another most beautiful pigeon is the 'bronze-wing,' which is
nearly the size of the English wood-pigeon, and has a
magnificent purply-bronze speculum on the wings."
1888. D. Macdonald, 'Gum Boughs,' p. 33:
"Both the bronze-wing and Wonga-Wonga pigeon are hunted so
keenly that in a few years they will have become extinct in
Victoria."
1893. 'The Argus,' March 25, p. 4, col. 6:
"Those who care for museum studies must have been interested in
tracing the Australian quail and pigeon families to a point
where they blend their separate identities in the partridge
bronze-wing of the Central Australian plains. The eggs mark
the converging lines just as clearly as the birds, for the
partridge-pigeon lays an egg much more like that of a quail
than a pigeon, and lays, quail fashion, on the ground."
# Brook-Lime #, _n_. English name for an aquatic
plant, applied in Australia to the plant _Gratiola
pedunculata_, R. Br., _N.O. Scrophularinae_. Also
called _Heartsease_.
# Broom #, _n_. name applied to the plant
_Calycothrix tetragona_, Lab., _N.O. Myrtaceae_.
# Broom, Native #, _n_. an Australian timber,
_Viminaria denudala_, Smith, _N.O. Leguminosae_.
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 612:
"Native broom. Wood soft and spongy."
# Broom, Purple #, _n_. a Tasmanian name for
_Comesperma retusum_, Lab., _N.O. Polygaleae_.
# Brown Snake #, _n_. See under _Snake_.
# Brown-tail #, _n_. bird-name for the _Tasmanian
Tit_. See _Tit_.
1848. J. Gould, 'Birds of Australia,' vol. iii, pl. 54:
"_Acanthiza Diemenensis_, Gould. Brown-tail, colonists of
Van Diemen's Land."
# Brown Tree-Lizard #, _n_. of New Zealand,
_Naultinus pacificus_.
# Browny # or # Brownie #, _n_. a kind of
currant loaf.
1890. E. D. Cleland, 'The White kangaroo,' p. 57:
"Cake made of flour, fat and sugar, commonly known as
'Browny.'"
1890. 'The Argus,' Sept. 20, p. 13, col. 57:
"Four o'clock. 'Smoke O!' again with more bread and brownie
(a bread sweetened with sugar and currants)."
1892. Gilbert Parker, 'Round the Compass,' p. 36:
"Roast mutton and brownie are given us to eat."
# Brumby, Broombie # (spelling various), _n_. a wild
horse. The origin of this word is very doubtful. Some claim
for it an aboriginal, and some an English source. In its
present shape it figures in one aboriginal vocabulary, given in
Curr's 'Australian Race' (1887), vol. iii. p. 259. At p. 284,
_booramby_ is given as meaning "wild" on the river Warrego
in Queensland. The use of the word seems to have spread from
the Warrego and the Balowne about 1864. Before that date, and
in other parts of the bush ere the word came to them, wild
horses were called _clear-skins_ or _scrubbers_,
whilst _Yarraman_ (q.v.) is the aboriginal word for a
quiet or broken horse. A different origin was, however, given
by an old resident of New South Wales, to a lady of the name of
Brumby, viz. "that in the early days of that colony, a
Lieutenant Brumby, who was on the staff of one of the
Governors, imported some very good horses, and that some of
their descendants being allowed to run wild became the
ancestors the wild horses of New South Wales and Queensland."
Confirmation of this story is to be desired.
1880. 'The Australasian,' Dec. 4, p. 712, col. 3:
"Passing through a belt of mulga, we saw, on reaching its edge,
a mob of horses grazing on the plains beyond. These our guide
pronounced to be 'brumbies,' the bush name here [Queensland]
for wild horses."
1888. Cassell's 'Picturesque Australasia,' vol. ii. p. 176:
"The wild horses of this continent known all over it by the
Australian name of 'brumbies.'"
Ibid. p. 178:
"The untamed and 'unyardable' scrub brumby."
1888. R. Kipling, 'Plain Tales from the Hills,' p. 160:
"Juggling about the country, with an Australian larrikin; a
'brumby' with as much breed as the boy. . . . People who lost
money on him called him a 'brumby.'"
1888. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Robbery under Arms.' p. 67:
"The three-cornered weed he rode that had been a 'brumbee.'"
1895. 'Chambers' Journal,' Nov. 2, Heading 'Australian Brumbie
Horses':
"The brumbie horse of Australia, tho' not a distinct equine
variety, possesses attributes and qualities peculiar to itself,
and, like the wild cattle and wild buffaloes of Australia, is
the descendant of runaways of imported stock."
1896. 'Sydney Morning Herald,' (Letter from 'J. F. G.,' dated
Aug. 24):
"Amongst the blacks on the Lower Balonne, Nebine, Warrego, and
Bulloo rivers the word used for horse is 'baroombie,' the 'a'
being cut so short that the word sounds as 'broombie,' and as
far as my experience goes refers more to unbroken horses in
distinction to quiet or broken ones ('yarraman')."
1896. H. Lawson, 'When the World was Wide,' p. 156:
"Yet at times we long to gallop where the reckless bushman rides
In the wake of startled brumbies that are flying for their
hides."
# Brush #, _n_. at first undergrowth, small trees, as
in England; afterwards applied to larger timber growth and
forest trees. Its earlier sense survives in the compound
words; see below.
1820. Oxley, 'New South Wales' ('O.E.D.'):
"The timber standing at wide intervals, without any brush or
undergrowth."
1833. C. Sturt, 'Southern Australia,' (2nd ed.) vol. i. p. 62:
"We journeyed . . . at one time over good plains, at another
through brushes."
1848. J. Gould, 'Birds of Australia,' vol. i. Introd. p. 77:
"Jungle, or what in New South Wales would be called brush."
Ibid. vol. v. Pl. 59:
"Those vast primeval forests of New South Wales to which the
colonists have applied the name of brushes."
1853. Chas. St. Julian and Edward K. Silvester, 'The
Productions, Industry, and Resources of New South Wales,'
p. 20:
"What the colonists term 'brush' lands are those covered with
tall trees growing so near each other and being so closely
matted together by underwood, parasites, and creepers, as to be
wholly impassable."
1883. G. W. Rusden, 'History of Australia,' vol. i. p. 67,
note:
"Brush was allotted to the growth of large timber on alluvial
lands, with other trees intermixed, and tangled vines. The
soil was rich, and 'brushland' was well understood as a
descriptive term. It may die away, but its meaning deserves to
be pointed out."
# Brush-Apple #, _n_. See _Apple_.
# Brush-Bloodwood #, _n_. See _Bloodwood_.
# Brush-Cherry #, _n_. an Australian tree,
_Trochocarpa laurina_, R. Br., and _Eugenia
myrtifolia_, Simms. Called also _Brush-Myrtle_.
# Brush-Deal #, _n_. a slender Queensland tree,
_Cupania anacardioides_, A. Richard. See _Brush_,
above.
# Brusher #, _n_. a Bushman's name, in certain parts,
for a small wallaby which hops about in the bush or scrub with
considerable speed. "To give brusher," is a phrase derived
from this, and used in many parts, especially of the interior
of Australia, and implies that a man has left without paying
his debts. In reply to the question "Has so-and-so left the
township? "the answer, "Oh yes, he gave them brusher," would
be well understood in the above sense.
# Brush-Kangaroo #, _n_. another name for the
_Wallaby_ (q.v.).
1802. G. Barrington, 'History of New South Wales,' c. viii.
p. 273:
"A place . . . thickly inhabited by the small brush-kangaroo."
1830. 'Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society,' i. 29:
"These dogs . . . are particularly useful in catching the
bandicoots, the small brush kangaroo, and the opossum."
1832. J. Bischoff, 'Van Diemen's Land,' c. ii. p. 28:
"The brush-kangaroo . . . frequents the scrubs and rocky hills."
1884. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Melbourne Memories,' c. iii. p. 24:
"Violet was so fast that she could catch the brush-kangaroo
(the wallaby) within sight."
# Brush-Myrtle #, i.q. _Brush-Cherry_ (q.v.)
# Brush-Turkey #, _n_. See _Turkey_.
# Brush-Turpentine #, _n_. another name for the tree
_Syncarpia leptopetala_, F. v. M., _N.O. Myrtaceae_,
called also _Myrtle_ (q.v.).
# Bubrush #, _n_. See _Wonga_ and _Raupo_.
# Buck #, _v_. Used "intransitively of a horse, to
leap vertically from the ground, drawing the feet together like
a deer, and arching the back. Also transitively to buck off."
('O.E.D.') Some say that this word is not Australian, but all
the early quotations of _buck_ and cognate words are
connected with Australia. The word is now used freely in the
United States; see quotation, 1882.
1870. E. B. Kennedy, 'Four Years in Queensland,' p. 193:
"Having gained his seat by a nimble spring, I have seen a man
(a Sydney native) so much at his ease, that while the horse has
been 'bucking a hurricane,' to use a colonial expression, the
rider has been cutting up his tobacco and filling his pipe,
while several feet in the air, nothing to front of him
excepting a small lock of the animal's mane (the head being
between its legs), and very little behind him, the stern being
down; the horse either giving a turn to the air, or going
forward every buck."
1881. A. C. Grant, 'Bush Life in Queensland,' vol. i. p. 131:
"'Well,' said one, 'that fellow went to market like a bird.'
'Yes,' echoed another, 'Bucked a blessed hurricane.' 'Buck a
town down,' cried a third. 'Never seed a horse strip himself
quicker,' cried a fourth."
1882. Baillie-Grohman, 'Camps in the Rockies,' ch. iv. p. 102
('Standard'):
"There are two ways, I understand, of sitting a bucking horse
. . . one is 'to follow the buck,' the other 'to receive the
buck.'"
1885. H. Finch-Hatton, 'Advance Australia,' p. 55:
"The performance is quite peculiar to Australian horses, and no
one who has not seen them at it would believe the rapid
contortions of which they are capable. In bucking, a horse
tucks his head right between his fore-legs, sometimes striking
his jaw with his hind feet. The back meantime is arched like a
boiled prawn's; and in this position the animal makes a series
of tremendous bounds, sometimes forwards, sometimes sideways
and backwards, keeping it up for several minutes at intervals
of a few seconds."
# Buck #, _n_. See preceding verb.
1868. Lady Barker, 'Station Life in New Zealand,' p. 224:
"I never saw such bucks and jumps into the air as she [the
mare] performed."
1886. H. C. Kendall, 'Poems,' p. 206:
"For, mark me, he can sit a buck
For hours and hours together;
And never horse has had the luck
To pitch him from the leather."
# Bucker #, # Buck-jumper #, _n_. a horse given
to bucking or buck-jumping.
1853. H. Berkeley Jones, 'Adventures in Australia in 1852 and
1853,' [Footnote] p. 143:
"A 'bucker' is a vicious horse, to be found only in Australia."
1884. 'Harper's Magazine,' July, No. 301, p. 1 ('O.E.D.'):
"If we should . . . select a 'bucker,' the probabilities are
that we will come to grief."
1893. Haddon Chambers, 'Thumbnail Sketches of Australian Life,'
p. 64:
"No buck jumper could shake him off."
1893. Ibid. p. 187:
"'Were you ever on a buck-jumper?' I was asked by a friend,
shortly after my return from Australia."
# Buck-jumping #, # Bucking #, _verbal nouns_.
1855. W. Howitt, 'Two Years in Victoria,' vol. i. p. 43:
"At length it shook off all its holders, and made one of those
extraordinary vaults that they call _buck-jumping_."
1859. H. Kingsley, 'Geoffrey Hamlyn,' vol. ii. p. 212:
"That same bucking is just what puzzles me utterly."
1859. Rev. J. D. Mereweather, 'Diary of a Working Clergyman in
Australia and Tasmania, kept during the years 1850-1853,'
p. 177:
"I believe that an inveterate buckjumper can be cured by
slinging up one of the four legs, and lunging him about
severely in heavy ground on the three legs. The action they
must needs make use of on such an occasion somewhat resembles
the action of bucking; and after some severe trials of that
sort, they take a dislike to the whole style of thing. An
Irishman on the Murrumbidgee is very clever at this schooling.
It is called here 'turning a horse inside out.'"
1885. Forman (Dakota), item 26, May 6, 3 ('O.E.D.'):
"The majority of the horses there [in Australia] are vicious
and given to the trick of buck jumping." [It may be worth while
to add that this is not strictly accurate.]
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'A Colonial Reformer,' p. 94:
"'I should say that buck jumping was produced in this country
by bad breaking,' said Mr. Neuchamp oracularly. 'Don't you
believe it, sir. Bucking is like other vices--runs in the
blood.'"
# Buck-shot #, _n_. a settlers' term for a
geological formation. See quotation.
1851. 'The Australasian Quarterly,' p. 459:
"The plain under our feet was everywhere furrowed by _Dead
men's graves_, and generally covered with the granulated
lava, aptly named by the settlers _buck-shot_, and found
throughout the country on these trappean 'formations.
_Buck-shot_ is always imbedded in a sandy alluvium,
sometimes several feet thick."
# Buddawong #, _n_. a variation of _Burrawang_
(q.v.).
1877. Australie, 'The Buddawong's Crown,' 'Australian Poets,'
1788-1888, ed. Sladen, p. 39:
"A Buddawong seed-nut fell to earth,
In a cool and mossy glade,
And in spring it shot up its barbed green swords,
Secure 'neath the myrtle's shade.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
And the poor, poor palm has died indeed.
But little the strangers care,
'There are zamias in plenty more,' they say,
But the crown is a beauty rare."
# Budgeree #, _adj_. aboriginal word for good, which
is common colloquially in the bush. See _Budgerigar_.
1793. J.Hunter, 'Port Jackson,' p. 195:
"They very frequently, at the conclusion of the dance, would
apply to us . . . for marks of our approbation . . . which we
never failed to give by often repeating the word
_boojery_, good; or _boojery caribberie_, a good
dance."
# Budgerigar #, or # Betcherrygah #, _n_.
aboriginal name for the bird called by Gould the _Warbling
Grass-parrakeet_; called also _Shell-parrot_ and
_Zebra- Grass-parrakeet_. In the Port Jackson dialect
_budgeri_, or _boodgeri_, means good, excellent. In
'Collins' Vocabulary' (1798), boodjer-re = good. In New South
Wales _gar_ is common as first syllable of the name for
the white cockatoo, as _garaweh_. See _Galah_. In
the north of New South Wales _kaar_= white cockatoo. The
spelling is very various, but the first of the two above given
is the more correct etymologically. In the United States it is
spelt _beauregarde_, derived by 'Standard' from French
_beau_ and _regarde_, a manifest instance of the law
of _Hobson -Jobson_.
1847. L. Leichhardt, 'Overland Expedition,' p. 297:
"The betshiregah (_Melopsittacus Undulatus_, Gould) were
very numerous."
1848. J. Gould, 'Birds of Australia,' vol. v. Pl. 44:
"_Melopsittacus Undulatus_. Warbling Grass-Parrakeet.
Canary Parrot--colonists. _Betcherrygah_--natives of
Liverpool Plains."
1857. Letter, Nov.17, in 'Life of Fenton J. A. Hort' (1896), vol.
i. p. 388:
"There is also a small green creature like a miniature
cockatoo, called a Budgeragar, which was brought from
Australia. He is quaint and now and then noisy, but not
on the whole a demonstrative being."
1857. W. Howitt, 'Tallangetta,' vol. i. p. 48:
"Young paroquets, the green leeks, and the lovely speckled
budgregores."
1865. Lady Barker, 'Station Life in New Zealand,' p. 7:
"I saw several pairs of those pretty grass or zebra parroquets,
which are called here by the very inharmonious name of
'budgereghars.'"
2890. Lyth, 'Golden South,' c. xiv. p. 127:
"The tiny budgeriegar, sometimes called the shell parrot."
# Bugle #, _n_. name given to the Australian plant
_Ajuga australis_, R. Br., _N.O. Labiatae_.
# Bugler #, _n_. a name given in Tasmania to the fish
_Centriscus scolopax_, family _Centriscidae_; called
in Europe the _Trumpet-fish_, _Bellows-fish_, the
latter name being also used for it in Tasmania. The structure
of the mouth and snout suggests a musical instrument, or,
combined with the outline of the body, a pair of bellows. The
fish occurs also in Europe.
# Bugong #, or # Bogong #, or # Bougong #,
_n_. an Australian moth, _Danais limniace_, or_
Agrotis spina_, eaten by the aborigines.
1834. Rev. W. B. Clarke, 'Researches in the Southern Gold Fields
of New South Wales' (second edition), p. 228:
"These moths have obtained their name from their occurrence on
the 'Bogongs' or granite mountains. They were described by my
friend Dr. Bennett in his interesting work on 'New South
Wales,' 1832-4, as abundant on the Bogong Mountain, Tumut
River. I found them equally abundant, and in full vigour, in
December, coming in clouds from the granite peaks of the
Muniong Range. The blacks throw them on the fire and eat
them."
1859. H. Kingsley, 'Geoffrey Hamlyn,' p. 355:
"The westward range is called the Bougongs. The blacks during
summer are in the habit of coming thus far to collect and feed
on the great grey moths (bougongs) which are found on the
rocks."
1871. 'The Athenaeum,' May 27, p. 660:
"The Gibbs Land and Murray districts have been divided into the
following counties: . . . Bogong (native name of grubs and
moths)."
1878. R. Brough Smyth, 'The Aborigines of Victoria,'
vol. i. p. 207
"The moths--the Bugong moths(_Agrolis suffusa_) are
greedily devoured by the natives; and in former times, when
they were in season, they assembled in great numbers to eat
there, and they grew fat on this food." [Also a long footnote.]
1890. Richard Helms, 'Records of the Australian Museum,'
vol. i. No. 1:
"My aim was to obtain some 'Boogongs,' the native name for the
moths which so abundantly occur on this range, and no doubt
have given it its name."
1896. 'Sydney Mail,' April 4, Answers to Correspondents:
"It cannot be stated positively, but it is thought that the
name of the moth 'bogong' is taken from that of the mountain.
The meaning of the word is not known, but probably it is an
aboriginal word."
# Bull-a-bull #, or # Bullybul #, _n_. a child's
corruption of the Maori word _Poroporo_ (q.v.), a
flowering shrub of New Zealand. It is allied to the
_Kangaroo-Apple_ (q.v.).
1845. 'New Plymouth's National Song,' in Hursthouse's 'New
Zealand,' p. 217:
"And as for fruit, the place is full
Of that delicious bull-a-bull."
# Bullahoo #, _n_. See _Ballahoo_.
# Bull-ant #, _n_. contracted and common form of the
words _Bull-dog Ant_ (q.v.).
# Bull-dog Ant #, _n_. (frequently shortened to
_Bull-dog_ or _Bull-ant_), an ant of large size with
a fierce bite. The name is applied to various species of the
genus _Myrmecia_, which is common throughout Australia and
Tasmania.
1878. Mrs. H. Jones, 'Long Years in Australia,' p. 93:
"Busy colonies of ants (which everywhere infest the
country). . . One kind is very warlike--the 'bull-dog':
sentinels stand on the watch, outside the nest, and in case of
attack disappear for a moment and return with a whole army of
the red-headed monsters, and should they nip you, will give you
a remembrance of their sting never to be forgotten."
1888. Alleged 'Prize Poem,' Jubilee Exhibition:
"The aborigine is now nearly extinct,
But the bull-dog-ant and the kangaroo rat
Are a little too thick--I think."
1896. A. B. Paterson, 'Man from Snowy River,' p. 142:
"Where the wily free-selector walks in armour-plated pants,
And defies the stings of scorpion and the bites of bull-dog
ants."
# Bull-dog Shark #, i.q. _Bull-head_ (1) (q.v.).
# Bull-head #, _n_. The name is applied to many
fishes of different families in various parts of the world,
none of which are the same as the following two. (1) A shark
of Tasmania and South Australia of small size and harmless,
with teeth formed for crushing shells, _Heterodontus
phillipi_ , Lacep., family _Cestraciontidae_; also
called the _Bull-dog Shark_, and in Sydney, where it is
common, the _Port-Jackson Shark_ : the aboriginal name was
_Tabbigan_. (2) A freshwater fish of New Zealand,
_Eleotris gobioides_, Cuv.and Val., family
_Gobiidae_. See _Bighead_.
# Bulln-Bulln #, _n_. an aboriginal name for the
Lyre-bird (q.v.). This native name is imitative. The most
southerly county in Victoria is called _Buln-Buln_; it is
the haunt of the Lyre-bird.
1857. D. Bunce, 'Travels with Leichhardt in Australia,' p. 70:
"We afterwards learned that this was the work of the Bullen
Bullen, or Lyre-bird, in its search for large worms, its
favourite food."
1871. 'The Athenaeum,' May 27, p. 660:
"The Gipps Land and Murray districts have been divided into the
following counties: . . . Buln Buln (name of Lyre-bird)."
# Bull-Oak #, _n_. See _Oak_.
# Bullocky #, _n_. and _adj_. a bullockdriver."
In the bush all the heavy hauling is done with bullock-drays.
It is quite a common sight up the country to see teams of a
dozen and upwards." (B. and L.)
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Colonial Reformer,' c. xii. p. 121:
"By George, Jack, you're a regular bullocky boy."
# Bull-puncher #, or # Bullock-puncher #,
_n_. slang for a bullockdriver. According to Barrere and
Leland's 'Slang Dictionary,' the word has a somewhat different
meaning in America, where it means a drover. See _Punch_.
1872. C. N. Eden, 'My Wife and I in Queensland,' p. 49:
"The 'bull-puncher,' as bullock-drivers are familiarly called."
1873. J. Mathew, song 'Hawking,' in 'Queenslander,' Oct. 4:
"The stockmen and the bushmen and the shepherds leave the station,
And the hardy bullock-punchers throw aside their occupation."
1889. Cassell's 'Picturesque Australasia,' vol. iv. p. 143:
"These teams would comprise from five to six pairs of bullocks
each, and were driven by a man euphoniously termed a
'bull-puncher.' Armed with a six-foot thong, fastened to a
supple stick seven feet long. . . ."
# Bull-rout #, _n_. a fish of New South Wales,
_Centropogon robustus_, Guenth., family
_Scorpaenidae_.
1882. Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, 'Fish of New South Wales,'
p. 48:
"It emits a loud and harsh grunting noise when it is
caught. . . . The fisherman knows what he has got by the noise
before he brings his fish to the surface. . . . When out of the
water the noise of the bull-rout is loudest, and it spreads its
gills and fins a little, so as to appear very formidable. . . .
The blacks held it in great dread, and the name of bull-rout
may possibly be a corruption of some native word."
# Bull's-eye #, _n_. a fish of New South Wales,
_Priacanthus macracanthus_, Cuv.and Val.
_Priacanthus_, says Guenther, is a percoid fish with short
snout, lower jaw and chin prominent, and small rough scales all
over them and the body generally. The eye large, and the
colour red, pink, or silvery.
1884. E. P. Ramsay, 'Fisheries Exhibition Literature,' vol. v.
p. 311:
"Another good table-fish is the 'bull's-eye,' a beautiful
salmon-red fish with small scales. . . . At times it enters
the harbours in considerable numbers; but the supply is
irregular."
# Bulls-wool #, _n_. colloquial name for the inner
portion of the covering of the _Stringybark-tree_ (q.v.).
This is a dry finely fibrous substance, easily disintegrated by
rubbing between the hands. It forms a valuable tinder for
kindling a fire in the bush, and is largely employed for that
purpose. It is not unlike the matted hair of a bull, and is
reddish in colour, hence perhaps this nickname, which is common
in the Tasmanian bush.
# Bully #, _n_. a Tasmanian fish, _Blennius
tasmanianus_, Richards., family _Blennidae_.
# Bulrush #, _n_. See _Wonga_ and _Raupo_.
# Bung, to go #, _v_. to fail, to become bankrupt.
This phrase of English school-boy slang, meaning to go off with
an explosion, to go to smash (also according to Barrere and
Leland still in use among American thieves), is in very
frequent use in Australia. In Melbourne in the times that
followed the collapse of the land-boom it was a common
expression to say that Mr. So-and-so had "gone bung," sc. filed
his schedule or made a composition with creditors; or that an
institution had "gone bung," sc. closed its doors, collapsed.
In parts of Australia, in New South Wales and Queensland, the
word "bung" is an aboriginal word meaning "dead," and even
though the slang word be of English origin, its frequency of
use in Australia may be due to the existence of the aboriginal
word, which forms the last syllable in _Billabong_ (q.v.),
and in the aboriginal word _milbung_ blind, literally,
eye-dead.
(a) The aboriginal word.
1847. J. D. Lang, 'Cooksland,' p. 430:
"A place called Umpie Bung, or the dead houses."
[It is now a suburb of Brisbane, Humpy-bong.]
1881. A. C. Grant, 'Bush Life in Queensland,' vol. ii. p. 175
[in Blacks' pigeon English]:
"Missis bail bong, ony cawbawn prighten. (Missis not dead,
only dreadfully frightened.)"
1882. A. J. Boyd, 'Old Colonials,' p. 73:
"But just before you hands 'im [the horse] over and gets
the money, he goes bong on you" (i.e. he dies).
1885. H. Finch-Hatton, 'Advance Australia,' p: 142:
"Their [the blacks'] ordinary creed is very simple. 'Directly
me bung (die) me jump up white feller,' and this seems to be
the height of their ambition."
1895. 'The Age,' Dec. 21, p. 13, col. 6:
"'Then soon go bong, mummy,' said Ning, solemnly.
'Die,' corrected Clare. You mustn't talk blacks' language.'
'Suppose you go bong,' pursued Ning reflectively, 'then you go
to Heaven.'"
(b) The slang word.
1885. 'Australian Printers' Keepsake,' p. 40:
"He was importuned to desist, as his musical talent had
'gone bung,' probably from over-indulgence in confectionery."
1893. 'The Argus,' April 15 (by Oriel), p. 13, col. 2:
"Still change is humanity's lot. It is but the space of a day
Till cold is the damask cheek, and silent the eloquent tongue,
All flesh is grass, says the preacher, like grass it is withered
away,
And we gaze on a bank in the evening, and lo, in the morn
'tis bung."
1893. Professor Gosman, 'The Argus,' April 24, p. 7, col. 4:
"Banks might fail, but the treasures of thought could never go
'bung.'"
1893. 'The Herald' (Melbourne), April 25, p. 2, col. 4:
"Perhaps Sydney may supply us with a useful example. One
member of the mischief-making brotherhood wrote the words 'gone
bung' under a notice on the Government Savings Bank, and he was
brought before the Police Court charged with damaging the
bank's property to the extent of 3d. The offender offered the
Bench his views on the bank, but the magistrates bluntly told
him his conduct was disgraceful, and fined him L 3 with costs,
or two months' imprisonment."
# Bunga # or # Bungy #, _n_. a New Zealand
settlers' corruption of the Maori word _punga_ (q.v.).
# Bunt #, _n_. a Queensland fungus growing on wheat,
fetid when crushed. _Tilletia caries_, Tul.,
_N.O. Fungi_.
# Bunya-Bunya #, _n_. aboriginal word. [_Bunyi_
at heads of Burnett, Mary, and Brisbane rivers, Queensland;
_baanya_, on the Darling Downs.] An Australian tree,
_Araucaria bidwillii_, Hooker, with fruit somewhat like
_Bertholletia excelsa_, _N.O. Coniferae_.
Widgi-Widgi station on the Mary was the head-quarters for the
fruit of this tree, and some thousands of blacks used to
assemble there in the season to feast on it; it was at this
assembly that they used to indulge in cannibalism ; every third
year the trees were said to bear a very abundant crop. The
Bunya-Bunya mountains in Queensland derive their name from this
tree.
1843. L. Leichhardt, Letter in 'Cooksland, by J. D. Lang,
p. 82:
"The bunya-bunya tree is noble and gigantic, and its
umbrella-like head overtowers all the trees of the bush."
1844. Ibid. p. 89:
"The kernel of the Bunya fruit has a very fine aroma,
and it is certainly delicious eating."
1844. 'Port Phillip Patriot,' July 25:
"The Bunya-Bunya or _Araucaria_ on the seeds of which
numerous tribes of blacks are accustomed to feed."
1879. W. R. Guilfoyle, 'First Book of Australian Botany,' p. 58:
"A splendid timber tree of South Queensland, where it forms
dense forests, one of the finest of the Araucaria tribe,
attaining an approximate height of 200 feet. The Bunya-Bunya
withstands drought better than most of the genus, and
flourishes luxuriantly in and around Melbourne."
1887. J. Mathew, in Curr's 'Australian Race,' vol. iii. p. 161:
[A full account.] "In laying up a store of bunyas, the blacks
exhibited an unusual foresight. When the fruit was in season,
they filled netted bags with the seeds, and buried them."
1889. Hill, quoted by J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 7:
"The cones shed their seeds, which are two to two and a half
inches long by three-quarters of an inch broad; they are sweet
before being perfectly ripe, and after that resemble roasted
chestnuts in taste. They are plentiful once in three years,
and when the ripening season arrives, which is generally in the
month of January, the aborigina&ls assemble in large numbers
from a great distance around, and feast upon them. Each tribe
has its own particular set of trees, and of these each family
has a certain number allotted, which are handed down from
generation to generation with great exactness. The bunya is
remarkable as being the only hereditary property which any of
the aborigines are known to possess, and it is therefore
protected by law. The food seems to have a fattening effect on
the aborigines, and they eat large quantities of it after
roasting it at the fire."
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 377:
"The 'Bunya-bunya' of the aboriginals--a name invariably
adopted by the colonists."
1892. J. Fraser, 'Aborigines of New South Wales,' p. 50:
"The Bunya-bunya tree, in the proper season, bears a fir cone
of great size--six to nine inches long-and this, when roasted,
yields a vegetable pulp, pleasant to eat and nutritious."
1893. 'Sydney Morning Herald,' Aug. 19, p. 7, col. 1:
"There is a beautiful bunya-bunya in a garden just beyond, its
foliage fresh varnished by the rain, and toning from a rich
darkness to the very spring tint of tender green."
# Bunyip #, _n_. (1) the aboriginal name of a
fabulous animal. See quotations. For the traditions of the
natives on this subject see Brough Smyth, 'Aborigines of
Victoria,' vol. i. p. 435.
1848. W. Westgarth, 'Australia Felix,' p. 391:
"Certain large fossil bones, found in various parts of
Australia Felix, have been referred by the natives, when
consulted on the subject by the colonists, to a huge animal of
extraordinary appearance, called in some districts the Bunyup,
in others the Kianpraty, which they assert to be still alive.
It is described as of amphibious character, inhabiting deep
rivers, and permanent water-holes, having a round head, an
elongated neck, with a body and tail resembling an ox. These
reports have not been unattended to, and the bunyup is said to
have been actually seen by many parties, colonists as well as
aborigines. . . .[A skull which the natives said was that of a
'piccinini Kianpraty' was found by Professor Owen to be that of
a young calf. The Professor] considers it all but impossible
that such a large animal as the bunyup of the natives can be
now living in the country. [Mr. Westgarth suspects] it is only
a tradition of the alligator or crocodile of the north."
1849. W. S. Macleay, 'Tasmanian journal,' vol. iii. p. 275:
"On the skull now exhibited at the Colonial Museum of Sydney as
that of the Bunyip."
1855. G. C. Mundy, 'Our Antipodes,' p. 214:
"Did my reader ever hear of the Bunyip (fearful name to the
aboriginal native!) a sort of 'half-horse, half-alligator,'
haunting the wide rushy swamps and lagoons of the interior?"
1859. H. Kingsley, 'Geoffrey Hamlyn,' p. 258:
"The river is too deep, child, and the Bunyip lives in the
water under the stones."
1865. 'Once a Week,' Dec. 31, p. 45, The Bulla Bulla Bunyip':
"Beyond a doubt, in 'Lushy Luke's' belief, a Bunyip had taken
temporary lodgings outside the town. This _bete noire_ of
the Australian bush Luke asserted he had often seen in bygone
times. He described it as being bigger than an elephant, in
shape like a 'poley' bullock, with eyes like live coals, and
with tusks like a walrus's. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
"What the Bunyip is, I cannot pretend to say, but I think it is
highly probable that the stories told by both old bushmen and
blackfellows, of some bush beast bigger and fiercer than any
commonly known in Australia, are founded on fact. Fear and the
love of the marvellous may have introduced a considerable
element of exaggeration into these stories, but I cannot help
suspecting that the myths have an historical basis."
1872. C. Gould, 'Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society
of Tasmania,' 1872, p. 33:
"The belief in the Bunyip was just as prevalent among the
natives in parts hundreds of miles distant from any stream in
which alligators occur. . . . Some other animal must be sought
for." . . . [Gould then quotes from 'The Mercury' of April 26,
1872, an extract from the 'Wagga Advertiser']: "There really is
a Bunyip or Waa-wee, actually existing not far from us . . . in
the Midgeon Lagoon, sixteen miles north of Naraudera . . . I
saw a creature coming through the water with tremendous
rapidity . . . . The animal was about half as long again as an
ordinary retriever dog, the hair all over its body was jet
black and shining, its coat was very long." [Gould cites other
instances, and concludes that the Bunyip is probably a seal.]
1890. C. Lumholtz, 'Among Cannibals,' p. 202:
"In the south-eastern part of Australia the evil spirit of the
natives is called _Bunjup_, a monster which is believed to
dwell in the lakes. It has of late been supposed that this is
a mammal of considerable size that has not yet been discovered
. . . is described as a monster with countless eyes and
ears. . . . He has sharp claws, and can run so fast that it is
difficult to escape him. He is cruel, and spares no one either
young or old."
1894. 'The Argus,' June 23, p. 11, col. 4:
"The hollow boom so often heard on the margin of reedy swamps
--more hollow and louder by night than day--is the mythical
bunyip, the actual bittern."
(2) In a secondary sense, a synonym for an impostor.
1852. G. C. Mundy, 'Our Antipodes' (edition 1855), p. 214:
"One advantage arose from the aforesaid long-deferred discovery
--a new and strong word was adopted into the Australian
vocabulary: Bunyip became, and remains a Sydney synonoyme for
_impostor, pretender, humbug_, and the like. The black
fellows, however, unaware of the extinction, by superior
authority, of their favourite _loup-garou_, still continue
to cherish the fabulous bunyip in their shuddering
imagination."
1853. W. C. Wentworth--Speech in August quoted by Sir Henry
Parkes in 'Fifty Years of Australian History' (1892),
vol. i. p. 41:
"They had been twitted with attempting to create a mushroom, a
Brummagem, a bunyip aristocracy; but I need scarcely observe
that where argument fails ridicule is generally resorted to for
aid."
# Burnet, Native #, _n_. The name is given in
Australia to the plant _Acaena ovina_, Cunn.,
_N.O. Rosaceae_.
# Burnett Salmon #, _n_. one of the names given to
the fish _Ceratodus forsteri_, Krefft. See
_Burramundi_.
# Burnt-stuff #, _n_. a geological term used by miners.
See quotation.
1853. Mrs. Chas. Clancy, 'Lady's Visit to Gold Diggings,' p. 112:
"The top, or surface soil, for which a spade or shovel is used,
was of clay. This was succeeded by a strata almost as hard as
iron--technically called 'burnt-stuff'--which robbed the pick
of its points nearly as soon as the blacksmith had steeled them
at a charge of 2s. 6d. a point."
# Bur #, _n_. In Tasmania the name is applied to
_Acaena rosaceae_, Vahl., _N.O. Rosaceae_.
# Burramundi #, or # Barramunda #, _n_. a
fresh-water fish, _Osteoglossum leichhardtii_, Guenth.,
family _Osteoglossidae_, found in the Dawson and Fitzroy
Rivers, Queensland. The name is also incorrectly applied by
the colonists to the large tidal perch of the Fitzroy River,
Queensland, _Lates calcarifer_, Guenth., a widely
distributed fish in the East Indies, and to _Ceratodus
forsteri_, Krefft, family _Sirenidae_, of the Mary and
Burnett Rivers, Queensland. Burramundi is the aboriginal name
for _O. leichhardtii_. The spelling _barramunda_ is
due to the influence of _barracouta_ (q.v.). See
_Perch_.
1873. A. Trollope, 'Australia and New Zealand,'
vol. i. p. 189:
"There is a fish too at Rockhampton called the burra mundi,--
I hope I spell the name rightly,--which is very commendable."
1880. Guenther, 'Study of Fishes,' p. 357:
"_Ceratodus_. . . . Two species, _C. forsteri_ and
_C. miolepis_, are known from fresh-waters of
Queensland. . . . Locally the settlers call it 'flathead,'
'Burnett or Dawson salmon,' and the aborigines 'barramunda,' a
name which they apply also to other largescaled fresh-water
fishes, as the _Osteoglossum leichhardtii_. . . . The
discovery of _Ceratodus_ does not date farther back than
the year 1870."
1882. W. Macleay, 'Descriptive Catalogue of Australian fishes'
('Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales,'
vol. vi. p. 256):
"_Osteoglossum leichhardtii_, Gunth. Barramundi of the
aborigines of the Dawson River."
1892. Baldwin Spencer, 'Proceedings of the Royal Society
of Victoria,' vol. iv. [Note on the habits of _Ceratodus
forsterii_]
"It has two common names, one of which is the 'Burnett Salmon'
and the other the 'Barramunda" . . . the latter name . . . is
properly applied to a very different form, a true teleostean
fish (_Osteoglossum leichhardtii_) which is
found . . . further north . . . in the Dawson and
Fitzroy . . . Mr. Saville Kent states that the Ceratodus is much
prized as food. This is a mistake, for, as a matter of fact,
it is only eaten by Chinese and those who can afford to get
nothing better."
# Burrawang #, or # Burwan #, _n_. an Australian
nut-tree, _Macrozamia spiralis_, Miq.
1827. P. Cunningham, 'Two Years in New South Wales,' vol. i.
p. 221:
"The burwan is a nut much relished by our natives, who prepare
it by roasting and immersion in a running stream, to free it
from its poisonous qualities."
1851. J. Henderson, 'Excursions in New South Wales,' vol. ii.
p. 238
"The Burrowan, which grows in a sandy soil, and produces
an inedible fruit, resembling the pine-apple in appearance."
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 41:
"Burrawang nut, so called because they used to be, and are to
some extent now, very common about Burrawang, N.S.W. The nuts
are relished by the aboriginals. An arrowroot of very good
quality is obtained from them."
# Bush #, _n_. Not originally an Australian
application. "Recent, and probably a direct adoption of the
Dutch _Bosch_, in colonies originally Dutch" ('O.E.D.'),
[quoting (1780) Forster, in 'Phil. Trans.' lxxi. 2, "The common
Bush-cat of the Cape;" and (1818) Scott, 'Tapestr. Chamber,'
"When I was in the Bush, as the Virginians call it"].
"Woodland, country more or less covered with natural wood
applied to the uncleared or untitled districts in the British
Colonies which are still in a state of nature, or largely so,
even though not wooded; and by extension to the country as
opposed to the towns." ('O.E.D.')
1830. R. Dawson, 'Present State of Australia,' p. 48:
"I have spent a good deal of my time in the woods, or bush, as
it is called here.'
1836. Ross, 'Hobart Town Almanack,' p. 85:
"With the exception of two or three little farms, comprising
about 20 or 30 acres of cultivation, all was 'bush' as it is
colonially called. The undergrowth was mostly clear, being
covered only with grass or herbs, with here and there some low
shrubs."
1837. J. D. Lang, 'New South Wales,' vol. i. p. 253:
"His house was well enough for the bush, as the country is
generally termed in the colony."
1855. From a letter quoted in Wathen's 'The Golden Colony,'
p. 117:
"'The Bush,' when the word is used in the towns, means all the
uninclosed and uncultivated country . . . when in the country,
'the Bush' means more especially the forest. The word itself
has been borrowed from the Cape, and is of Dutch origin."
1857. 'The Argus,' Dec. 14, p. 5, col. 7:
"'Give us something to do in or about Melbourne, not away in
the bush,' says the deputation of the unemployed."
1861. T. McCombie,' Australian Sketches,' p. 123:
"At first the eternal silence of the bush is oppressive, but a
short sojourn is sufficient to accustom a neophyte to the new
scene, and he speedily becomes enamoured of it."
1865. J. F. Mortlock, 'Experiences of a Convict,' p. 83:
"The 'bush,' a generic term synonymous with 'forest' or
'jungle,' applied to all land in its primaeval condition,
whether occupied by herds or not."
1872. A. McFarland, 'Illawarra and Manaro,' p. 113:
"All the advantages of civilized life have been surrendered
for the bush, its blanket and gunyah."
1873. A. Trollope, 'Australia and New Zealand,'
vol. i. p. 250:
"The technical meaning of the word 'bush.' The bush is the
gum-tree forest, with which so great a part of Australia is
covered, that folk who follow a country life are invariably
said to live in the bush. Squatters who look after their own
runs always live in the bush, even though their sheep are
pastured on plains. Instead of a town mouse and a country
mouse in Australia, there would be a town mouse and a bush
mouse; but mice living in the small country towns would still
be bush mice."
Ibid. c. xx. p. 299:
"Nearly every place beyond the influence of the big towns is
called 'bush,' even though there should not be a tree to be
seen around."
1883. G. W. Rusden, 'History of Australia,' vol. i. p. 67, n.:
"Bush was a general term for the interior. It might be thick
bush, open bush, bush forest, or scrubby bushterms which
explain themselves."
1885. H. Finch-Hatton, 'Advance Australia,' p. 40:
"The first thing that strikes me is the lifeless solitude of
the bush. . . . There is a deep fascination about the freedom
of the bush."
1890. E. W. Hornung [Title]:
"A Bride from the Bush."
1896. 'Otago Daily Times,' Jan. 27, p. 2, col. 5:
"Almost the whole of New South Wales is covered with bush.
It is not the bush as known in New Zealand. It is rather
a park-like expanse, where the trees stand widely apart,
and where there is grass on the soil between them."
# Bush #, _adj_. or _in composition_, not always
easy to distinguish, the hyphen depending on the fancy of the
writer.
1836. Ross, 'Hobart Town Almanack,' p. 75:
"The round trundling of our cart wheels, it is well known, does
not always improve the labours of Macadam, much less a bush
road."
1848. Letter by Mrs. Perry, given in Canon Goodman's 'Church
in Victoria, during Episcopate of Bishop Perry,'p. 75:
"A hard bush sofa, without back or ends."
1849. J. Sidney, 'Emigrants' Journal, and Travellers'
Magazine,' p. 40 (Letter from Caroline Chisholm):
"What I would particularly recommend to new settlers is
'_Bush Partnership'_--Let two friends or neighbours agree
to work together, until three acres are cropped, dividing the
work, the expense, and the produce--this partnership will grow
apace; I have made numerous bush agreements of this kind . . .
I never knew any quarrel or bad feeling result from these
partnerships, on the contrary, I believe them calculated to
promote much neighbourly good will; but in the association of a
large number of strangers, for an indefinite period, I have no
confidence."
1857. W. Westgarth, 'Victoria,' c. xi. p. 250:
"The gloomy antithesis of good bushranging and bad bush-roads."
[Bush-road, however, does not usually mean a made-road through
the bush, but a road which has not been formed, and is in a
state of nature except for the wear of vehicles upon it, and
perhaps the clearing of trees and scrub.]
1864. 'The Reader,' April 2, p. 40, col. 1 ('O.E.D.'):
"The roads from the nascent metropolis still partook mainly of
the random character of 'bush tracks.'"
1865. W. Hewitt, 'Discovery in Australia,' vol. ii. p. 211:
"Dr. Wills offered to go himself in the absence of any more
youthful and, through bush seasoning, qualified person."
1880. 'Blackwood's Magazine,' Feb., p. 169 [Title]:
"Bush-Life in Queensland."
1881. R. M. Praed, 'Policy and Passion,' c. i. p. 59:
"The driver paused before a bush inn."
[In Australia the word "inn" is now rare. The word "hotel"
has supplanted it.]
1889. Cassell's 'Picturesque Australasia,' vol. iv.p. 3:
"Not as bush roads go. The Australian habit is here followed
of using 'bush' for country, though no word could be more
ludicrously inapplicable, for there is hardly anything on the
way that can really be called a bush."
1894. 'Sydney Morning Herald' (exact date lost):
"Canada, Cape Colony, and Australia have preserved the old
significance of Bush--Chaucer has it so--as a territory on
which there are trees; it is a simple but, after all, a kindly
development that when a territory is so unlucky as to have no
trees, sometimes, indeed, to be bald of any growth whatever,
it should still be spoken of as if it had them."
1896. Rolf Boldrewood, in preface to 'The Man from Snowy
River':
"It is not easy to write ballads descriptive of the bushland
of Australia, as on light consideration would appear."
1896. H. Lawson, 'While the Billy boils,' p. 104:
"About Byrock we met the bush liar in all his glory. He was
dressed like--like a bush larrikin. His name was Jim."
# Bush-faller #, _n_. one who cuts down timber in the
bush.
1882. 'Pall Mall Gazette,' June 29, p. 2, col. 1:
"A broken-down, deserted shanty, inhabited once, perhaps, by
rail-splitters or bush-fallers." ['O.E.D.,' from which this
quotation is taken, puts (?) before the meaning; but "To fall"
is not uncommon in Australia for "to fell."]
# Bush-fire #, _n_. forests and grass on fire in hot
summers.
1868. C. Dilke, 'Greater Britain,' vol. ii. part iii. c. iii.
p. 32:
"The smoke from these bush-fires extends for hundreds of miles
to sea."
1884. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Melbourne Memories,' c. xxii. p. 156:
"A reserve in case of bush-fires and bad seasons."
# Bush-lawyer #, _n_. (1) A Bramble.
See _Lawyer_.
(2) Name often used for a layman who fancies he knows all about
the law without consulting a solicitor. He talks a great deal,
and 'lays down the law.'
1896. H. G. Turner, 'Lecture on J. P. Fawkner':
"For some years he cultivated and developed his capacity for
rhetorical argument by practising in the minor courts of law in
Tasmania as a paid advocate, a position which in those days,
and under the exceptional circumstances of the Colony, was not
restricted to members of the legal profession, and the term
Bush Lawyer probably takes its origin from the practice of this
period."
# Bush-magpie #, _n_. an Australian bird, more
commonly called a _Magpie_ (q.v.).
1888. Cassell's 'Picturesque Australasia,' vol. ii. p. 235:
". . . the omnipresent bush-magpie. Here he may warble all the
day long on the liquid, mellifluous notes of his Doric flute,
fit pipe indeed for academic groves . . . sweetest and brightest,
most cheery and sociable of all Australian birds."
# Bushman #, _n_. (1) Settler in the bush.
Used to distinguish country residents from townsfolk.
1852. 'Blackwood's Magazine,' p. 522 ('O.E.D.'):
"Where the wild bushman eats his loathly fare."
1880. J. Mathew, song, 'The Bushman:'
"How weary, how dreary the stillness must be!
But oh! the lone bushman is dreaming of me."
1886. Frank Cowan: 'Australia; a Charcoal Sketch':
"The bushman . . . _Gunyah_, his bark hovel; _Damper_,
his unleavened bread baked in the ashes; _Billy_, his
tea-kettle, universal pot and pan and bucket; _Sugar-bag_,
his source of saccharine, a bee-tree; _Pheasant_, his
facetious metaphoric euphism for Liar, quasi Lyre-bird; _Fit
for Woogooroo_, for Daft or Idiotic; _Brumby_, his
peculiar term for wild horse; _Scrubber_, wild ox;
_Nuggeting_, calf-stealing; _Jumbuck_, sheep, in
general; an _Old-man_, grizzled wallaroo or kangaroo;
_Station, Run_, a sheep- or cattle-ranch; and
_Kabonboodgery_--an echo of the sound diablery for ever in
his ears, from dawn to dusk of Laughing Jackass and from dusk
to dawn of Dingo--his half-bird -and-beast-like vocal
substitute for Very Good. . . ."
1896. H.Lawson, 'While the Billy boils,' p. 71:
"He was a typical bushman, . . . and of the old bush school;
one of those slight active little fellows, whom we used to see
in cabbage-tree hats, Crimean shirts, strapped trousers, and
elastic-side boots."
(2) One who has knowledge of the bush, and is skilled in its
ways. A "good bushman" is especially used of a man who can
find his way where there are no tracks.
1868. J. Bonwick, 'John Batman, Founder of Victoria,' pp. 78, 79:
"It is hardly likely that so splendid a bushman as Mr. Batman
would venture upon such an expedition had he not been well.
In fact a better bushman at this time could not be met with."
1881. A. C. Grant, 'Bush Life in Queensland,' vol. ii. p. 3:
"The worst bushman had to undertake the charge of the camp,
cook the provisions, and look after the horses, during the
absence of the rest on flying excursions."
1885. H. Finch-Hatton, 'Advance Australia,' p. 40:
"Very slight landmarks will serve to guide a good bushman,
for no two places are really exactly alike."
1891. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Sydney-side Saxon,' p. 78:
"One of the best bushmen in that part of the country: the men
said he could find his way over it blindfold, or on the darkest
night that ever was."
(3) Special sense. See quotation.
1881. A. C. Grant, 'Bush Life in Queensland,' vol. i. p. 80:
"Some were what is termed, _par excellence_, bushmen--that
is, men who split rails, get posts, shingles, take contracts
for building houses, stockyards, etc.--men, in fact, who work
among timber continually, sometimes felling and splitting,
sometimes sawing."
# Bushmanship #, _n_. knowledge of the ways of the
bush.
1882. A. J. Boyd, 'Old Colonials,' p. 261:
"A good laugh at the bushmanship displayed."
# Bushranger #, _n_. one who ranges or traverses the
bush, far and wide; an Australian highwayman; in the early days
usually an escaped convict. Shakspeare uses the verb 'to
range' in this connection.
"Then thieves and robbers range abroad unseen
In murders and in outrage, boldly here."
('Richard II.,' III. ii. 39.)
"Ranger" is used in modern English for one who protects
and not for one who robs; as 'the Ranger' of a Park.
1806. May 4, 'Sydney Gazette' or 'New South Wales Advertiser,
given in 'History of New South Wales,' p. 265:
"Yesterday afternoon, William Page, the bushranger repeatedly
advertised, was apprehended by three constables."
1820. W. C. Wentworth, 'Description of New South Wales,'
p. 166:
[The settlements in Van Diemen's Land have] "been infested for
many years past by a banditti of runaway convicts, who have
endangered the person and property of every one. . . . These
wretches, who are known in the colony by the name of
bushrangers. . ."
1820. Lieut. Chas. Jeffreys, 'Van Dieman's [sic] Land,' p. 15:
"The supposition . . . rests solely on the authority of the Bush
Rangers, a species of wandering brigands, who will be elsewhere
described."
1838. T. L. 'Mitchell, 'Three Expeditions,' vol. i. p. 9:
"Bushrangers, a sub-genus in the order banditti, which happily
can now only exist there in places inaccessible to the mounted
police."
1845. R. Howitt, 'Australia,' p. 81:
"This country [Van Diemen's Land] is as much infested as New
South Wales with robbers, runaway convicts, or, as they are
termed, Bush-rangers."
1861. T. McCombie, 'Australian Sketches,' p. 77:
"The whole region was infested by marauding bands of
bush-rangers, terrible after nightfall."
1887. J. F. Hogan, 'The Irish in Australia, p. 252:
"Whilst he was engaged in this duty in Victoria, a band
of outlaws--'bushrangers' as they are colonially termed--
who had long defied capture, and had carried on a career
of murder and robbery, descended from their haunts in
the mountain ranges."
# Bush-ranging #, _n_. the practice of the Bushranger
(q.v.).
1827. 'Captain Robinson's Report,' Dec. 23
"It was a subject of complaint among the settlers, that their
assigned servants could not be known from soldiers, owing to
their dress; which very much assisted the crime of
'bush-ranging.'"
# Bush-scrubber #, _n_. a bushman's word for a boor,
bumpkin, or slatternly person. See _Scrubber_.
1896. Modern. Up-country manservant on seeing his new
mistress:
"My word! a real lady! she's no bush-scrubber!"
# Bush-telegraph #, _n_. Confederates of bushrangers
who supply them with secret information of the movements of the
police.
1878. 'The Australian,' vol. i. p. 507:
"The police are baffled by the false reports of the
confederates and the number and activity of the bush
telegraphs."
1893. Kenneth Mackay, 'Out Back,' p. 74:
"A hint dropped in this town set the bush telegraphs riding in
all directions."
# Bushwoman #, _n_. See quotation.
1892. 'The Australasian,' April 9, p. 707, col. 1:
"But who has championed the cause of the woman of the bush--
or, would it be more correct to say bushwoman, as well as
bushman?--and allowed her also a claim to participate in the
founding of a nation?"
# Bush-wren #, _n_. See _Wren_.
1888. W. L. Buller, 'Birds of New Zealand,' vol. i. p. 108:
[A full description.]
# Bushed #, _adj., quasi past participle_,
lost in the bush; then, lost or at a loss.
1661. T. McCombie, 'Australian Sketches,' p. 115:
"I left my seat to reach a shelter, which was so many miles
off, that I narrowly escaped being 'bushed.'"
1865. W. Howitt, 'Discovery in Australia,' vol. i. p. 283:
"The poor youth, new to the wilds, had, in the expressive
phrase of the colonials, got bushed, that is, utterly
bewildered, and thus lost all idea of the direction that he
ought to pursue."
1885. R. M. Praed, 'Australian Life,' p. 29:
"I get quite bushed in these streets."
1896. 'The Argus,' Jan. 1, p. 4, col. 9:
"The Ministry did not assume its duty of leading the House, and
Mr. Higgins graphically described the position of affairs by
stating that the House was 'bushed;' while Mr. Shiels compared
the situation to a rudderless ship drifting hither and
thither."
# Bustard #, _n_. "There are about twenty species,
mostly of Africa, several of India, one of Australia, and three
properly European." ('Century.') The Australian variety is
_Eupodotis australis_, Gray, called also _Wild
Turkey_, _Native Turkey_, and _Plain Turkey_. See
_Turkey_.
# Buster, Southerly #, _n_. The word is a corruption
of 'burster,' that which bursts. A sudden and violent squall
from the south. The name, used first in Sydney, has been
adopted also in other Australian cities. See _Brickfielder_.
1863. F. Fowler, in 'Athenaeum,' Feb. 21, p. 264, col. 1:
"The cold wind or southerly buster which . . . carries a thick
cloud of dust . . . across the city."
1878. 'The Australian,' vol. i. p. 587:
"_Southerly Busters_ by 'Ironbark.'"
1886. F. Cowan, 'Australia, a Charcoal Sketch':
"The Buster and Brickfielder: austral red-dust blizzard;
and red-hot Simoom."
1889. Rev. J. H. Zillmann, 'Australian Life,' p. 40:
"Generally these winds end in what is commonly called a
'southerly buster.' This is preceded by a lull in the hot
wind; then suddenly (as it has been put) it is as though a
bladder of cool air were exploded, and the strong cool
southerly air drives up with tremendous force. However
pleasant the change of temperature may be it is no mere pastime
to be caught in a 'southerly buster,' but the drifting rain
which always follows soon sets matters right, allays the dust,
and then follows the calm fresh bracing wind which is the more
delightful by contrast with the misery through which one has
passed for three long dreary days and nights."
1893. 'The Australasian,' Aug. 12, p. 302, col. 1:
"You should see him with Commodore Jack out in the teeth
of the 'hard glad weather,' when a southerly buster sweeps
up the harbour."
1896. H. A.Hunt, in 'Three Essays on Australian Weather'
(Sydney), p. 16:
An Essay on Southerly Bursters, . . . with Four Photographs
and Five Diagrams."
[Title of an essay which was awarded the prize of L 25 offered
by the Hon. Ralph Abercrombie.]
# Butcher #, _n_. South Australian slang for a long
drink of beer, so-called (it is said) because the men of a
certain butchery in Adelaide used this refreshment regularly;
cf. "porter" in England, after the drink of the old London
porters.
# Butcher-bird #, _n_. The name is in use elsewhere,
but in Australia it is applied to the genus _Cracticus_.
The varieties are--
The Butcher-bird--
_Cracticus torquatus_, Lath.; formerly
_C. destructor_, Gould.
Black B.--
_C. quoyi_, Less.
Black-throated B.--
_C. nigrigularis_, Gould.
Grey B. (Derwent Jackass)--
_C. cinereus_, Gould (see _Jackass_).
Pied B.--
_C. picatus_, Gould.
Rufous B.--
_C. rufescens_, De Vis.
Silver-backed B.--
_C. argenteus_, Gould.
Spalding's B.--
_C. spaldingi_, Masters.
White-winged B.--
_C. leucopterus_, Cav.
The bird is sometimes called a _Crow-shrike_.
1827. Vigors and Horsfield, 'Transactions of Linnaean Society,'
vol. xv. p. 213:
"Mr. Caley observes--Butcher-bird. This bird used frequently
to come into some green wattle-trees near my house, and in wet
weather was very noisy; from which circumstance it obtained the
name of 'Rain-bird.'"
1848. J. Gould, 'Birds of Australia,' vol. ii. Pl. 52:
"_Cracticus Destructor_. Butcher Bird, name given by
colonists of Swan River, a permanent resident in New South
Wales and South Australia. I scarcely know of any Australian
bird so generally dispersed."
1885. H. Finch-Hatton, 'Advance Australia,' p. 50:
"Close to the station one or two butcher-birds were piping
their morning song, a strange little melody with not many
notes, which no one who has heard it will ever forget."
# Buttercup #, _n_. The familiar English flower is
represented in Australia and Tasmania by various species of
_Ranunculus_, such as _R. lappaceus_, Sm.,
_N.O. Ranunculaceae_.
# Butter-fish #, _n_. a name given in Australia to
_Oligorus mitchellii_, Castln. (see _Murray Perch_);
in Victoria, to _Chilodactylus nigricans_, Richards. (see
_Morwong_); in New Zealand, to _Coridodax pullus_,
Forst., called also _Kelp-fish_. The name is in allusion
to their slippery coating of mucus. See _Kelp-fish_.
1850. J. B. Clutterbuck, 'Port Phillip,' vol. iii. p. 44:
"In the bay are large quantities of . . . butter-fish."
1880. Guenther, 'Study of Fishes,' p. 533:
"The 'butter-fish,' or 'kelp-fish' of the colonists of New
Zealand (_C. pullus_), is prized as food, and attains to a
weight of four or five pounds."
# Butterfly-conch #, _n_. Tasmanian name for a marine
univalve mollusc, _Voluta papillosa_, Swainson.
# Butterfly-fish #, _n_. a New Zealand sea-fish,
_Gasterochisma melampus_, Richards., one of the
_Nomeidae_. The ventral fins are exceedingly broad and
long, and can be completely concealed in a fold of the abdomen.
The New Zealand fish is so named from these fins; the European
Butterfly-fish, _Blennius ocellaris_, derives its name
from the spots on its dorsal fin, like the eyes in a peacock's
tail or butterfly's wing.
# Butterfly-Lobster #, _n_. a marine crustacean, so
called from the leaf-like expansion of the antennae. It is
"the highly specialized macrourous decapod _Ibacus
Peronii_." (W. A. Haswell.)
1880. Mrs. Meredith, 'Tasmanian Friends and Foes,' p. 248:
"Those curious crustaceans that I have heard called 'butterfly
lobsters'. . . the shell of the head and body (properly known
as the carapace) expands into something like wing-forms,
entirely hiding the legs beneath them."
# Butterfly-Plant #, _n_. a small flowering plant,
_Utricularia dichotoma_, Lab., _N.O. Leutibularina_.
# Button-grass #, _n_. _Schaenus
sphaerocephalus_, Poiret, _N.O. Cyperaceae_. The grass
is found covering barren boggy land in Tasmania, but is not
peculiar to Tasmania. So called from the round shaped flower
(capitate inflorescence), on a thin stalk four or five feet
long, like a button on the end of a foil.
# Buzzard #, _n_. an English bird-name applied in
Australia to _Gypoictinia melanosternon_, Gould, the
Black-breasted Buzzard.
C
# Cabbage Garden #, a name applied to the colony of
Victoria by Sir John Robertson, the Premier of New South Wales,
in contempt for its size.
1889. Rev. J. H. Zillmann, 'Australian Life,' p. 30:
"'The cabbage garden,' old cynical Sir John Robertson, of New
South Wales, once called Victoria, but a garden
notwithstanding. Better at any rate 'the cabbage garden' than
the mere sheep run or cattle paddock."
# Cabbage-Palm #, _n._ same as _Cabbage-tree_
(1) (q.v.).
# Cabbage-tree #, _n_ (1)Name given to various palm
trees of which the heart of the young leaves is eaten like the
head of a cabbage. In Australia the name is applied to the fan
palm, _Livistona inermis_, R. Br., and more commonly to
_Livistona australis_, Martius. In New Zealand the name
is given to various species of Cordyline, especially to
_Cordyline indivisa_. See also _Flame-tree_ (2).
1769. 'Capt. Cook's Journal,' ed. Wharton (1893), p. 144:
"We likewise found one Cabage Tree which we cut down for the
sake of the cabage."
1802. G.Barrington, 'History of New South Wales,' p. 60:
"Even the ships crews helped, except those who brought the
cabbage trees."
1846. J. L. Stokes, 'Discovery in Australia,' vol. ii. c. iv.
p. 132:
"Cabbage-tree . . . grew in abundance."
1847. L. Leichhardt, 'Overland Expedition,' p. 72:
"Several of my companions suffered by eating too much of the
cabbage-palm."
1865. W. Howitt, 'Discovery in Australia,' vol. i. p. 414:
"Clumps of what the people of King George's Sound call
cabbage-trees."
1867. F. Hochstetter, 'New Zealand,' p. 240:
"There stands an isolated 'cabbage-tree' (Ti of the natives;
_Cordyline Australis_) nearly thirty feet high, with
ramified branches and a crown of luxuriant growth."
(2) A large, low-crowned, broad-brimmed hat, made out of the
leaves of the Cabbage-tree (_Livistona_).
1802. G. Barrington, 'History of New South Wales,' 335:
"This hat, made of white filaments of the cabbage-tree,
seemed to excite the attention of the whole party."
1852. G. F. P., 'Gold Pen and Pencil Sketches,' xv.:
"With scowl indignant flashing from his eye,
As though to wither each unshaven wretch,
Jack jogs along, nor condescends reply,
As to the price his cabbage-tree might fetch."
1864. 'Once a Week,' Dec. 31, p. 45, The Bulla Bulla Bunyip':
"Lushy Luke endeavoured to sober himself by dipping his head in
the hollowed tree-trunk which serves for the water-trough of an
up-country Australian inn. He forgot, however, to take off his
'cabbage-tree' before he ducked, and angry at having made a
fool of himself, he gave fierce orders, in a thick voice, for
his men to fall in, shoulder arms, and mark time."
1865. Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, 'History of the Discovery
and Exploration of Australia,' vol. i. pp. 160, 161:
"The cabbage-palm was also a new species, called by Mr. Brown
the _Livistonia inermis_. It was abundant; but the
cabbage (the heart of the young budding leaves) too small to be
useful as an article of food, at least to a ship's company.
But the leaves were found useful. These dried and drawn into
strips were plaited into hats for the men, and to this day the
cabbage-tree hat is very highly esteemed by the Australians, as
a protection from the sun, and allowing free ventilation."
[Note]: "A good cabbage-tree hat, though it very much resembles
a common straw hat, will fetch as much as L3."
1878. 'The Australian,' vol. i. p. 527:
". . . trousers, peg-top shaped, and wore a new cabbage-tree
hat."
1881. A. C. Grant, 'Bush Life in Queensland,' vol. i. p. 33:
"A brand-new cabbage-tree hat protected his head."
# Cabbage-tree Mob #, and # Cabbagites #, obsolete
Australian slang for modern _Larrikins_ (q.v)., because
wearing cabbage-tree hats.
1852. G. C. Mundy, 'Our Antipodes '(edition 1855), p. 17:
"There are to be found round the doors of the Sydney Theatre a
sort of 'loafers' known as the _Cabbage-tree mob_,--a
class who, in the spirit of the ancient tyrant, one might
excusably wish had but one nose in order to make it a bloody
one. . . . Unaware of the propensities of the cabbagites he
was by them furiously assailed."
# Cad #, _n_. name in Queensland for the _Cicada_
(q.v.).
1896. 'The Australasian,' Jan. 11, p. 76, col. 1:
"From the trees sounds the shrill chirp of large green cicada
(native cads as the bushmen call them)."
# Caddie #, _n_. a bush name for the slouch-hat or
wide-awake. In the Australian bush the brim is generally
turned down at the back and sometimes all round.
# Cadet #, _n_. term used in New Zealand,
answering to the Australian _Colonial Experience_,
or _jackaroo_ (q.v.).
1866. Lady Barker, 'Station Life in New Zealand,' p. 68:
"A cadet, as they are called--he is a clergyman's son learning
sheepfarming under our auspices."
1871. C. L. Money, 'Knocking About in New Zealand,' p. 6:
"The military designation of cadet was applied to any young
fellow who was attached to a sheep or cattle station in the
same capacity as myself. He was 'neither flesh nor fowl nor
good red herring,' neither master nor man. He was sent to work
with the men, but not paid."
# Caloprymnus #, _n_. the scientific name of the
genus called the _Plain Kangaroo-Rat_.
(Grk. _kalos_, beautiful, and _prumnon_, hinder
part.) It has bright flanks. See _Kangaroo-Rat_.
# Camp #, _n_. (1) A place to live in, generally
temporary; a rest.
1885. H. Finch-Hatton, 'Advance Australia,' pp. 46, 47:
" I was shown my camp, which was a slab but about a hundred
yards away from the big house. . . . I was rather tired, and
not sorry for the prospect of a camp."
(2) A place for mustering cattle.
1885. H. Finch-Hatton, 'Advance Australia,' p. 64:
"All about the run, at intervals of fire or six miles, are
cattle-camps, and the cattle that belong to the surrounding
districts are mustered on their respective camps."
1896. A. B. Paterson, 'Man from Snowy River,' p. 26:
"There was never his like in the open bush,
And never his match on the cattle-camps."
(3) In Australia, frequently used for a camping-out expedition.
Often in composition with "out," a _camp-out_.
1869. 'Colonial Monthly,' vol. iv.p. 289:
"A young fellow with even a moderate degree of sensibility must
be excited by the novelty of his first 'camp-out' in the
Australian bush."
1880. R. H. Inglis, 'Australian Cousins,' p. 233:
"We're going to have a regular camp; we intend going to Port
Hocking to have some shooting, fishing, and general diversion."
(4) A name for Sydney and for Hobart, now long obsolete,
originating when British military forces were stationed there.
1827. P. Cunningham, 'Two Years in New South Wales,' vol. ii.
p. 70:
"It is the old resident--he who still calls Sydney, with its
population of twelve thousand inhabitants, _the
camp_,--that can appreciate these things: he who still
recollects the few earth-huts and solitary tents scattered
through the forest brush surrounding Sydney Cove (known
properly then indeed by the name of 'The Camp')."
1852. Mrs. Meredith, 'My Home in Tasmania,' vol. i. p. 193:
"Living during the winter in Hobarton, usually called 'the
camp,' in those days."
# Camp #, _v_. (1) Generally in composition with
"out," to sleep in the open air, usually without any covering.
Camping out is exceedingly common in Australia owing to the
warmth of the climate and the rarity of rain.
1867. Lady Barker, 'Station Life in New Zealand,' p. 125:
"I like to hear of benighted or belated travellers when they
have had to 'camp out,' as it is technically called."
1875. R. and F. Hill, 'What we saw in Australia,' p. 208:
"So the Bishop determined to 'camp-out' at once where a good
fire could be made."
1881. A. C. Grant, 'Bush Life in Queensland,' vol. ii. p. 43:
"There is room here for fifty, rolled up on the floor; and
should that fail them, there is no end of other places; or the
bush, as a fall back, where, indeed, some of them prefer
camping as it is."
1891. 'The Australasian,' Nov. 14, p. 963, col. 1: 'A Lady in
the Kermadecs':
"For three months I 'camped out' there alone, shepherding a
flock of Angoras."
(2) By extension, to sleep in any unusual place, or at an
unusual time.
1893. 'Review of Reviews' (Australasian ed. ), March, p. 51:
"The campaign came to an abrupt and somewhat inglorious close,
Sir George Dibbs having to 'camp' in a railway carriage, and
Sir Henry Parkes being flood-bound at Quirindi."
1896. Modern:
"Visitor,--'Where's your Mother?' 'Oh, she's camping.'" [The
lady was enjoying an afternoon nap indoors.]
(3) To stop for a rest in the middle of the day.
1891. Mrs. Cross (Ada Cambridge), 'The Three Miss Kings,'
p. 180:
"We'll have lunch first before we investigate the caves--if
it's agreeable to you. I will take the horses out, and we'll
find a nice place to camp before they come."
(4) To floor or prove superior to. _Slang_.
1886. C. H. Kendall, 'Poems,' p. 207:
"At punching oxen you may guess
There's nothing out can camp him.
He has, in fact, the slouch and dress,
Which bullock-driver stamp him."
# Camphor-wood #, _n_. an Australian timber; the wood
of _Callitris (Frenea) robusta_, Cunn.,
_N.O. Coniferae_. Called also _Light, Black, White,
Dark_, and _Common Pine_, as the wood varies much in
its colouring. See _Pine_.
# Canajong #, _n_. Tasmanian aboriginal name for
the plants called _Pig-faces_ (q.v.).
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 44:
"Pig-faces. It was the _canajong_ of the Tasmanian
aboriginal. The fleshy fruit is eaten raw by the aborigines:
the leaves are eaten baked."
# Canary #, _n_. (1) A bird-name used in New Zealand
for _Clitonyx ochrocephala_, called also the
_Yellow-head_. Dwellers in the back-blocks of Australia
apply the name to the _Orange-fronted Ephthianura
(E. aurifrons_, Gould), and sometimes to the
_White-throated Gerygone (Gerygone albigularis_).
1888. W. L. Buller, 'Birds of New Zealand,' vol. i. p. 56:
"_Clitonyx Ochrocephala_. Yellow-head. 'Canary' of the
colonists."
(2) Slang for a convict. See quotations. As early as 1673,
'canary-bird' was thieves' English for a gaol-bird.
1827. P. Cunningham, 'Two Years in New South Wales,' vol. ii.
p. 117:
"Convicts of but recent migration are facetiously known by the
name of _canaries_, by reason of the yellow plumage in
which they are fledged at the period of landing."
1870. T. H. Braim, 'New Homes,' c. ii. p. 72:
"The prisoners were dressed in yellow-hence called 'canary
birds.'"
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Colonial Reformer,' c. vi. p. 49:
"Can't you get your canaries off the track here for about
a quarter of an hour, and let my mob of cattle pass ?"
# Candle-nut #, _n_. The name is given in Queensland
to the fruit of _Aleurites moluccana_, Willd.,
_N.O. Euphorbiaceae_. The nuts are two or more inches
diameter. The name is often given to the tree itself, which
grows wild in Queensland and is cultivated in gardens there
under the name of _A. triloba_, Forst. It is not endemic
in Australia, but the vernacular name of _Candle-nut_ is
confined to Australia and the Polynesian Islands.
1883. F. M. Bailey, 'Synopsis of Queensland Flora,' p. 472:
"Candle-nut. The kernels when dried and stuck on a reed are
used by the Polynesian Islanders as a substitute for candles,
and as an article of food in New Georgia. These nuts resemble
walnuts somewhat in size and taste. When pressed they yield a
large proportion of pure palatable oil, used as a drying-oil
for paint, and known as country walnut-oil and artists' oil."
# Cane-grass #, _n_. i.q. _Bamboo-grass_
(q.v.).
# Cape-Barren Goose #, _n_. See _Goose_.
1852. Mrs. Meredith, 'My Home in Tasmania,' vol. i. p. 114,
[Footnote]:
"The 'Cape Barren Goose' frequents the island from which it
takes its name, and others in the Straits. It is about the
same size as a common goose, the plumage a handsome mottled
brown and gray, somewhat owl-like in character."
[Cape Barren Island is in Bass Strait, between Flinders Island
and Tasmania. Banks Strait flows between Cape Barren Island
and Tasmania. The easternmost point on the island is called
Cape Barren.]
# Cape-Barren Tea #, _n_. a shrub or tree, _Correa
alba_, Andr., _N.O. Rutaceae_.
1834. Ross, 'Van Diemen's Land Annual,' p. 134:
"_Leptospermum lanigerum_, hoary tea-tree; _Acacia
decurrens_, black wattle; _Correa alba_, Cape Barren
tea. The leaves of these have been used as substitutes for tea
in the colony."
# Cape Lilac #, _n_. See _Lilac_.
# Cape Weed #, _n_. In Europe, _Roccella
tinctoria_, a lichen from the Cape de Verde Islands, from
which a dye is produced. In New Zealand, name given to the
European cats-ear, _Hypaechoris radicata_. In Australia
it is as in quotation below. See 'Globe Encyclopaedia,' 1877
(s.v.).
1878. W. R. Guilfoyle, 'First Book of Australian Botany,'
p. 60:
"Cape Weed. _Cryptostemma Calendulaceum_. (Natural
Order, _Compositae_.) This weed, which has proved such
a pest in many parts of Victoria, was introduced from the Cape
of Good Hope, as a fodder plant. It is an annual, flowering
in the spring, and giving a bright golden hue to the fields.
It proves destructive to other herbs and grasses, and though
it affords a nutritious food for stock in the spring, it dies
off in the middle of summer, after ripening its seeds, leaving
the fields quite bare."
# Caper-tree #, _n_. The Australian tree of this name
is _Capparis nobilis_, F. v. M., _N.O. Capparideae_.
The _Karum_ of the Queensland aboriginals. The fruit is
one to two inches in diameter. Called also _Grey Plum_ or
_Native Pomegranate_. The name is also given to
_Capparis Mitchelli_, Lindl. The European caper is
_Capparis spinosa_, Linn.
1894. 'Melbourne Museum Catalogue, Economic Woods,' p. 10:
"Native Caper Tree or Wild Pomegranate. Natural Order,
_Capparideae._ Found in the Mallee Scrub. A small tree.
The wood is whitish, hard, close-grained, and suitable for
engraving, carving, and similar purposes. Strongly resembles
lancewood."
# Captain Cook #, or # Cooker #, _n_. New
Zealand colonists' slang. First applied to the wild pigs of
New Zealand, supposed to be descended from those first
introduced by Captain Cook; afterwards used as term of reproach
for any pig which, like the wild variety, obstinately refused
to fatten. See _Introduction_.
1879. W. Quin, 'New Zealand Country Journal,' vol. iii. p. 55:
"Many a rare old tusker finds a home in the mountain gorges.
The immense tusks at Brooksdale attest the size of the wild
boars or Captain Cooks, as the patriarchs are generally named."
1894. E. Wakefield, 'New Zealand after Fifty Years,' p. 85:
"The leanness and roughness of the wild pig gives it quite a
different appearance from the domesticated variety; and hence a
gaunt, ill-shaped, or sorry-looking pig is everywhere called in
derision a 'Captain Cook.'"
# Carbora #, _n_. aboriginal name for (1) the
_Native Bear_. See _Bear_.
(2) A kind of water worm that eats into timber between high and
low water on a tidal river.
# Cardamom #, _n_. For the Australian tree of this
name, see quotation.
1890. C. Lumholtz,' Among Cannibals,' p. 96:
"The Australian cardamom tree." [Footnote]: "This is a
fictitious name, as are the names of many Australian plants and
animals. The tree belongs to the nutmeg family, and its real
name is _Myristica insipida_. The name owes its
existence to the similarity of the fruit to the real cardamom.
But the fruit of the _Myristica has_ not so strong and
pleasant an odour as the real cardamom, and hence the tree is
called _insipida_."
# Carp #, _n_. The English fish is of the family
_Cyprinidae_. The name is given to different fishes in
Ireland and elsewhere. In Sydney it is _Chilodactylus
fuscus_, Castln., and _Chilodactylus macropterus_,
Richards.; called also _Morwong_ (q.v.). The _Murray
Carp_ is _Murrayia cyprinoides_, Castln., a percoid
fish. _Chilodactylis_ belongs to the family
_Cirrhitidae_, in no way allied to _Cyprinidae_,
which contains the European carps. _Cirrhitidae_, says
Guenther, may be readily recognized by their thickened
undivided lower pectoral rays, which in some are evidently
auxiliary organs of locomotion, in others, probably, organs of
touch.
# Carpet-Shark #, _n_. i.q. _Wobbegong_ (q.v.)
# Carpet-Snake #, _n_. a large Australian snake with
a variegated skin, _Python variegata_, Gray. In
Whitworth's 'Anglo-Indian Dictionary,' 1885 (s.v.), we are told
that the name is loosely applied (sc. in India) to any kind of
snake found in a dwelling-house other than a cobra or a dhaman.
In Tasmania, a venomous snake, _Hoplocephalus curtus_,
Schlegel. See under _Snake_.
# Carrier #, _n_. a local name for a water-bag.
1893. A. F. Calvert, 'English Illustrated,' Feb., p. 321:
"For the water-holders or 'carriers' (made to fit the bodies of
the horses carrying them, or to 'ride easily' on
pack-saddles)."
# Carrot, Native #, (1) _Daucus brachiatus_, Sieb.,
_N.O. Umbelliferae_. Not endemic in Australia.
1847. L. Leichhardt, 'Overland Expedition,' p. 64:
"The native carrot . . . was here withered and in seed."
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 124:
"Native carrot. Stock are very fond of this plant when young.
Sheep thrive wonderfully on it where it is plentiful. It is a
small annual herbaceous plant, growing plentifully on sandhills
and rich soil; the seeds, locally termed 'carrot burrs,' are
very injurious to wool, the hooked spines with which the seeds
are armed attaching themselves to the fleece, rendering
portions of it quite stiff and rigid. The common carrot
belongs, of course, to this genus, and the fact that it is
descended from an apparently worthless, weedy plant, indicates
that the present species is capable of much improvement by
cultivation."
(2) In Tasmania _Geranium dissectum_, Linn., is also
called "native carrot."
# Cascarilla, Native #, _n_. an Australian timber,
_Croton verreauxii_, Baill., _N.O. Euphorbiaceae_.
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 408:
"Native cascarilla. A small tree; wood of a yellowish colour,
close-grained and firm."
# Cassowary #, _n_. The word is Malay, the genus
being found in "the Islands in the Indian Archipelago."
('O.E.D.') The Australian variety is _Casuarius
australis_, Waller. The name is often erroneously applied
(as in the first two quotations), to the Emu (q.v.), which is
not a Cassowary.
1789. Governor Phillip, 'Voyage,' c. xxii. p. 271:
"New Holland Cassowary. [Description given.] This bird is not
uncommon to New Holland, as several of them have been seen
about Botany Bay, and other parts. . . . Although this bird
cannot fly, it runs so swiftly that a greyhound can scarcely
overtake it. The flesh is said to be in taste not unlike
beef."
1802. G. Barrington, 'History of New South Wales,'
c. xi. p. 438:
"The cassowary of New South Wales is larger in all respects
than the well-known bird called the cassowary."
1869. J. Gould, 'Birds of Australia' (Supplement):
"_Casuarius Australis_, Wall., Australian Cassowary,
sometimes called Black Emu."
1890. C. Lumholtz, 'Among Cannibals,' p. 73:
"One day an egg of a cassowary was brought to me; this bird,
although it is nearly akin to the ostrich and emu, does not,
like the latter, frequent the open plains, but the thick
brushwood. The Australian cassowary is found in Northern
Queensland from Herbert river northwards, in all the large
vine-scrubs on the banks of the rivers, and on the high
mountains of the coasts."
Ibid. p. 97.
"The proud cassowary, the stateliest bird of Australia
. . . this beautiful and comparatively rare creature.'"
1891. 'Guide to Zoological Gardens, Melbourne':
"The Australian cassowary. . . . They are somewhat shorter
and stouter in build than the emu."
# Casuarina #, _n_. the scientific name of a large
group of trees common to India, and other parts lying between
India and Australasia, but more numerous in Australia than
elsewhere, and often forming a characteristic feature of the
vegetation. They are the so-called _She-oaks_ (q.v.). The
word is not, however, Australian, and is much older than the
discovery of Australia. Its etymology is contained in the
quotation, 1877.
1806. 'Naval Chronicles,' c. xv. p. 460:
"Clubs made of the wood of the Casuarina."
1814. R. Brown, 'Botany of Terra Australis,' in M. Flinders'
'Voyage to Terra Australis,' vol. ii. p. 571:
"Casuarinae. The genus _Casuarina_ is certainly not
referable to any order of plants at present established
. . . it may be considered a separate order. . . . The maximum
of Casuarina appears to exist in Terra Australis, where it
forms one of the characteristic features of the vegetation."
1855. G. C. Mundy, 'Our Antipodes,' p. 160:
"The dark selvage of casuarinas fringing its bank."
1861. T. McCombie, 'Australian Sketches,' p. 10:
"The vegetation assumed a new character, the eucalyptus and
casuarina alternating with the wild cherry and honeysuckle."
1877. F. v. Mueller, 'Botanic Teachings,' p. 34:
"The scientific name of these well-known plants is as
appropriate as their vernacular appellation is odd and
unsuited. The former alludes to the cassowary (Casuarius), the
plumage of which is comparatively as much reduced among birds,
as the foliage of the casuarinas is stringy among trees. Hence
more than two centuries ago Rumph already bestowed the name
Casuarina on a Java species, led by the Dutch colonists, who
call it there the Casuaris-Boom. The Australian vernacular
name seems to have arisen from some fancied resemblance of the
wood of some casuarinas to that of oaks, notwithstanding the
extreme difference of the foliage and fruit; unless, as
Dr. Hooker supposes, the popular name of these trees and shrubs
arose from the Canadian 'Sheack.'"
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 397:
"From a fancied resemblance of the wood of casuarinas to that
of oak, these trees are called 'oaks,' and the same and
different species have various appellations in various parts."
1890. C. Lumholtz; 'Among Cannibals,' p. 33:
"Along its banks (the Comet's) my attention was drawn to a
number of casuarinas--those leafless, dark trees, which always
make a sad impression on the traveller; even a casual observer
will notice the dull, depressing sigh which comes from a grove
of these trees when there is the least breeze.'"
# Cat-bird #, _n_. In America the name is given to
_Mimus carolinensis_, a mocking thrush, which like the
Australian bird has a cry resembling the mewing of a cat. The
Australian species are--
The Cat-bird--
_Ailuraedus viridis_, Lath.
Spotted C.--
_Ailuraedus maculosus_, Ramsay.
_Pomatostomus rubeculus_, Gould.
Tooth-billed C.--
_Scenopaeus dentirostris_, Ramsay.
1848. J. Gould, 'Birds of Australia,' vol. iv. pl. 11:
"Its loud, harsh and extraordinary note is heard; a note which
differs so much from that of all other birds, that having been
once heard it can never be mistaken. In comparing it to the
nightly concert of the domestic cat, I conceive that I am
conveying to my readers a more perfect idea of the note of this
species than could be given by pages of description. This
concert, like that of the animal whose name it bears, is
performed either by a pair or several individuals, and nothing
more is required than for the hearer to shut his eyes from the
neighbouring foliage to fancy himself surrounded by London
grimalkins of house-top celebrity."
1888. D.Macdonald, 'Gum Boughs,' p. 36:
"One of the most peculiar of birds' eggs found about the Murray
is that of the locally-termed 'cat-bird,' the shell of which is
veined thickly with dark thin threads as though covered with a
spider's web."
1890. C. Lumholtz, 'Among Cannibals.' p. 96:
"The cat-bird (_AEluraedus maculosus_), which makes its
appearance towards evening, and has a voice strikingly like the
mewing of a cat."
1893. 'The Argus,' March 25:
"Another quaint caller of the bush is the cat-bird, and its
eggs are of exactly the colour of old ivory."
1896. G. A. Keartland, 'Horne Expedition in Central Australia,'
pt. ii. Zoology, p. 92:
"Their habit of mewing like a cat has gained for them the local
cognomen of cat-birds."
# Cat-fish #, _n_. The name is applied in the Old
World to various fishes of the family _Siluridae_, and
also to the Wolf-fish of Europe and North America. It arises
from the resemblance of the teeth in some cases or the
projecting "whiskers" in others, to those of a cat. In
Victoria and New South Wales it is a fresh-water fish,
_Copidoglanis tandanus_, Mitchell, brought abundantly to
Melbourne by railway. It inhabits the rivers of the Murray
system, but not of the centre of the continent. Called also
_Eel-fish_ and _Tandan_ (q.v.). In Sydney the same
name is applied also to _Cnidoglanis megastoma_, Rich.,
and in New Zealand _Kathetostoma monopterygium_.
_Cnidoglanis_ and _Cnidoglanis_ are Siluroids, and
_Kathetostoma_ is a"stargazer," i.e. a fish having eyes
on the upper surface of the head, belonging to the family
_Trachinidsae_.
1851. J. Henderson, 'Excursions in New South Wales,' vol. ii.
p. 207:
"The Cat-fish, which I have frequently caught in the McLeay,
is a large and very ugly animal. Its head is provided with
several large tentacatae, and it has altogether a disagreeable
appearance. I have eat its flesh, but did not like it."
1880. Mrs. Meredith, 'Tasmanian Friends and Foes,' p. 213
[Footnote]:
"Mr. Frank Buckland . . . writing of a species of rock-fish,
says--'I found that it had a beautiful contrivance in the
conformation of its mouth. It has the power of prolongating
both its jaws to nearly the extent of half-an-inch from their
natural position. This is done by a most beautiful bit of
mechanism, somewhat on the principle of what are called 'lazy
tongs.' The cat-fish possesses a like feature, but on a much
larger scale, the front part of the mouth being capable of
being protruded between two and three inches when seizing
prey.'"
# Cat, Native #, _n_. a small carnivorous marsupial,
of the genus _Dasyurus_. The so-called native cat is not
a cat at all, but a marsupial which resembles a very large rat
or weasel, with rather a bushy tail. It is fawn-coloured or
mouse-coloured, or black and covered with little white spots; a
very pretty little animal. It only appears at night, when it
climbs fences and trees and forms sport for moonlight shooting.
Its skin is made into fancy rugs and cloaks or mantles.
The animal is more correctly called a _Dasyure_ (q.v.).
The species are--
Black-tailed Native Cat
_Dasyurus geoffroyi_, Gould.
Common N.C. (called also _Tiger Cat_, q.v.)--
_D. viverrimus_, Shaw.
North Australian N.C.--
_D. hallucatus_, Gould.
Papuan N.C.--
_D. albopienetatus_, Schl.
Slender N.C.--
_D. gracilis_, Ramsay.
Spotted-tailed N.C. (called also Tiger Cat)--
_D. maculatus_, Kerr.
1880. Mrs. Meredith, 'Tasmanian Friends and Foes,' p. 67:
"The native cat is similar [to the Tiger Cat; q.v.] but
smaller, and its for is an ashy-grey with white spots.
We have seen two or three skins quite black, spotted with white,
but these are very rare."
1885. H. H.Hayter, 'Carboona,' p. 35:
"A blanket made of the fur-covered skins of the native cat."
1894. 'The Argus,' June 23, p. 11, col. 4:
"The voices of most of our night animals are guttural and
unpleasing. The 'possum has a throaty half-stifled squeak,
the native cat a deep chest-note ending with a hiss and easily
imitated." [See _Skirr_.]
# Catholic Frog #, _n_. name applied to a frog living
in the inland parts of New South Wales, _Notaden
bennettii_, Guenth., which tides over times of drought in
burrows, and feeds on ants. Called also "Holy Cross Toad."
The names are given in consequence of a large cross-shaped
blackish marking on the back.
1801. J. J. Fletcher, 'Proceedings of the Linnaean Society,
New South Wales,' vol. vi. (2nd series), p. 265:
"_Notaden bennettii_, the Catholic frog, or as I have
heard it called the Holy Cross Toad, I first noticed in January
1885, after a heavy fall of rain lasting ten days, off and on,
and succeeding a severe drought."
# Cat's Eyes #, _n_. Not the true _Cat's-eye_,
but the name given in Australia to the opercula of _Turbo
smaragdus_, Martyn, a marine mollusc. The operculum is the
horny or shelly lid which closes the aperture of most spiral
shell fish.
# Cat's-head Fern #, _n. Aspidium aculeatum_, Sw.:
1880. Mrs. Meredith, 'Tasmanian Friends and Foes,' p. 220:
"The cat's-head fern; though why that name was given to it I
have not the remotest idea. . . . It is full of beauty--the
pinnules so exquisitely formed and indented, and gemmed beneath
with absolute constellations of _Spori Polystichum
vestitum_."
# Catspaw #, _n_. a Tasmanian plant, _Trichinium
spathulatum_, Poir., _N.O. Amarantaceae_.
# Cat's Tail #, _n_. See _Wonga_.
# Cattle-bush #, _n_. a tree, _Atalaya
hemiglauca_, F. v. M., _N.O. Sapindacea_.
It is found in South Australia, New South Wales,
and Queensland, and is sometimes called _Whitewood_.
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 117:
"Cattle-bush . . . The leaves of this tree are eaten by stock,
the tree being frequently felled for their use during seasons
of drought."
# Cattle-duffer #, _n_. a man who steals cattle
(usually by altering their brands). See also _Duffer_.
1886. 'Melbourne Punch,' July 15, Cartoon Verses:
"Cattle-duffers on a jury may be honest men enough,
But they're bound to visit lightly sins in those
who cattle duff."
# Cattle-racket #, _n_. Explained in quotation.
1852. 'Settlers and Convicts; or Recollections of Sixteen
Years' Labour in the Australian Backwoods,' p. 294:
"A Cattle-racket. The term at the head of this chapter was
originally applied in New South Wales to the agitation of
society which took place when some wholesale system of plunder
in cattle was brought to light. It is now commonly applied to
any circumstance of this sort, whether greater or less, and
whether springing from a felonious intent or accidental."
# Caustic-Creeper #, _n_. name given to _Euphorbia
drummondii_, Boiss., _N.O. Euphorbiaceae_.
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 127:
"Called 'caustic-creeper' in Queensland. Called 'milk-plant'
and 'pox-plant' about Bourke. This weed is unquestionably
poisonous to sheep, and has recently (Oct. 1887) been reported
as having been fatal to a flock near Bourke, New South
Wales. . . . When eaten by sheep in the early morning, before
the heat of the sun has dried it up, it is almost certain to be
fatal. Its effect on sheep is curious. The head swells to an
enormous extent, becoming so heavy that the animal cannot
support it, and therefore drags it along the ground; the ears
suppurate. (Bailey and Gordon.)"
# Caustic-Plant #, or # Caustic-Vine #,
_n_. _Sarcostemma australis_, R. Br., _N.O.
Asclepiadea_. Cattle and sheep are poisoned by eating it.
# Cavally #, _n_. the original form of the Australian
fish-name _Trevally_ (q.v.). The form _Cavally_ is
used to Europe, but is almost extinct in Australia; the form
_Trevally_ is confined to Australia.
# Cedar #, _n_. The true Cedar is a Conifer
(_N.O. Coniferae_) of the genus _Cedrus_, but the
name is given locally to many other trees resembling it in
appearance, or in the colour or scent of their wood. The New
Zealand _Cedar_ is the nearest approach to the true
_Cedar_, and none of the so-called Australian
_Cedars_ are of the order _Coniferae_. The following
are the trees to which the name is applied in Australia:--
Bastard Pencil Cedar--
_Dysoxylon rfum_, Benth., _N.O. Meliaceae_.
Brown C.--
_Ehretia acuminata_, R. Br., _N.O. Asperifoliae_.
Ordinary or Red C.-- _Cedrela australis_, F. v. M.
_Cedrela toona_, R. Br., _N.O. Meliaceae_.
[_C. toona_ is the "Toon" tree of India: its timber is
known in the English market as Moulmein Cedar; but the Baron
von Mueller doubts the identity of the Australian Cedar with
the "Toon" tree; hence his name _australis_.]
Pencil C.--
_Dysoxylon Fraserianum_, Benth., _N.O. Meliaceae_.
Scrub White C.-- _Pentaceras australis_, Hook. and Don.,
_N.O. Rutacea_.
White C.--
_Melia composita_, Willd., _N.O. Meliaceae_.
Yellow C.--
_Rhus rhodanthema_, F. v. M., _N.O. Anacardiacae_.
In Tasmania, three species of the genus _Arthrotaxis_ are
called Cedars or Pencil Cedars; namely, _A. cupressoides_,
Don., known as the King William Pine; _A. laxifolza_,
Hook., the Mountain Pine; and _A. selaginoides_, Don., the
Red Pine. All these are peculiar to the island.
In New Zealand, the name of Cedar is applied to _Libocedrus
bidwillii_, Hook., _N.O. Coniferae_; Maori name,
_Pahautea_.
1838. T. L. Mitchell, 'Three Expeditions, vol. i. p. 328:
"The cedar of the colony (_Cedrela toona_, R. Br.), which
is to be found only in some rocky gullies of the coast range."
1883. F. M. Bailey, 'Synopsis of Queensland Flora,' p. 63:
"Besides being valuable as a timber-producing tree, this red
cedar has many medicinal properties. The bark is spoken of as
a powerful astringent, and, though not bitter, said to be a
good substitute for Peruvian bark in the cure of remitting and
intermitting fevers."
1883. J. Hector, 'Handbook of New Zealand,' p. 123:
"Pahautea, Cedar. A handsome conical tree sixty to eighty feet
high, two to three feet in diameter. In Otago it produces a
dark-red, freeworking timber, rather brittle . . . frequently
mistaken for totara."
# Celery, Australian #, or # Native #,
_n_. _Apium australe_, Thon. Not endemic
in Australia. In Tasmania, _A. prostratum_, Lab.,
_N.O. Umbelliferae_.
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 7:
"Australian Celery. This plant may be utilised as a culinary
vegetable. (Mueller.) It is not endemic in Australia."
# Celery-topped Pine #. _n_. See _Pine_. The
tree is so called from the appearance of the upper part of the
branchlets, which resemble in shape the leaf of the garden
celery.
1889. T. Kirk, 'Forest Flora of New Zealand,' p. 9:
"The tanekaha is one of the remarkable 'celery-topped pines,'
and was discovered by Banks and Solander during Cook's first
voyage."
# Centaury, Native #, _n_. a plant, _Erythraea
australis_, R. Br., _N.O. Gentianeae_. In New South
Wales this Australian Centaury has been found useful in
dysentery by Dr. Woolls.
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 175:
"Native centaury . . . is useful as a tonic medicine, especially
in diarrhoea and dysentery. The whole plant is used and is
pleasantly bitter. It is common enough in grass-land, and
appears to be increasing in popularity as a domestic remedy."
# Centralia #, _n_. a proposed name for the colony
_South Australia_ ,(q.v.).
1896. J. S. Laurie, 'Story of Australasia,' p. 299:
"For telegraphic, postal, and general purposes one word is
desirable for a name--e.g. why not Centralia; for West
Australia, Westralia; for New South Wales, Eastralia?"
# Cereopsis #, _n_. scientific name of the genus
of the bird peculiar to Australia, called the _Cake Barren
Goose_. See _Goose_. The word is from Grk.
_kaeros_, wax, and _'opsis_, face, and was given
from the peculiarities of the bird's beak. The genus is
confined to Australia, and _Cereopsis novae-hollandiae_
is the only species known. The bird was noticed by the early
voyagers to Australia, and was extraordinarily tame when first
discovered.
# Channel-Bill #, _n_. name given to a bird
resembling a large cuckoo, _Scythrops novae-hollandiae_,
Lath. See _Scythrops_.
# Cheesewood #, _n_. a tree, so-called in Victoria (it
is also called _Whitewood_ and _Waddywood_ in Tasmania),
_Pittosporum bicolor_, Hook., _N.O. Pittosporeae_.
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 588:
"Cheesewood is yellowish-white, very hard, and of uniform
texture and colour. It was once used for clubs by the
aboriginals of Tasmania. It turns well, and should be tested
for wood engraving. ('Jurors' Reports, London International
Exhibition of 1862.') It is much esteemed for axe-handles,
billiard-cues, etc."
# Cherry, Herbert River #, _n_. a Queensland tree,
_Antidesma dallachyanum_, Baill., _N.O. Euphorbiaceae_.
The fruit is equal to a large cherry in size, and has a sharp acid
flavour.
# Cherry, Native #, _n_. an Australian tree,
_Exocarpus cupressiformis_, R. Br.,
_N.O. Santalaceae_.
1801. 'History of New South Wales' (1818), p. 242:
"Of native fruits, a cherry, insipid in comparison of the
European sorts, was found true to the singularity which
characterizes every New South Wales production, the stone being
on the outside of the fruit."
1830. R. Dawson, 'Present State of Australia,' p. 411:
"The shrub which is called the native cherry-tree appears like
a species of cyprus, producing its fruit with the stone united
to it on the outside, the fruit and the stone being each about
the size of a small pea. The fruit, when ripe, is similar in
colour to the Mayduke cherry, but of a sweet and somewhat
better quality, and slightly astringent to the palate,
possessing, upon the whole, an agreeable flavour."
1852. G. C. Mundy, 'Our Antipodes' (edition 1851, p. 219:
"The cherry-tree resembles a cypress but is of a tenderer
green, bearing a worthless little berry, having its stone or
seed outside, whence its scientific name of _exocarpus_."
1855. W. Howitt, 'Two Years in Victoria,' vol. i. p. 33:
"We also ate the Australian cherry, which has its stone, not on
the outside, enclosing the fruit, as the usual phrase would
indicate, but on the _end_ with the fruit behind it. The
stone is only about the size of a sweet-pea, and the fruit only
about twice that size, altogether not unlike a yew-berry, but
of a very pale red. It grows on a tree just like an arbor
vitae, and is well tasted, though not at all like a cherry in
flavour."
1877. F. v. Mueller, 'Botanic Teachings,' p. 40:
"The principal of these kinds of trees received its generic
name first from the French naturalist La Billardiere, during
D'Entrecasteaux's Expedition. It was our common _Exocarpus
cupressiformis_, which he described, and which has been
mentioned so often in popular works as a cherry-tree, bearing
its stone outside of the pulp. That this crude notion of the
structure of the fruit is erroneous, must be apparent on
thoughtful contemplation, for it is evident at the first
glance, that the red edible part of our ordinary exocarpus
constitutes merely an enlarged and succulent fruit-stalklet
(pedicel), and that the hard dry and greenish portion,
strangely compared to a cherry-stone, forms the real fruit,
containing the seed."
1889. J. H. 'Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 30:
"The fruit is edible. The nut is seated on the enlarged
succulent pedicel. This is the poor little fruit of which so
much has been written in English descriptions of the
peculiarities of the Australian flora. It has been likened to
a cherry with the stone outside (hence the vernacular name) by
some imaginative person."
1893. 'Sydney Morning Herald,' Aug. 19, p. 7, col. 1:
"Grass-trees and the brown brake-fern, whips of native cherry,
and all the threads and tangle of the earth's green russet
vestment hide the feet of trees which lean and lounge between
us and the water, their leaf heads tinselled by the light."
# Cherry-picker #, _n_. bird-name. See quotation.
1848. J. Gould, 'Birds of Australia,' vol. iv. p. 70:
"_Melithreptus Validirostris_, Gould. Strong-billed
Honey-eater [q.v.]. Cherry-picker, colonists of Van Diemen's
Land."
# Chestnut Pine #, _n_. See _Pine_.
# Chewgah-bag #, _n_. Queensland aboriginal
pigeon-English for _Sugar-bag_ (q.v.).
# Chinkie #, _n_. slang for a Chinaman. "John,"
short for John Chinaman, is commoner.
1882. A. J. Boyd, 'Old Colonials,' p. 233:
"The pleasant traits of character in our colonialised 'Chinkie,'
as he is vulgarly termed (with the single variation 'Chow')."
# Chock-and-log #, _n_. and _adj_. a particular
kind of fence much used on Australian stations. The
_Chock_ is a thick short piece of wood laid flat, at
right-angles to the line of the fence, with notches in it to
receive the _Logs_, which are laid lengthwise from
_Chock_ to _Chock_, and the fence is raised in four
or five layers of this _chock-and-log_ to form, as it
were, a wooden wall. Both chocks and logs are rough-hewn or
split, not sawn.
1872. G. S. Baden-Powell,'New Homes for the Old Country,' p. 207:
"Another fence, known as 'chock and log,' is composed of long
logs, resting on piles of chocks, or short blocks of wood."
1890. 'The Argus.' Sept. 20, p. 13, col. 5:
"And to finish the Riverine picture, there comes a herd of
kangaroos disturbed from their feeding-ground, leaping through
the air, bounding over the wire and 'chock-and-log' fences like
so many india-rubber automatons."
# Choeropus #, _n_. the scientific name for the genus
of Australian marsupial animals with only one known species,
called the _Pigfooted-Bandicoot_ (q.v.), and see
_Bandicoot_. (Grk. _choiros_, a pig,
and _pous_, foot.) The animal is about the size
of a rabbit, and is confined to the inland parts of Australia.
# Christmas #, _n_. and _adj_. As Christmas
falls in Australasia at Midsummer, it has different
characteristics from those in England, and the word has
therefore a different connotation.
1852. Mrs. Meredith, 'My Home in Tasmania,' p. 184:
"Sheep-shearing in November, hot midsummer weather at
Christmas, the bed of a river the driest walk, and corn
harvest in February, were things strangely at variance
with my Old-World notions."
1896. H. Lawson, 'When the World was Wide,' p. 164:
"One Christmas time when months of drought
Had parched the western creeks,
The bush-fires started in the north
And travelled south for weeks."
# Christmas-bush #, _n_. an Australian tree,
_Ceratopetalum gummiferum_, Smith,
_N.O. Saxifrageae_. Called also _Christmas-tree_
(q.v.), and _Officer-bush_.
1888. Mrs. McCann, 'Poetical Works,' p. 226:
"Gorgeous tints adorn the Christmas bush with a crimson blush."
# Christmas-tree #, _n_. In Australia, it is the same
as _Christmas-bush_ (q.v.). In New Zealand, it is
_Metrosideros tomentosa_, Banks, _N.O. Myrtaceae_;
Maori name, _Pohutukawa_ (q.v.).
1867. F. Hochstetter, 'New Zealand,' p. 240:
"Some few scattered Pohutukaua trees (_Metrosideros
tomentosa_), the last remains of the beautiful vegetation
. . . About Christmas these trees are full of charming purple
blossoms; the settler decorates his church and dwelling with
its lovely branches, and calls the tree 'Christmas-tree'! "
1888. D. Macdonald, 'Gum Boughs,' p. 186:
"The Christmas-tree is in a sense the counterpart of the holly
of the home countries. As the scarlet berry gives its ruddy
colour to Christmas decorations in 'the old country,' so here
the creamy blossoms of the Christmas-tree are the only shrub
flowers that survive the blaze of midsummer."
1889. E. H. and S. Featon, 'New Zealand Flora,' p. 163:
"The Pohutukawa blossoms in December, when its profusion of
elegant crimson-tasselled flowers imparts a beauty to the
rugged coast-line and sheltered bays which may fairly be called
enchanting. To the settlers it is known as the
'Christmas-tree,' and sprays of its foliage and flowers are
used to decorate churches and dwellings during the festive
Christmastide. To the Maoris this tree must possess a weird
significance, since it is related in their traditions that at
the extreme end of New Zealand there grows a Pohutukawa from
which a root descends to the beach below. The spirits of the
dead are supposed to descend by this to an opening, which is
said to be the entrance to 'Te Reinga.'"
# Chucky-chucky #, _n_. aboriginal Australian name
for a berry; in Australia and New Zealand, the fruit of species
of _Gaultheria_. See _Wax Cluster_.
1885. R. M. Praed, 'Australian Life,' p. 146:
"To gather chucky-chuckies--as the blacks name that most
delicious of native berries."
1891. T. H. Potts, 'Out in the Open,' 'New Zealand Country
Journal,' vol. xv. p. 198:
"When out of breath, hot and thirsty, how one longed for a
handful of chuckie-chucks. In their season how good we used to
think these fruits of the _gaultheria_, or rather its
thickened calyx. A few handfuls were excellent in quenching
one's thirst, and so plentifully did the plant abound that
quantities could soon be gathered. In these rude and simple
days, when housekeepers in the hills tried to convert carrots
and beet-root into apricot and damson preserves, these notable
women sometimes encouraged children to collect sufficient
chuckie-chucks to make preserve. The result was a jam of a
sweet mawkish flavour that gave some idea of a whiff caught in
passing a hair-dresser's shop."
# Chum #, _n_. See _New Chum_.
# Chy-ack #, _v_. simply a variation of the English
slang verb, _to cheek_.
1874. Garnet Walch, 'Adamanta,' Act ii. sc. ii. p. 27:
"I've learnt to chi-ike peelers."
[Here the Australian pronunciation is also caught. Barere and
Leland give "chi-iked (tailors), chaffed unmercifully," but
without explanation.]
1878. 'The Australian,' vol. i. p. 742 :
"The circle of frivolous youths who were yelping at and
chy-acking him."
1894. E. W. Hornung, 'Boss of Taroomba,' p. 5:
"It's our way up here, you know, to chi-ak each other and our
visitors too."
# Cicada #, _n_. an insect. See _Locust_.
1895. G. Metcalfe, 'Australian Zoology,' p. 62:
"The Cicada is often erroneously called a locust. . . . It is
remarkable for the loud song, or chirruping whirr, of the males
in the heat of summer; numbers of them on the hottest days
produce an almost deafening sound."
# Cider-Tree #, or #Cider-Gum, _n_. name given
in Tasmania to _Eucalyptus gunnii_, Hook.,
_N.O. Myrtaceae_. See _Gum_.
1830. Ross, 'Hobart Town Almanack,' p. 119:
"Specimens of that species of eucalyptus called the cider-tree,
from its exuding a quantity of saccharine liquid resembling
molasses. . . . When allowed to remain some time and to
ferment, it settles into a coarse sort of wine or cider, rather
intoxicating if drank to any excess."
# City #, _n_. In Great Britain and Ireland the word
City denotes "a considerable town that has been,
(a) an episcopal seat,
(b) a royal burgh, or
(c) created to the dignity, like Birmingham, Dundee, and Belfast,
by a royal patent. In the United States and Canada, a
municipality of the first class, governed by a mayor and
aldermen, and created by charter." ('Standard.')
In Victoria, by section ix. of the Local Government Act, 1890,
54 Victoria, No. 1112, the Governor-in-Council may make orders,
#12:
"To declare any borough, including the city of Melbourne and
the town of Geelong, having in the year preceding such
declaration a gross revenue of not less than twenty thousand
pounds, a city."
# Claim #, _n_. in mining, a piece of land
appropriated for mining purposes: then the mine itself.
The word is also used in the United States. See also
_Reward-claim_ and _Prospecting-claim_.
1858. T. McCombie, 'History of Victoria,' c. xiv. p. 213:
"A family named Cavanagh . . . entered a half-worked claim."
1863. H. Fawcett, 'Political Economy,' pt. iii. c. vi.
p. 359 ('O.E.D.'):
"The claim upon which he purchases permission to dig."
1887. H. H. Hayter, 'Christmas Adventure,' p. 3:
"I decided . . . a claim to take up."
# Clay-pan #, _n_. name given, especially in the dry
interior of Australia, to a slight depression of the ground
varying in size from a few yards to a mile in length, where the
deposit of fine silt prevents the water from sinking into the
ground as rapidly as it does elsewhere.
1875. John Forrest, 'Explorations in Australia,' p. 260:
"We travelled down the road for about thirty-three miles over
stony plains; many clay-pans with water but no feed."
1896. Baldwin Spencer, 'Horne Expedition in Central Australia,'
Narrative, vol. i. p. 17:
"One of the most striking features of the central area and
especially amongst the loamy plains and sandhills, is the
number of clay-pans. These are shallow depressions, with no
outlet, varying in length from a few yards to half a mile,
where the surface is covered with a thin clayey material, which
seems to prevent the water from sinking as rapidly as it does
in other parts."
# Clean-skins #, or # Clear-skins #,
_n_. unbranded cattle or horses.
1881. A. C. Grant, 'Bush Life in Queensland,' vol. i. p. 206:
"These clean-skins, as they are often called, to distinguish
them from the branded cattle."
1884. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Melbourne Memories,' c. xv. p. 109:
"Strangers and pilgrims, calves and clear-skins, are separated
at the same time."
1889. Rev. J. H. Zillmann, 'Australian Life,' p. 82:
"'Clear-skins,' as unbranded cattle were commonly called, were
taken charge of at once."
1893. 'The Argus,' April 29, p.4, col. 4:
"As they fed slowly homeward bellowing for their calves, and
lowing for their mates, the wondering clean-skins would come up
in a compact body, tearing, ripping, kicking, and moaning,
working round and round them in awkward, loblolly canter."
# Clearing lease #, _n_. Explained in quotation.
1846. J. L. Stokes, 'Discoveries in Australia,' vol. i. c. x.
p. 321:
"[They] held a small piece of land on what is called a clearing
lease--that is to say, they were allowed to retain possession
of it for so many years for the labour of clearing the land."
# Clematis #, _n_. the scientific and vernacular name
of a genus of plants belonging to the
_N.O. Ranunculaceae_. The common species in Australia is
_C. aristata_, R. Br.
1834. Ross, 'Van Diemen's Land Annual,' p. 124:
"The beautiful species of _clematis_ called
_aristata_, which may be seen in the months of November
and December, spreading forth its milk-white blossoms over the
shrubs . . . in other places rising up to the top of the highest
gum-trees."
# Clianthus #, _n_. scientific name for an
Australasian genus of plants, _N.O. Leguminosae_,
containing only two species--in Australia, _Sturt's Desert
Pea_ (q.v.), _C. dampieri_; and in New Zealand, the
_Kaka-bill_ (q.v.), _C. puniceus_. Both species are
also called _Glory-Pea_, from Grk. _kleos_, glory,
and _anthos_, a flower.
1892. 'Otago Witness,' Nov.24, 'Native Trees':
"Hooker says the genus _Clianthus_ consists of the
Australian and New Zealand species only, the latter is
therefore clearly indigenous. 'One of the most beautiful
plants known' (Hooker). Sir Joseph Banks and Dr. Solandel
found it during Cook's first voyage."
# Climbing-fish #, _n_. i.q. _Hopping-fish_
(q.v.).
# Climbing-Pepper #, _n_. See _Pepper_.
# Clitonyx #, _n_. the scientific name of a genus of
New Zealand birds, including the _Yellow-head_ (q.v.) and
the _White-head_ (q.v.); from Greek _klinein_, root
_klit_, to lean, slant, and _'onux_, claw. The genus
was so named by Reichenbach in 1851, to distinguish the New
Zealand birds from the Australian birds of the genus
_Orthonyx_ (q.v.), which formerly included them both.
# Clock-bird #, _n_. another name for the _Laughing
Jachass_. See _Jackass_.
# Clock, Settlers' #, _n_. i.q. _Clock-bird_,
(q.v.)
# Cloudy-Bay Cod #, _n_. a New Zealand name for the
_Ling_ (q.v.). See also _Cod_.
# Clover-Fern #, _n_. another name for the plant
called _Nardoo_ (q.v.).
# Clover, Menindie #, _n_. an Australian fodder
plant, _Trigonella suavissima_, Lind.,
_N.O. Leguminoseae_.
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 143:
'From its abundance in the neighbourhood of Menindie, it is
often called Menindie-clover.' It is the 'Australian shamrock'
of Mitchell. This perennial, fragrant, clover-like plant is a
good pasture herb."
# Clover-Tree #, _n_. a Tasmanian tree, called also
_Native Laburnun_. See under _Laburnum_.
# Coach #, _n_. a bullock used as a decoy to catch
wild cattle. This seems to be from the use of coach as the
University term for a private tutor.
1874. W. H. L. Ranken, 'Dominion of Australia,' c. vi. p. 110:
"To get them [sc. wild cattle] a party of stockmen take a small
herd of quiet cattle, 'coaches.'"
# Coach #, _v_. to decoy wild cattle or horses with
tame ones.
1874. W. H. L. Ranken, 'Dominion of Australia,' c. vi. p. 121:
"Here he [the wild horse] may be got by 'coaching' like wild
cattle."
# Coach-whip Bird #, _n_. _Psophodes crepitans_,
V. and H. (see Gould's 'Birds of Australia,' vol. iii. pl. 15);
Black-throated C.B., _P. nigrogularis_, Gould. Called also
_Whipbird_ and _Coachman_.
1827. Vigors and Horsfield, 'Transactions of Linnaean Society,'
vol. xv. p. 330:
"This bird is more often heard than seen. It inhabits bushes.
The loud cracking whip-like noise it makes (from whence the
colonists give it the name of coachwhip), may be heard from a
great distance."
1827. P. Cunningham, 'Two Years in New South Wales,' vol. ii.
p. 158:
"If you should hear a coachwhip crack behind, you may
instinctively start aside to let _the mail_ pass; but
quickly find it is only our native coachman with his spread-out
fantail and perked-up crest, whistling and cracking out his
whip-like notes as he hops sprucely from branch to branch."
1844. Mrs. Meredith, 'Notes and Sketches of New South Wales,'
p. 137:
"Another equally singular voice among our feathered friends was
that of the 'coachman,' than which no title could be more
appropriate, his chief note being a long clear whistle, with a
smart crack of the whip to finish with."
1845. R. Howitt, 'Australia,' p. 177:
"The bell-bird, by the river heard;
The whip-bird, which surprised I hear,
In me have powerful memories stirred
Of other scenes and strains more dear;
Of sweeter songs than these afford,
The thrush and blackbird warbling clear."
--Old Impressions.
1846. G. H. Haydon, 'Five Years in Australia Felix,' p. 71:
"The coach-whip is a small bird about the size of a sparrow,
found near rivers. It derives its name from its note, a slow,
clear whistle, concluded by a sharp jerking noise like the
crack of a whip."
1855. W. Howitt, 'Two Years in Victoria,' vol. ii. p. 76:
"The whip-bird, whose sharp wiry notes, even, are far more
agreeable than the barking of dogs and the swearing of
diggers."
1881. A. C. Grant, 'Bush Life in Queensland,' vol. i. p. 24:
"That is the coach-whip bird. There again.
Whew-ew-ew-ew-whit. How sharply the last note sounds."
1887. R. M. Praed, 'Longleat of Kooralbyn,' c. vi. p. 54:
"The sharp st--wt of the whip-bird . . . echoed through the
gorge."
1888. James Thomas, 'May o' the South,' 'Australian Poets
1788-1888' (ed. Sladen), p. 552:
"Merrily the wagtail now
Chatters on the ti-tree bough,
While the crested coachman bird
'Midst the underwood is heard."
# Coast #, _v_. to loaf about from station to
station.
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Squatter's Dream,' xxv. 295:
"I ain't like you, Towney, able to coast about without a job
of work from shearin' to shearin'."
# Coaster #, _n_. a loafer, a _Sundowner_
(q.v.).
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Squatter's Dream,' viii. 75:
"A voluble, good-for-nothing, loafing impostor, a regular
'coaster.'"
# Cobb #, _n_. sometimes used as equivalent to a
coach. "I am going by Cobb." The word is still used, though
no Mr. Cobb has been connected with Australian coaches for many
years. See quotation.
1861. T. McCombie, 'Australian Sketches,' p. 184:
"Mr. Cobb was an American, and has returned long ago to his
native country. He started a line of conveyances from
Melbourne to Castlemaine some time after the gold discoveries.
Mr. Cobb had spirit to buy good horses, to get first-class
American coaches, to employ good Yankee whips, and in a couple
of years or so he had been so extensively patronised that he
sold out, and retired with a moderate fortune." [But the
Coaching Company retained . . . the style of Cobb & Co.]
1879 (about). 'Queensland Bush Song':
"Hurrah for the Roma Railway!
Hurrah for Cobb and Co.!
Hurrah, hurrah for a good fat horse
To carry me Westward Ho!"
# Cobbler #, _n_. (1) The last sheep, an Australian
shearing term. (2) Another name for the fish called the
_Fortescue_ (q.v.)
1893. 'The Herald' (Melbourne), Dec. 23, p. 6, col. 1:
"Every one might not know what a 'cobbler' is. It is the last
sheep in a catching pen, and consequently a bad one to shear,
as the easy ones are picked first. The cobbler must be taken
out before 'Sheep-ho' will fill up again. In the harvest field
English rustics used to say, when picking up the last sheaf,
'This is what the cobbler threw at his wife.' 'What?' 'The
last,' with that lusty laugh, which, though it might betray 'a
vacant mind,' comes from a very healthy organism."
# Cobblers-Awl #, _n_. bird-name. The word is a
provincial English name for the _Avocet_. In Tasmania,
the name is applied to a _Spine-Bill_ (q.v.) from the
shape of its beak.
1848. J. Gould, 'Birds of Australia,' vol. iv. pl. 61:
"_Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris_, Lath., Slender-billed
Spine-bill. _Cobbler's Awl_, Colonists of Van Diemen's
Land. _Spine-bill_, Colonists of New South Wales."
# Cobbler's Pegs #, name given to a tall erect annual
weed, _Erigeron linifolius_, Willd.,
_N.O. Compositae_ and to _Bidens pilosus_, Linn.,
_N.O. Compositae_.
# Cobbra #, _n_. aboriginal word for head, skull.
[_Kabura_ or _Kobbera_, with such variations as
Kobra, Kobbera, Kappara, Kopul, from Malay Kapala, head: one of
the words on the East Coast manifestly of Malay
origin.--J. Mathew. Much used in pigeon converse with
blacks. 'Goodway cobra tree' = 'Tree very tall.'] Collins,
'Port Jackson Vocabulary,' 1798 (p. 611), gives 'Kabura,
ca-ber-ra.' Mount Cobberas in East Gippsland has its name from
huge head-like masses of rock which rise from the summit.
1881. A. C. Grant, 'Bush Life in Queensland,' vol. i. p. 31:
"The black fellow who lives in the bush bestows but small
attention on his cobra, as the head is usually called in the
pigeon-English which they employ."
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Colonial Reformer,' c. xiii. p. 134:
"I should be cock-sure that having an empty cobbra, as the
blacks say, was on the main track that led to the grog-camp."
# Cock-a-bully #, _n_. a popular name for the New
Zealand fish _Galaxias fasciatus_, Gray, a corruption of
its Maori name _Kokopu_ (q.v.).
1896. 'The Australasian,' Aug. 28, p. 407, col. 3:
"During my stay in New Zealand my little girl caught a fish
rather larger than an English minnow. Her young companions
called it a 'cock-a bully.' It was pretty obvious to scent
a corruption of a Maori word, for, mark you, cock-a-bully has
no meaning. It looks as if it were English and full of meaning.
Reflect an instant and it has none. The Maori name for the
fish is 'kokopu'"
# Cockatiel #, # -eel #, _n_. an arbitrary
diminutive of the word Cockatoo, and used as another name for
the Cockatoo-Parrakeet, _Calopsitta novae-hollandiae_,
and generally for any Parrakeet of the genus _Calopsitta_.
('O.E.D.')
# Cockatoo #, _n_. (1) Bird-name. The word is Malay,
_Kakatua_. ('O.E.D.') The varieties are--
Banksian Cockatoo--
_Calyptorhynchus banksii_, Lath.
Bare-eyed C.--
_Cacatua gymnopis_, Sclater.
Black C.--
_Calyptorhynchus funereus_, Shaw.
Blood-stained C.--
_Cacatua sanguinea_, Gould.
Dampier's C.--
_Licmetis pastinator_, Gould.
Gang-gang C.-- _Callocephalon galeatum_, Lath. [See
_Gang-gang_.]
Glossy C.--
_Calyptorhynchus viridis_, Vieill.
Long-billed C.--
_Licmetis nasicus_, Temm. [See _Corella_.]
Palm C.--
_Microglossus aterrimus_, Gmel.
Pink C.--
_Cacatua leadbeateri_, V. & H. (Leadbeater, q.v.).
Red-tailed C.--
_Calyptorhynchus stellatus_, Wagl.
Rose-breasted C.-- _Cacatua roseicapilla_, Vieill. [See
_Galah_. Gould calls it _Cocatua eos_.
White C.--
_Cacatua galerita_, Lath.
White-tailed C.--
_Calyptorhynchus baudinii_, Vig.
See also _Parrakeet_.
1839. T. L. Mitchell, 'Three Expeditions, vol. ii. p. 62:
"We saw to-day for the first time on the Kalare, the redtop
cockatoo (Plyctolophus Leadbeateri)."
1847. L. Leichhardt, 'Overland Expedition,' c. viii. p. 272:
"The rose-breasted cockatoo (_Cocatua eos_, Gould) visited
the patches of fresh burnt grass."
Ibid. p. 275:
"The black cockatoo (_Calyptorhynchus Banksii_) has been
much more frequently observed of late."
1857. Daniel Bunce, 'Australasiatic Reminiscences,' p. 175:
"Dr. Leichhardt caught sight of a number of cockatoos; and,
by tracking the course of their flight, we, in a short time,
reached a creek well supplied with water."
1862. G. Barrington, 'History of New South Wales,'
c. ix. p. 331:
"White cockatoos and parroquets were now seen."
1890. 'Victorian Statutes, Game Act, Third Schedule':
"Black Cockatoos. Gang-gang Cockatoos. [Close season.] From
the 1st day of August to the 10th day of December next
following in each year."
1893. 'The Argus,' March 25, p.4, col. 6:
"The egg of the blood-stained cockatoo has not yet been
scientifically described, and the specimen in this collection
has an interest chiefly in that it was taken [by Mr. A. J.
Campbell] from a tree at Innamincka waterholes, not far from
the spot where Burke the explorer died."
(2) A small farmer, called earlier in Tasmania a
_Cockatooer_ (q.v.). The name was originally given in
contempt (see quotations), but it is now used by farmers
themselves. Cocky is a common abbreviation. Some people
distinguish between a _cockatoo_ and a
_ground-parrot_, the latter being the farmer on a very
small scale. Trollope's etymology (see quotation, 1873) will
not hold, for it is not true that the cockatoo scratches the
ground. After the gold fever, _circa_ 1860, the selectors
swarmed over the country and ate up the substance of the
squatters; hence they were called _Cockatoos_. The word
is also used adjectivally.
1863. M. K. Beveridge, 'Gatherings among the Gum-trees,'
p. 154:
"Oi'm going to be married
To what is termed a Cockatoo--
Which manes a farmer."
1867. Lady Barker, 'Station Life in New Zealand,' p. 110:
"These small farmers are called cockatoos in Australia by the
squatters or sheep-farmers, who dislike them for buying up the
best bits on their runs; and say that, like a cockatoo, the
small freeholder alights on good ground, extracts all he can
from it, and then flies away, to 'fresh fields and pastures
new.' . . . However, whether the name is just or not, it is a
recognised one here; and I have heard a man say in answer to a
question about his usual 'occupation, 'I'm a cockatoo.'"
1873. A. Trollope, 'Australia and New Zealand,'
vol. ii. p. 135:
"The word cockatoo in the farinaceous colony has become so
common as almost to cease to carry with it the intended
sarcasm. . . . It signifies that the man does not really
till his land, but only scratches it as the bird does."
1882. A. J. Boyd, 'Old Colonials,' p. 32:
"It may possibly have been a term of reproach applied to the
industrious farmer, who settled or perched on the resumed
portions of a squatter's run, so much to the latter's rage and
disgust that he contemptuously likened the farmer to the
white-coated, yellow-crested screamer that settles or perches
on the trees at the edge of his namesake's clearing."
1889. 'Cornhill Magazine,' Jan., p. 33:
"'With a cockatoo' [Title]. Cockatoo is the name given
to the small, bush farmer in New Zealand."
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Miner's Right,' c. xliii. p. 377:
"The governor is a bigoted agriculturist; he has contracted
the cockatoo complaint, I'm afraid."
1893, 'The Argus,' June 17, p. 13, col. 4:
"Hire yourself out to a dairyman, take a contract with a
rail-splitter, sign articles with a cockatoo selector;
but don't touch land without knowing something about it."
# Cockatoo #, _v. intr_. (1) To be a farmer.
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Squatter's Dream,' c. xx. p. 245:
"Fancy three hundred acres in Oxfordshire, with a score or two
of bullocks,and twice as many black-faced Down sheep. Regular
cockatooing."
(2) A special sense--to sit on a fence as the bird sits.
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'A Colonial Reformer,' c. xviii. p. 224:
"The correct thing, on first arriving at a drafting-yard, is to
'cockatoo,' or sit on the rails high above the tossing
horn-billows."
# Cockatooer #, _n_. a variant of _Cockatoo_
(q.v.), quite fallen into disuse, if quotation be not a nonce
use.
1852. Mrs. Meredith, 'My Home in Tasmania,' vol. ii. p. 137:
"A few wretched-looking huts and hovels, the dwellings of
'cockatooers,' who are not, as it might seem, a species of
bird, but human beings; who rent portions of this forest
. . . on exorbitant terms . . . and vainly endeavour to exist
on what they can earn besides, their frequent compulsory
abstinence from meat, when they cannot afford to buy it, even
in their land of cheap and abundant food, giving them some
affinity to the grain-eating white cockatoos."
# Cockatoo Fence #, _n_. fence erected by small
farmers.
1884. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Melbourne Memories,' c. xxii. p. 155:
"There would be roads and cockatoo fences . . . in short, all
the hostile emblems of agricultural settlement."
1890. Lyth, 'Golden South,' c. xiv. p. 120:
"The fields were divided by open rails or cockatoo fences, i.e.
branches and logs of trees laid on the ground one across the
other with posts and slip-rails in lieu of gates."
# Cockatoo Bush #, _n_. i.q. _Native Currant_
(q.v).
# Cockatoo Orchis #, _n_. a Tasmanian name for the
Orchid, _Caleya major_, R. Br.
# Cock-eyed Bob #, a local slang term in Western Australia
for a thunderstorm.
1894. 'The Age,' Jan. 20, p. 13, col. 4:
"They [the natives of the northwest of Western Australia] are
extremely frightened of them [sc. storms called _Willy
Willy_, q.v.], and in some places even on the approach of an
ordinary thunderstorm or 'Cock-eyed Bob,' they clear off to the
highest ground about."
# Cockle #, _n_. In England the name is given to a
species of the familiar marine bivalve mollusc, _Cardium_.
The commonest Australian species is _Cardium
tenuicostatum_, Lamarck, present in all extra-tropical
Australia. The name is also commonly applied to members of the
genus _Chione_.
# Cock-Schnapper #, _n_. a fish; the smallest kind of
_Schnapper_ (q.v.). See also _Count-fish_.
1882. Rev. I. E. Tenison-Woods, 'Fish of New South Wales,'
p. 41:
"The usual method of estimating quantity for sale by the
fisherman is, by the schnapper or count-fish, the school-fish,
and squire, among which from its metallic appearance is the
copper head or copper colour, and the red bream. Juveniles
rank the smallest of the fry, not over an inch or two in
length, as the cock-schnapper. The fact, however, is now
generally admitted that all these are one and the same genus,
merely in different stages of growth."
# Cod #, _n_. This common English name of the
_Gadus morrhua_ is applied to many fishes in Australia of
various families, Gadoid and otherwise. In Melbourne it is
given to _Lotella callarias_, Guenth., and in New South
Wales to several fishes of the genus _Serranus_.
_Lotella_ is a genus of the family _Gadidae_, to
which the European Cod belongs; _Serranus_ is a Sea perch
(q.v.). See _Rock Cod, Black Rock Cod, Red Rock Cod, Black
Cod, Elite Cod, Red Cod, Murray Cod, Cloudy Bay Cod, Ling,
Groper, Hapuku, and Haddock_.
# Coffee-Bush #, _n_. a settlers' name for the New
Zealand tree the _Karamu_ (q.v.). Sometimes called also
# Coffee-plant #.
# Coffer-fish #, _n_. i.q. _Trunk-fish_ (q.v.).
# Coffee Plant #, or # Coffee Berry #, _n_. name
given in Tasmania to the Tasmanian _Native Holly_ (q.v.).
# Colonial Experience #, _n_. and used as
_adj_. same as _cadet_ (q.v.) in New Zealand;
a young man learning squatting business, gaining his colonial
experience. Called also _jackaroo_ (q.v.).
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'A Colonial Reformer,' p. 95:
"You're the first 'colonial experience' young fellow that it
ever occurred to within my knowledge."
# Colonial Goose #, _n_. a boned leg of mutton
stuffed with sage and onions. In the early days the sheep was
almost the sole animal food. Mutton was then cooked and served
in various ways to imitate other dishes.
# Colour #, _n_. sc. of gold. It is sometimes used
with 'good,' to mean plenty of gold: more usually, the 'colour'
means just a little gold, enough to show in the dish.
1860. Kelly, 'Life in Victoria,' vol. i. p. 222:
". . . they had not, to use a current phrase, 'raised the
colour.'"
1890. Rolf Boldrewood. 'Miner's Right,' c. xiv. p. 149:
"This is the fifth claim he has been in since he came here,
and the first in which he has seen the colour."
1891. W. Lilley, 'Wild West of Tasmania,' p. 14:
"After spending a little time there, and not finding more than
a few colours of gold, he started for Mount Heemskirk."
# Convictism #, _n_. the system of transportation of
convicts to Australia and Van Diemen's Land, now many years
abolished.
1852. J. West, 'History of Tasmania,' vol. i. p. 309:
"May it remain nailed to the mast until these colonies are
emancipated from convictism."
1864. 'Realm,' Feb. 24, p.4 ('O.E.D.'):
"No one who has not lived in Australia can appreciate the profound
hatred of convictism that obtains there."
1880. G. Sutherland, 'Tales of Goldfields,' p. 16:
"They preferred to let things remain as they were, convictism
included."
# Coobah #, _n_. an aboriginal name for the tree
_Acacia salicina_, Lindl., _N.O.Leguminosae_. See
_Acacia_. The spellings vary, and sometimes begin with a K.
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Squatter's Dream,' v. 46:
"A deep reach of the river, shaded by couba trees and
river-oaks."
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Colonial Reformer,' c. xxviii. p. 400:
"The willowy coubah weeps over the dying streamlet."
# Coo-ee #, or # Cooey #, _n_. and
_interj_. spelt in various ways. See quotations. A call
borrowed from the aborigines and used in the bush by one
wishing to find or to be found by another. In the vocabulary
of native words in 'Hunter's Journal,' published in 1790, we
find "Cow-ee = to come."
1827. P. Cunningham, 'New South Wales,' vol. ii. p. 23:
"In calling to each other at a distance, the natives make use
of the word _Coo-ee_, as we do the word _Hollo_,
prolonging the sound of the _coo_, and closing that of the
_ee_ with a shrill jerk. . . . [It has] become of general
use throughout the colony; and a newcomer, in desiring an
individual to call another back, soon learns to say
'_Coo-ee'_ to him, instead of Hollo to him."
1830. R. Dawson, 'Present State of Australia,' p. 162:
"He immediately called 'coo-oo-oo' to the natives at the fire."
1836. Ross, 'Hobart Town Almanack,' p. 84:
"There yet might be heard the significant '_cooy'_ or
'quhy,' the true import of which was then unknown to our ears."
1839. T. L. Mitchell, 'Three Expeditions,' p. 46:
"Although Mr. Brown made the woods echo with his 'cooys.'"
[See also p. 87, note.]
1845. Clement Hodgkinson, 'Australia from Port Macquarie to
Moreton Bay,' p. 28:
"We suddenly heard the loud shrill _couis_ of the natives."
1846. C. P. Hodgson, 'Reminiscences of Australia,' p. 231:
"Their cooieys are not always what we understand by the word,
viz., a call in which the first note is low and the second
high, uttered after sound of the word cooiey. This is a note
which congregates all together and is used only as a simple
'Here.'"
1852. J. West, 'History of Tasmania,' vol. ii. p. 91:
"Like the natives of New South Wales, they called to each other
from a great distance by the _cooey_; a word meaning 'come
to me.' The Sydney blacks modulated this cry with successive
inflexions; the Tasmanian uttered it with less art. It is a
sound of great compass. The English in the bush adopt it: the
first syllable is prolonged; the second is raised to a higher
key, and is sharp and abrupt."
1862. W. Landsborough, 'Exploration of Australia,' [Footnote]
p. 24:
"_Coo-oo-oo-y_ is a shrill treble cry much used in the
bush by persons wishful to find each other. On a still night
it will travel a couple of miles, and it is thus highly
serviceable to lost or benighted travellers."
1869. J. F. Townend, 'Reminiscences of Australia,' p. 155:
"The jingling of bells round the necks of oxen, the cooey of
the black fellow . . . constituted the music of these desolate
districts."
1873. J. B. Stephens, 'Black Gin,' p. 82:
"Hi! . . . cooey! you fella . . . open 'im lid."
1880. Fison and Howitt, 'Kamilaroi and Kurnai,' p. 183:
"A particular 'cooee' . . . was made known to the young men
when they were initiated."
1880. G. Sutherland, 'Tales of the Goldfields,' p. 40:
"From the woods they heard a prolonged cooee, which evidently
proceeded from some one lost in the bush."
1885. R. M. Praed, 'Australian Life,' p. 276:
"Two long farewell coo-ees, which died away in the silence of
the bush."
1890. E. W. Hornung, 'A Bride from the Bush,' p. 184:
"The bride encircled her lips with her two gloved palms,
and uttered a cry that few of the hundreds who heard it ever
forgot--'coo-ee!' That was the startling cry as nearly as
it can be written. But no letters can convey the sustained
shrillness of the long, penetrating note represented by the
first syllable, nor the weird, die-away wail of the second.
It is the well-known bushcall,the 'jodel' of the black fellow."
# Cooee, within #, _adv_. within easy distance.
1887. G. L. Apperson, in 'All the Year Round,' July 30, p. 67,
col. 1 ('O.E.D.'):
"A common mode of expression is to be 'within cooey' of a
place. . . . Now to be 'within cooey' of Sydney is to be
at the distance of an easy journey therefrom."
1893. 'The Herald' (Melbourne), June 26, p. 2, col. 6:
"Witness said that there was a post-office clock 'within
coo-ee,' or within less than half-a-mile of the station."
1896. H. Lawson, 'When the World was Wide,' p. 80:
"Just to camp within a cooey of the Shanty for the night."
# Cooee #, _v.intr_. to utter the call.
1830. R. Dawson, 'Present State of Australia,' p. 81:
"Our sable guides 'cooed' and 'cooed' again, in their usual
tone of calling to each other at a distance."
1847. L. Leichhardt, 'Overland Expedition, p. 115:
"Brown cooyed to him, and by a sign requested him to wait for
us."
1847. J. D. Lang, 'Phillipsland,' p. 85 [Footnote]:
"Cooey is the aboriginal mode of calling out to any person at a
distance, whether visible or not, in the forest. The sound is
made by dwelling on the first syllable, and pronouncing the
second with a short, sharp, rising inflexion. It is much
easier made, and is heard to a much greater distance than the
English _holla_! and is consequently in universal use
among the colonists. . . . There is a story current in the
colony of a party of native-born colonists being in London, one
of whom, a young lady, if I recollect aright, was accidentally
separated from the rest, in the endless stream of pedestrians
and vehicles of all descriptions, at the intersection of Fleet
Street with the broad avenue leading to Blackfriars Bridge.
When they were all in great consternation and perplexity at the
circumstance, it occurred to one of the party to _cooey_,
and the well-known sound, with its ten thousand Australian
associations, being at once recognised and responded to, a
reunion of the party took place immediately, doubtless to the
great wonderment of the surrounding Londoners, who would
probably suppose they were all fit for Bedlam."
1848. W. Westgarth, 'Australia Felix,' p. 90:
"They [the aborigines] warily entered scrubs, and called out
(cooyed) repeatedly in approaching water-holes, even when yet
at a great distance."
1852. J. West, 'History of Tasmania,' vol. ii. p. 91:
"A female, born on this division of the globe, once stood at
the foot of London Bridge, and cooyed for her husband, of whom
she had lost sight, and stopped the passengers by the novelty
of the sound; which however is not unknown in certain
neighbourhoods of the metropolis. Some gentlemen, on a visit
to a London theatre, to draw the attention of their friends in
an opposite box, called out cooey; a voice in the gallery
answered 'Botany Bay!'"
1880 (circa). 'Melbourne Punch,' [In the days of long trains]:
"George, there's somebody treading on my dress; cooee to the
bottom of the stairs."
# Coo-in-new #, _n_. aboriginal name for "a useful
verbenaceous timber-tree of Australia, _Gmelina
leichhardtii_, F. v. M. The wood has a fine silvery grain,
and is much prized for flooring and for the decks of vessels,
as it is reputed never to shrink after a moderate seasoning."
('Century.') Usually called _Mahogany-tree_ (q.v.).
# Coolaman # or # Kooliman #, _n_. an aboriginal
word, Kamilaroi Dialect of New South Wales. [W. Ridley,
'Kamilaroi,' p. 25, derives it from _Kulu_, seed, but it
is just as likely from _Kolle_, water.--J. Mathew.] A
hollowed knot of a tree, used as a seed vessel, or for holding
water. The word is applied to the excrescence on the tree as
well as to the vessel; a bush hand has been heard to speak of a
hump-backed man as 'cooliman-backed.'
1847. L. Leichhardt, 'Overland Expedition,' p. 269:
"Three koolimans (vessels of stringy bark) were full of honey
water, from one of which I took a hearty draught."
1863. M. K. Beveridge, 'Gatherings among the Gum-trees,'
p. 37:
"And the beautiful Lubrina
Fetched a Cooliman of water."
[In Glossary.] Cooliman, a hollow knot of a tree for holding
water.
186. W. Howitt, 'Discovery in Australia, vol. ii. p. 24:
"Koolimans, water vessels. . . The koolimans were made of the
inner layer of the bark of the stringy-bark tree."
1881. A. C. Grant, 'Bush Life in Queensland,' vol. ii. p. 185:
"Coolaman, native vessel for holding water."
1885. Mrs. Praed, 'Australian Life,' p. 76:
"Cooliman, a vessel for carrying water, made out of the bark
which covers an excrescence peculiar to a kind of gum-tree."
# Cooper's-flag #, _n_. another name in New Zealand
for _Raupo_ (q.v.).
# Coopers-wood #, _n_. the timber of an Australian
tree, _Alphitonia excelsa_, Reiss, _N.O. Rhamneae_.
The wood becomes dark with age, and is used for coopers' staves
and various purposes.
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 373:
"Variously called Mountain-ash, Red-ash, Leather-jacket,
and Coopers-wood."
# Coordaitcha #. See _Kurdaitcha_.
# Coot #, _n_. common English birdname; the
Australian species is _Fulica australis_, Gould.
See also _Bald-Coot_.
# Copper-head #, _n_. See under _Snake_.
# Copper Maori #. This spelling has been influenced by
the English word _Copper_, but it is really a corruption
of a Maori word. There is a difference of opinion amongst
Maori scholars what this word is. Some say _Kapura_, a
common fire used for cooking, in contradistinction to a
'chief's fire,' at which he sat, and which would not be allowed
to be defiled with food. Others say _Kopa_. The Maori
word _Kopa_ was (1) _adj_. meaning _bent_, (2)
_n_. _angle_ or _corner_, and (3) the native
oven, or more strictly the hole scooped out for the oven.
1888. T. Pine, 'Transactions of New Zealand Institute,' 'A
local tradition of Raukawa,' vol. xxi. p. 417:
"So they set to work and dug holes on the flat, each hole about
2 ft. across and about 1 1/2 ft. deep, and shaped something
like a Kopa Maori."
1889. H. D. M. Haszard, ibid. 'Notes on some Relics of
Cannibalism,' vol. xxii. p. 104:
"In two distinct places, about four chains apart, there were a
number of _Kapura Maori_, or native ovens, scattered about
within a radius of about forty feet."
# Coprosma #, _n_. scientific and vernacular
name fora large genus of trees and shrubs of the order
_Rubiaceae_. From the Greek _kopros_, dung,
on account of the bad smell of some of the species.
See quotation. The Maori name is _Karamu_ (q.v.).
Various species receive special vernacular names,
which appear in their places in the Dictionary.
1889. T. Kirk, 'Forest Flora of New Zealand,' p. 110:
"_Corosma_ comprises about forty species, of which at
least thirty are found in New Zealand, all of which are
restricted to the colony except _C. pumila_, which extends
to Australia. Five species are found in Australia, one of
which is _C. pumila_ mentioned above. A few species occur
in the Pacific, Chili, Juan Fernandez, the Sandwich Islands,
&c."
# Coral #, _n_. See _Batswing-Coral_.
# Coral-Fern #, _n_. name given in Victoria to
_Gleichenia circinata_, Swartz, called in Bailey's list
_Parasol-Fern_. See _Fern_.
# Coral-Flower #, _n_. a plant, _Epacris_
(q.v.), _Epacris microphylla_, R. Br.,
_N.O. Epacrideae_.
# Coral-Pea #, _n_. another name for the _Kennedya_
(q.v.).
1896. 'The Melburnian,' Aug. 28, p. 53:
"The trailing scarlet kennedyas, aptly called the
'bleeding-heart' or 'coral pea,' brighten the greyness of the
sandy, peaty wastes."
# Coranderrk #, _n_. the aboriginal name for the
Victorian _Dogwood_ (q.v.). An "aboriginal station," or
asylum and settlement for the remaining members of the
aboriginal race of Victoria, is called after this name because
the wood grew plentifully there.
# Cordage-tree #, _n_. name given in Tasmania to a
_Kurrajong_ (q.v.). The name _Sida pulchella_ has
been superseded by _Plagianthus sidoides_, Hook.
1835. Ross, 'Hobart Town Almanack,' p. 108:
"Sida pulchella. Handsome Sida. Currijong or cordage tree of
Hobart Town. . . . The bark used to be taken for tying up post
and rail fences, the rafters of huts, in the earlier periods of
the colony, before nails could be so easily procured."
# Corella #, _n_. any parrot of the genus
_Nymphicus_; the word is dim. of late Lat. _cora =
korh_, a girl, doll, etc. The Australian Corella is
_N. novae-hollandiae_, and the name is also given to
_Licmetus nasicus_, Temm, the _Long-billed Cockatoo_
(q.v.). It is often used indiscriminately by bird-fanciers for
any pretty little parrot, parrakeet, or cockatoo.
# Cork-tree #, _n._ See _Bat's-wing Coral_.
# Corkwood #, _n_. a New Zealand tree, _Entelea
arborescens_, R. Br., _N.O. Tiliaceae_. Maori name,
_Whau_.
1889. T. Kirk, 'Forest Flora of New Zealand,' p. 45:
"The whau . . . is termed corkwood by the settlers on account
of its light specific gravity."
# Cormorant #, _n_. common English bird-name.
In Australia the name is applied to the following birds:--
Black Cormorant--
_Graculus novae-hollandiae_, Steph.
Little C.--
_G. melanoleucus_, Vieill.
Little-black C.--
_G. stictocephalus_, Bp. .
Pied C.--
_G. varius_, Gm.
White-breasted Cormorant--
_G. leucogaster_, Gould.
White-throated C.--
_G. brevirostris_, Gould.
# Cornstalk #, _n_. a young man or a girl born
and bred in New South Wales, especially if tall and big.
1827. P. Cunningham, 'Two Years in New South Wales,'
vol. ii. p. 116:
"The colonial-born, bearing also the name of cornstalks (Indian
corn), from the way in which they shoot up."
1834. Geo. Benett, 'Wanderings in New South Wales,' vol. i.
p. 341:
"The Australian ladies may compete for personal beauty and
elegance with any European, although satirized as 'Cornstalks,'
from the slenderness of their forms."
1849. J. P. Townsend, 'Rambles in New South Wales,' p. 68:
"Our host was surrounded by a little army of 'cornstalks.'. . .
The designation 'cornstalk' is given because the young people
run up like the stems of the Indian corn."
1869. W. R. Honey, 'Madeline Clifton,' Act III. sc. v. p. 30:
"Look you, there stands young cornstalk."
1878. 'The Australian,' vol. i. p. 526:
"If these are the heroes that my cornstalk friends worship
so ardently, they must indeed be hard up for heroes."
1893. Haddon Chambers, 'Thumbnail Sketches of Australian Life,'
p. 217:
"While in the capital I fell in with several jolly cornstalks,
with whom I spent a pleasant time in boating, fishing, and
sometimes camping out down the harbour."
# Correa #, _n_. the scientific name of a genus of
Australian plants of the _N.O. Rutaceae_, so named after
Correa de Serra, a Portuguese nobleman who wrote on rutaceous
plants at the beginning of the century. They bear scarlet or
green and sometimes yellowish flowers, and are often called
Native Fuchsias (q.v.), especially _C. speciosa_, Andrews,
which bears crimson flowers.
1827. R. Sweet, 'Flora Australasica,' p. 2:
"The genus was first named by Sir J. E. Smith in compliment to
the late M. Correa de Serra, a celebrated Portuguese botanist."
1859. H. Kingsley, 'Geoffrey Hamlyn,' p. 384:
"The scarlet correa lurked among the broken quartz."
1877. F. v. Mueller, 'Botanic Teachings,' p. 70:
"With all wish to maintain vernacular names, which are not
actually misleading, I cannot call a correa by the common
colonial name 'native fuchsia,' as not the slightest structural
resemblance and but little habitual similarity exists between
these plants; they indeed belong to widely different orders."
Ibid.:
"All Correas are geographically restricted to the south-eastern
portion of the Australian continent and Tasmania, the genus
containing but few species."
1880. Mrs. Meredith, 'Tasmanian Friends and Foes,' p. 23:
"I see some pretty red correa and lilac." [Footnote]: "_Correa
speciosa_, native fuchsia of Colonies."
# Corrobbery #, _n_. This spelling is nearest to the
accepted pronunciation, the accent falling on the second
syllable. Various spellings, however, occur,
viz.--_Corobbery, Corrobery, Corroberry, Corroborree,
Corrobbory, Corroborry, Corrobboree, Coroboree, Corroboree,
Korroboree, Corroborri, Corrobaree_, and _Caribberie_.
To these Mr. Fraser adds _Karabari_ (see quotation, 1892),
but his spelling has never been accepted in English. The word
comes from the Botany Bay dialect.
[The aboriginal verb (see Ridley's 'Kamilaroi and other
Australian Languages,' p. 107) is korobra, to dance; in the
same locality boroya or beria means to sing; probably koro is
from a common Australian word for emu.--J. Mathew.]
(1) An aboriginal name for a dance, sacred, festive, or
warlike.
1793. Governor Hunter, 'Port Jackson, p. 195:
"They very frequently, at the conclusion of the dance, would
apply to us . . . for marks of our approbation . . . which we
never failed to give by often repeating the word _boojery_,
good; or _boojery caribberie_, a good dance."
1830. R. Dawson, 'Present State of Australia,' p. 280:
"Dancing with their corrobery motion."
Ibid. p. 311:
"With several corrobery or harlequin steps."
1833. C. Sturt, 'Southern Australia,' vol. ii. c. iii. p. 55:
"They hold their corrobbores (midnight ceremonies)."
1836. C. Darwin, 'Journal of the Voyage of the Beagle' (ed. 1882),
c. xix. p. 450:
"A large tribe of natives, called the white cockatoo men,
happened to pay a visit to the settlement while we were there.
These men as well as those of the tribe belonging to King
George's Sound, being tempted by the offer of some tubs of rice
and sugar were persuaded to hold a 'corrobery' or great dancing
party." [Description follows.]
1838. T. L. Mitchell, 'Three Expeditions,' vol. ii. p. 4:
"There can be little doubt that the corrobboree is the medium
through which the delights of poetry and the drama are enjoyed
in a limited degree, even by these primitive savages of New
Holland."
1844. Mrs. Meredith. 'Notes and Sketches of New South Wales,'
p. 91:
"Great preparations were made, as for a grand corrobory, or
festival, the men divesting themselves of even the portions of
clothing commonly worn, and painting their naked black bodies
in a hideous manner with pipe-clay. After dark, they lit their
fires, which are small, but kept blazing with constant
additions of dry bark and leaves, and the sable gentry
assembled by degrees as they completed their evening toilette,
full dress being painted nudity. A few began dancing in
different parties, preparatory to the grand display, and the
women, squatting on the ground, commenced their strange
monotonous chant, each beating accurate time with two
boomerangs. Then began the grand corrobory, and all the men
joined in the dance, leaping, jumping, bounding about in the
most violent manner, but always in strict unison with each
other, and keeping time with the chorus, accompanying their
wild gesticulations with frightful yells, and noises. The
whole 'tableau' is fearfully grand! The dark wild forest
scenery around--the bright fire-light gleaming upon the savage
and uncouth figures of the men, their natural dark hue being
made absolutely horrible by the paintings bestowed on them,
consisting of lines and other marks done in white and red
pipe-clay, which gives them an indescribably ghastly and
fiendish aspect--their strange attitudes, and violent
contortions and movements, and the unearthly sound of their
yells, mingled with the wild and monotonous wail-like chant of
the women, make altogether a very near approach to the horribly
sublime in the estimation of most Europeans who have witnessed
an assembly of the kind."
1846. G. H. Haydon, 'Five Years in Australia Felix,' p. 103:
"They have no instrument of music, the corobery's song being
accompanied by the beating of two sticks together, and by the
women thumping their opossum rugs.'"
1847. J. D. Lang, 'Cooksland,' p. 447 [Footnote]:
"These words, which were quite as unintelligible to the natives
as the corresponding words in the vernacular language of the
white men would have been, were learned by the natives, and are
now commonly used by them in conversing with Europeans, as
English words. Thus _corrobbory_, the Sydney word for a
general assembly of natives, is now commonly used in that sense
at Moreton Bay; but the original word there is
_yanerwille_. _Cabon_, great; _narang_, little;
_boodgeree_, good; _myall_, wild native, etc. etc.,
are all words of this description, supposed by the natives [of
Queensland] to be English words, and by the Europeans to be
aboriginal words of the language of that district."
[The phrase "general assembly" would rise naturally in the mind
of Dr. Lang as a Presbyterian minister; but there is no
evidence of anything parliamentary about a corrobbery.]
1848. W. Westgarth, 'Australia Felix,' p. 78:
"The exact object or meaning of their famous corrobboree or
native dance, beyond mere exercise and patience, has not as yet
been properly ascertained; but it seems to be mutually
understood and very extensively practised throughout Australia,
and is generally a sign of mutual fellowship and good feeling
on the part of the various tribes."
1849. J. P. Townsend, 'Rambles in New South Wales,' p. 100:
"When our blacks visited Sydney, and saw the military paraded,
and heard the bands, they said that was 'white fellows'
corrobbory.'"
185. E. Stone Parker, 'Aborigines of Australia,' p. 21:
"It is a very great mistake to suppose . . . that there is any
kind of religious ceremony connected with the ordinary
corrobory. . . . I may also remark that the term corrobory is
not a native word."
[It is quite certain that it is native, though not known to
Mr. E. Stone Parker.]
1862. G. T. Lloyd, 'Thirty-three Years in Tasmania and
Victoria,' p. 49:
[In Tasmania] "the assembling of the tribes was always
celebrated by a grand _corroboree_, a species of bestial
_bal masque_. On such occasions they presented a most
grotesque and demon-like appearance, their heads, faces, and
bodies, liberally greased were besmeared alternately with clay
and red ochre; large tufts of bushy twigs were entwined around
their ankles, wrists, and waists; and these completed their
toilet."
1879. J. D. Woods, 'Native Tribes of South Australia,'
Introduction, pp. xxxii. and xxxiii.:
"The principal dance is common all over the continent, and
'corrobboree' is the name by which it is commonly known. It is
not quite clear what a corrobboree is intended to signify.
Some think it a war-dance--others that it is a representation
of their hunting expeditions--others again, that it is a
religious, or pagan, observance; but on this even the blacks
themselves give no information."
1890. C. Lumholtz, 'Among Cannibals,' p. 41:
"The good fortune to witness a _korroboree_, that is a
festive dance by the natives in the neighbourhood."
1892. J. Fraser, 'The Aborigines of New South Wales,' p. 21:
"'Karabari' is an aboriginal name for those dances which our
natives often have in the forests at night. Hitherto the name
has been written corrobboree, but etymologically it should be
karabari, for it comes from the same root as 'karaji,' a wizard
or medicine-man, and 'bari' is a common formative in the native
languages. The karabari has been usually regarded as a form of
amusement . . . these dances partake of a semi-religious
character."
[Mr. Fraser's etymology is regarded as far-fetched.]
(2) The song that accompanied the dance.
1847. L. Leichhardt, 'Overland Expedition,' p. 323:
"I feared he might imagine we were afraid of his incantations,
for he sang most lamentable corroborris."
1881. A. C. Grant, 'Bush Life in Queensland,' vol. i. p. 68:
". . . listen to the new corroborree. Great numbers arrive;
the corroborree is danced night after night with the utmost
enthusiasm. . . .These corroborrees travel for many hundreds of
miles from the place where they originated. . . .These
composers [of song and dance] pretend that the Spirit of Evil
originally manufactured their corroborree."
1889. Rev. J. H. Zillman, 'Australian Life,' p. 132:
"The story was a grand joke among the blacks for many a day.
It became, no doubt, the theme for a 'corroberee,' and Tommy
was always after a hero amongst his countrymen."
(3) By transference, any large social gathering or public
meeting.
1892. 'Saturday Review,' Feb.' 13, p. 168, col. 2:
"A corrobory of gigantic dimensions is being prepared for
[General Booth's] reception [in Australia]." ('O.E.D.')
1895. Modern:
"There's a big corrobbery on to-night at Government House,
and you can't get a cab for love or money."
(4) By natural transference, a noise, disturbance, fuss
or trouble.
1874. Garnet Walch, 'Adamanta,' Act II. sc. ii. p. 27:
"How can I calm this infantile corroboree?"
1885. H. O. Forbes, 'Naturalist's Wanderings,' p. 295:
"Kingfishers . . . in large chattering corrobories in the tops
of high trees."
1888. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Robbery under Arms,' p. 242:
"The boy raises the most awful corroboree of screams and howls,
enough for a whole gang of bushrangers, if they went in for
that sort of thing."
1897. 'The Herald,' Feb. 15, p. i, col. 1:
"Latest about the Cretan corroboree in our cable messages this
evening. The situation at the capital is decidedly
disagreeable. A little while ago the Moslems threw the
Christians out and took charge. Now the last report is that
there is a large force of Christians attacking the city and
quite ready, we doubt not, to cut every Moslem throat that
comes in the way."
# Corrobbery #, _v_. (1) To hold a corrobbery.
1830. R. Dawson, 'Present State of Australia,' p. 61:
"They began to corrobery or dance.
(p. 206): They 'corroberried,' sang, laughed, and screamed."
1885. R. M. Pried, 'Australian Life,' p. 22:
"For some time the district where the nut [bunya] abounds
is a scene of feasting and corroboreeing."
(2) By transference to animals, birds, insects, etc.
1846. C. P. Hodgson, 'Reminiscences of Australia,' p. 257:
"The mosquitoes from the swamps corroboreed with unmitigated
ardour."
1871. C. Darwin, 'Descent of Man' (2nd ed. 1885), p. 406:
"The _Menura Alberti_ [see _Lyrebird_] scratches for
itself shallow holes, or, as they are called by the natives,
corroborying places, where it is believed both sexes assemble."
(3) To boil; to dance as boiling water does.
1881. A. C. Grant, 'Bush Life in Queensland,' vol. i. p. 43:
"'Look out there! 'he continued; 'quart-pot corroborree,'
springing up and removing with one hand from the fire one of
the quart-pots, which was boiling madly, while with the other
he dropped in about as much tea as he could hold between his
fingers and thumb."
Ibid. p. 49:
"They had almost finished their meal before the new quart
corroborreed, as the stockman phrased it."
# Corypha-palm #, _n_. an obsolete name for
_Livistona inermis_, now called _Cabbage-tree_
(q.v.).
1847. L. Leichhardt, 'Overland Expedition,' p. 49:
"The bottle-tree and the corypha-palm were frequent."
# Cottage #, _n_. a house in which all the rooms are
on the ground-floor. An auctioneer's advertisement often
runs--"large weatherboard cottage, twelve rooms, etc.," or
"double-fronted brick cottage." The cheapness of land caused
nearly all suburban houses in Australia to be built without
upper storeys and detached.
# Cotton-bush #, _n_. name applied to two trees
called _Salt-bush_ (q.v.). (1) _Bassia bicornis_,
Lindl. (2) _Kochia aphylla_, R. Br.,
_N.O. Salsolaceae_. S. Dixon (_apud_ Maiden, p. 132)
thus describes it--
"All kinds of stock are often largely dependent on it during
protracted droughts, and when neither grass nor hay are
obtainable I have known the whole bush chopped up and mixed
with a little corn, when it proved an excellent fodder for
horses."
1876. W. Harcus, 'South Australia,' p. 126:
"This is a fine open, hilly district, watered, well grassed,
and with plenty of herbage and cotton-bush."
# Cotton-shrub #, _n_. a name given in Tasmania to the
shrub _Pimelea nivea_, Lab., _N.O_. Thymeleae.
# Cotton-tree #, _n_. an Australian tree, _Hibiscus
teliaceus_, Linn., _N.O. Malvaceae_.
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 624:
"The fibre of the bark [cotton-tree] is used for nets and
fishing-lines by the aborigines."
# Cotton-wood #, _n_. the timber of an Australian
tree, _Bedfordia salicina_, De C., _N.O. Compositae_.
Called _Dog-wood_ (q.v.) in Tasmania.
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p.386:
"The 'dog-wood' of Tasmania, and the 'cotton-wood' of Southern
New South Wales, on account of the abundant down on the leaves.
A hard, pale-brown, well-mottled wood, said by some to be good
for furniture. It emits a foetid smell when cut."
# Coucal #, _n_. a bird-name, "mentioned probably for
the first time in Le Vaillant's 'Oiseaux d'Afrique,' beginning
about 1796; perhaps native African. An African or Indian
spear-headed cuckoo: a name first definitely applied by Cuvier
in 1817 to the birds of the genus _Centropus_."
('Century.') The Australian species is _Centropus
phasianellus_, Gould, or _Centropus phasianus_, Lath.
It is called also _Swamp-pheasant_ (q.v.), and
_Pheasant-cuckoo_.
# Count-fish #, _n_. a large _Schnapper_
(q.v.). See _Cock-Schnapper_.
1874. 'Sydney Mail,' 'Fishes and Fishing in New South Wales':
"The ordinary schnapper or count fish implies that all of a
certain size are to count as twelve to the dozen, the shoal or
school-fish eighteen or twenty-four to the dozen, and the
squire, thirty or thirty-six to the dozen--the latter just
according to their size, the redbream at per bushel."
# Count-muster #, _n_. a gathering, especially of
sheep or cattle in order to count them.
1891. Rolf Boldrewood, 'A Sydney-side Saxon,' p. 1:
"The old man's having a regular count-muster of his sons and
daughters, and their children and off side relatives-that is,
by marriage."
# Cowdie #, _n_. an early variant of _Kauri_
(q.v.), with other spellings.
1889. T. Kirk, 'Forest Flora of New Zealand,' p. 143:
"The native name 'Kauri' is the only common name in general
use. When the timber was first introduced into Britain it was
termed 'cowrie' or 'kowdie-pine'; but the name speedily fell
into disuse, although it still appears as the common name in
some horticultural works."
# Cowshorns #, _n_. a Tasmanian orchid,
_Pterostylis nutans_, R. Br.
# Cow-tree #, _n_. a native tree of New Zealand.
Maori name, _Karaka_ (q.v.).
1860. G. Bennett, 'Gatherings of a Naturalist,' p. 346:
"The karaka-tree of New Zealand (_Corynocarpus
laevigata_), also called kopi by the natives, and cow-tree
by Europeans (from that animal being partial to its leaves),
grows luxuriantly in Sydney."
# Crab #, _n_. Of the various Australian species of
this marine crustacean, _Scylla serrata_ alone is large
enough to be much used as food, and it is seldom caught. In
Tasmania and Victoria, _Pseudocarcinus gigas_, called the
King-Crab, which reaches a weight of 20 lbs., is occasionally
brought to market. There is only one fresh-water crab known in
Australia--_Telphusa transversa_.
1896. Spencer and Hall, 'Horne Expedition in Central
Australia,' Zoology, p. 228:
"In the case of _Telphusa transversa_, the fresh-water
crab, the banks of certain water holes are riddled with its
burrows."
# Crab-hole #, _n_. a hole leading into a pit-like
burrow, made originally by a burrowing crayfish, and often
afterwards increased in size by the draining into it of water.
The burrows are made by crayfish belonging to the genera
_Engaeus_ and _Astacopsis_, which are popularly known
as land-crabs.
1848. Letter by Mrs. Perry, given in Canon Goodman's 'Church
in Victoria, during Episcopate of Bishop Perry,' p. 72:
"Full of crab holes, which are exceedingly dangerous for the
horses. There are holes varying in depth from one to three
feet, and the smallest of them wide enough to admit the foot of
a horse: nothing more likely than that a horse should break its
leg in one. . . . These holes are formed by a small land-crab
and then gradually enlarged by the water draining into them."
1859. H. Kingsley, 'Geoffrey Hamlyn,' p. 368:
"This brute put his foot in a crabhole, and came down, rolling
on my leg.''
1875. Wood and Lapham, 'Waiting for the Mail,' p. 49:
"Across the creek we went . . . now tripping over tussocks,
now falling into crab holes."
# Crab-tree #, _n_. i.q. _Bitter-bark_ (q.v.).
# Cradle #, _n_. common in Australia, but of
Californian origin. "A trough on rockers in which auriferous
earth or sand is shaken in water, in order to separate and
collect the gold." ('O.E.D.')
1849. 'Illustrated London News,' Nov. 17, p. 325, col. 1
('O.E.D.'): [This applies to California, and is before the
Australian diggings began]:
"Two men can keep each other steadily at work, the one digging
and carrying the earth in a bucket, and the other washing and
rocking the cradle."
1851. Letter by Mrs. Perry, quoted in Canon Goodman's 'Church
in Victoria during Episcopate of Bishop Perry,' p. 171:
"The streets are full of cradles and drays packed for the
journey."
1858. T. McCombie, 'History of Victoria,' c. xv. p. 215:
"Cradles and tin dishes to supply the digging parties."
1865. F. H. Nixon, 'Peter Perfume,' p. 56:
"They had cradles by dozens and picks by the score."
1884. T. Bracken, 'Lays of Maori,' p. 154:
"The music of the puddling mill, the cradle, and the tub."
# Cradle #, _v. tr_. to wash auriferous gravel in a
miner's cradle.
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Miner's Right,' c. 21, p. 197:
"The laborious process of washing and 'cradling' the ore."
# Crake #, _n_. common English bird-name. The
Australian varieties are--
Little Crake--
_Porzana palustris_, Gould.
Spotless C.--
_P. tabuensis_, Gmel.
Spotted C.--
_P. fluminea_, Gould.
White-browed C.--
_P. cinereus,_ Vieill.
See also _Swamp-crake_.
# Cranberry, Native #, _n_. called also
# Ground-berry #; name given to three Australian shrubs.
(1) _Styphelia_ (formerly _Lissanthe) humifusa_,
Persoon, _N.O. Epacrideae_.
1834. J. Ross, 'Van Diemen's Land Annual,' p. 133:
"_Astroloma humifusum_. The native cranberry has a fruit
of a green, reddish, or whitish colour, about the size of a
black currant, consisting of a viscid apple-flavoured pulp
inclosing a large seed; this fruit grows singly on the trailing
stems of a small shrub resembling juniper, bearing beautiful
scarlet blossoms in autumn."
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 8:
"Commonly called 'ground-berry.' In Tasmania the fruits are
often called native cranberries. The fruits of these dwarf
shrubs are much appreciated by school-boys and aboriginals.
They have a viscid, sweetish pulp, with a relatively large
stone. The pulp is described by some as being apple-flavoured,
though I have always failed to make out any distinct flavour."
(2) _Styphelia sapida_, F. v. M., _N.O. Epacrideae_.
1866. 'Treasury of Botany,' p. 688 ('O.E.D.'):
_"Lissanthe sapida_, a native of South-eastern Australia,
is called the Australian Cranberry, on account of its
resemblance both in size and colour to our European cranberry,
_Vaccinium Oxyconos_."
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 39:
"Native cranberry. The fruit is edible. It is something like
the cranberry of Europe both in size and colour, but its flesh
is thin, and has been likened to that of the Siberian crab.
[Found in] New South Wales."
(3) _Pernettya tasmanica_, Hook., _N.O. Ericeae_
(peculiar to Tasmania).
# Crane #, _n_. common English bird-name. In
Australia used for (1) the Native-Companion (q.v.), _Grus
australianus_, Gould; (2) various Herons, especially in New
Zealand, where the varieties are--Blue Crane (_Matuku_),
_Ardea sacra_, Gmel.; White Crane (_Kotuku_), _Ardea
egretta_, Gmel. See _Kotuku_ and _Nankeen Crane_.
The Cranes and the Herons are often popularly confused.
1848. J. Gould, 'Birds of Australia,' vol. vi. pl. 53:
"_Ardea Novae-Hollandiae_, Lath., White-fronted Heron, Blue
Crane of the colonists. _Herodias Jugularis_, Blue Reef
Heron, Blue Crane, colonists of Port Essington."
1848. Ibid. pl. 58:
"_Herodias Immaculata_, Gould [later melanopus], Spotless
Egret, White Crane of the colonists."
1890. 'Victorian Consolidated Statutes, Game Act,' 3rd
Schedule:
"[Close Season.] All Birds known as Cranes such as Herons,
Egrets, &c. From First day of August to Twentieth day of
December following in each year."
# Craw-fish #, _n_. a variant of _Crayfish_
(q.v.).
# Crawler #, _n_. that which crawls; used specially
in Australia of cattle.
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'A Colonial Reformer,' p. 217:
"Well-bred station crawlers, as the stockmen term them from
their peaceable and orderly habits."
# Cray-fish #, _n_. The Australasian _Cray-fish_
belong to the family _Parastacidae_, the members of which
are confined to the southern hemisphere, whilst those of the
family _Potamobiidae_ are found in the northern
hemisphere. The two families are distinguished from one
another by, amongst other points of structure, the absence of
appendages on the first abdominal segment in the
_Parastacidae_. The Australasian cray-fishes are
classified in the following genera--_Astacopsis_, found in
the fresh waters of Tasmania and the whole of Australia;
_Engaeus_, a land-burrowing form, found only in Tasmania
and Victoria; _Paranephrops_, found in the fresh waters of
New Zealand; and _Palinurus_, found on the coasts of
Australia and New Zealand. The species are as follows :--
(1) _The Yabber or Yabbie Crayfish_. Name given to the
commonest fresh-water Australian Cray-fish, _Astacopsis
bicarinatus_, Gray. This is found in waterholes, but not
usually in running streams, over the greater part of the
continent, and often makes burrows in the ground away from
water, and may also do great damage by burrowing holes through
the banks of dams and reservoirs and water-courses, as at
Mildura. It was first described as the _Port Essington
Crayfish_.
1845. Gray, in E. J. Eyre's 'Expeditions into Central
Australia,' vol. i. p. 410:
"The Port Essington Cray fish. _Astacus bicarinatus_."
1885. F. McCoy, 'Prodromus of the Zoology of Victoria,'
Dec. 2, pl. 29:
"They are commonly known about Melbourne by the native name of
Yabber or Yabbie."
(2) _The Murray Lobster or the Spiny Cray-fish_. Name
given to the largest Australian fresh-water Cray-fish,
_Astacopsis serratus_, Shaw, which reaches a length of
over twelve inches, and is found in the rivers of the Murray
system, and in the southern rivers of Victoria such as the
Yarra, the latter being distinguished as a variety of the
former and called locally the _Yarra Spiny Cray-fish_.
1890. F. McCoy, 'Prodromus of the Zoology of Victoria,'
Dec. 8, pl. 160: "
Our plate 160 illustrates a remarkable variety of the typical
_A. serratus_ of the Murray, common in the Yarra and its
numerous affluents flowing southwards."
(3) _The Tasmanian Cray_-fish. Name given to the large
fresh-water Cray-fish found in Tasmania, _Astacopsis
franklinii_; Gray.
(4) _The Land-crab_. Name applied to the burrowing
Cray-fish of Tasmania and Victoria, _Engaeus fossor_,
Erich., and other species. This is the smallest of the
Australian Cray-fish, and inhabits burrows on land, which it
excavates for itself and in which a small store of water is
retained. When the burrow, as frequently happens, falls in
there is formed a _Crab-hole_ (q.v.).
1892. G. M. Thomson, 'Proceedings of the Royal Society of
Tasmania,' p. 2:
"Only four of the previously described forms are fresh-water
species, namely: _Astacopsis franklinii_ and
_A. tasmanicus_, _Engaeus fossor_ and
_E. cunicularius_, all fresh-water cray fishes."
(5) _New Zealand Fresh-water Cray-fish_. Name applied to
_Paranephrops zealandicus_, White, which is confined to
the fresh water of New Zealand.
1889. T. J. Parker, 'Studies in Biology' (Colonial Museum and
Geological Survey Department, New Zealand), p. 5:
"Paranephrops which is small and has to be specially collected
in rivers, creeks or lakes."
(6) _Sydney Cray-fish_. Name given to the large
salt-water Cray-fish, rarely called Craw-fish, or Spiny
Lobster, found along the Sydney coast, _Palinurus
huegeli_, Heller.
1890. F. McCoy, 'Prodromus of the Zoology of Victoria,'
Dec. 16, pl. 159:
"This species, which is the common Sydney Craw-fish, is easily
distinguished from the southern one, the _P. Lalandi_,
which is the common Melbourne Craw-fish."
(7) _Southern Rock-Lobster or Melbourne Crayfish_. Name
given to the large salt-water Cray-fish, sometimes called
Craw-fish, found along the southern coast and common in the
Melbourne market, _Palinurus lalandi_, Lam.
1890. F. McCoy, 'Prodromus of the Zoology of Victoria,'
Dec. 15, pl. 150:
"I suggest the trivial name of Southern Rock Lobster for this
species, which abounds in Victoria, Tasmania and New Zealand,
as well as the Cape of Good Hope . . . does not appear to have
been noticed as far north as Sydney."
The name _Craw-fish_ is merely an ancient variant of
_Cray-fish_, though it is said by Gasc, in his French
Dictionary, that the term was invented by the London
fishmongers to distinguish the small _Spiny Lobster_,
which has no claws, from the common _Lobster_, which has
claws. The term _Lobster_, in Australia, is often applied
to the _Sydney Cray-fish_ (see 7, above).
# Creadion #, _n_. scientific name given by Vieillot
in 1816 to a genus of birds peculiar to New Zealand, from Greek
_kreadion_, a morsel of flesh, dim. of _kreas_,
flesh. Buller says, "from the angle of the mouth on each side
there hangs a fleshy wattle, or caruncle, shaped like a
cucumber seed and of a changeable bright yellow colour."
('Birds of New Zealand,' 1886, vol. i. p. 18.) The
_Jack-bird_ (q.v.) and _Saddle-back_ (q.v.) are the
two species.
1855. Rev. R. Taylor, 'Te Ika a Maui,' p. 404:
"Family _Sturnidae_--Tieki (_Creadion Carunculatus_).
This is a beautiful black bird with a chestnut band across the
back and wings; it has also a fleshy lappet on either side of
the head. The _tieki_ is considered a bird of omen: if
one flies on the right side it is a good sign; if on the left,
a bad one."
# Cream of Tartar tree #, _n_. i.q. _Baobab_
(q.v.).
# Creek #, _n_. a small river, a brook, a branch of
a river. "An application of the word entirely unknown in Great
Britain." ('O.E.D.') The 'Standard Dictionary' gives, as a use
in the United States, "a tidal or valley stream, between a
brook and a river in size." In Australia, the name brook is
not used. Often pronounced crick, as in the United States.
Dr. J. A.H. Murray kindly sends the following note:--"Creek
goes back to the early days of exploration. Men sailing up the
Mississippi or other navigable river saw the mouths of
tributary streams, but could not tell with out investigation
whether they were confluences or mere inlets, creeks. They
called them creeks, but many of them turned out to be running
streams, many miles long--tributary rivers or rivulets. The
name _creek_ stuck to them, however, and thus became
synonymous with tributary stream, brook."
1793. Governor Hunter, 'Voyage,' p. 516:
"In the afternoon a creek obliged them to leave the banks of
the river, and go round its head, as it was too deep to cross:
having rounded the head of this creek. . ."
1802. G. Barrington, 'History of New South Wales,' p. 228:
"They met with some narrow rivers or creeks."
1809. Aug. 6, 'History of New South Wales' (1818), p. 327:
"Through Rickerby's grounds upon the riverside and those of the
Rev. Mr. Marsden on the creek."
1826. Goldie, in Bischoff's 'Van Diemen's Land' (1832), p. 162:
"There is a very small creek which I understand is never dry."
1848. W. Westgarth, 'Australia Felix,' p. 17:
"The creeks and rivers of Australia have in general a
transitory existence, now swollen by the casual shower, and
again rapidly subsiding under the general dryness and heat of
the climate."
1854. 'Bendigo Advertiser,' quoted in 'Melbourne Morning
Herald,' May 29:
"A Londoner reading of the crossing of a creek would naturally
imagine the scene to be in the immediate neighbourhood of the
coast, instead of being perhaps some hundreds of miles in the
interior, and would dream of salt water, perriwinkles and
sea-weed, when he should be thinking of slimy mud-holes, black
snakes and gigantic gum-trees."
1861. Mrs. Meredith, 'Over the Straits,' c. iv. p. 134:
"The little rivulet, called, with that singular pertinacity for
error which I have so often noticed here, 'the creek.'"
1865. Lady Barker, 'Station Life in, New Zealand,' p. 29:
"The creek, just like a Scotch burn, hurrying and tumbling down
the hillside to join the broader stream in the valley."
1870. P. Wentworth, 'Amos Thorne,' i. p. 11:
"A thirsty creek-bed marked a line of green."
1872. C. H. Eden, 'My Wife and I in Queensland,' p. 39:
"In the rivers, whether large watercourses, and dignified by
the name of 'river,' or small tributaries called by the less
sounding appellation 'creeks."
1887. Cassell's 'Picturesque Australasia,' vol. i. p. 41:
"Generally where the English language is spoken a creek means a
small inlet of the sea, but in Australia a creek is literally
what it is etymologically, a crack in the ground. In dry
weather there is very little water; perhaps in the height of
summer the stream altogether ceases to run, and the creek
becomes a string of waterholes; but when the heavens are
opened, and the rain falls, it reappears a river."
# Creeklet #, _n_. diminutive of Creek.
1884. T. Bracken, 'Lays of Maori,' p. 91:
"One small creeklet day by day murmurs."
# Creeper #, _n_. The name (sc. _Tree-creeper_)
is given to several New Zealand birds of the genus
_Certhiparus_, _N.O. Passeres_. The Maori names are
_Pipipi, Toitoi_, and _Mohona_.
1888. W. L. Buller, 'Birds of New Zealand,' vol. i. p. 51:
"_Certhiparus Novae Zelandiae_, Finsch. New Zealand
Creeper." [A full description.]
# Cronk #, _adj_. Derived from the German
_krank_--sick or ill.
(1) A racing term used of a horse which is out of order and not
"fit" for the contest; hence transferred to a horse whose owner
is shamming its illness and making it "run crooked" for the
purpose of cheating its backers.
(2) Used more generally as slang, but not recognized in Barere
and Leland's 'Slang Dictionary.'
1893. 'The Herald' (Melbourne), July 4, p. 2, col. 7:
"He said he would dispose of the cloth at a moderate figure
because it was 'cronk.' The word 'cronk,' Mr. Finlayson
explained, meant 'not honestly come by.'"
# Crow #, _n_. common English bird-name. The
Australian species is--White-eyed, _Corvus coronoides_
V. and H. In New Zealand (Maori name, _Kokako_) the name
is used for the Blue-wattled Crow, _Glaucopis wilsoni_ and
for the (N. island) Orange-wattled, _G. cinerea_, Gmel.
(S. island).
# Crow-shrike #, _n_. Australian amalgamation of two
common English bird-names. The _Crow-shrikes_ are of
three genera, _Strepera, Gymnorrhima_, and
_Cracticus_. The varieties of the genus Strepera are--
Black Crow-shrike--
_Strepera fuliginosa_, Gould.
Black-winged C.--
_S. melanoptera_, Gould.
Grey C.--
_S. cuneicaudata_, Vieill.
Hill C.--
_S. arguta_, Gould.
Leaden C.--
_S. plumbea_, Gould.
Pied C.--
_S. graculina_, White.
Birds of the genus _Gymnorrhina_ are called _Magpies_
(q.v.). Those of the genus _Cracticus_ are called
_Butcher-birds_ (q.v.).
# Crush #, _n_. a part of a stockyard. See
quotations.
1872. C. H. Eden, 'My Wife and I in Queensland,' p. 69:
"A crush, which is an elongated funnel, becoming so narrow
at the end that a beast is wedged in and unable to move."
1891. Rolf Boldrewood, 'A Sydney-side Saxon,' p. 87:
"There were some small yards, and a 'crush,' as they call it,
for branding cattle."
# Cuckoo #, _n_. common English bird-name.
The Australian birds to which it is applied are--
Black-eared Cuckoo--
_Mesocalius osculans_, Gould.
Bronze C.--
_Chalcoccyx plagosus_, Lath.
Brush C.--
_Cacomantis insperatus_.
[Gould, 'Birds of Australia,' vol. iv. pl.87.]
Chestnut-breasted C.--
_C. castanei-ventris_, Gould.
Fantailed C.--
_C. flabelliformis_, Lath.
Little-bronze C.--
_Chalcoccyx malayanus_, Raffles.
Narrow-billed bronze C.--
_C. basalis_, Hors.
Oriental C.--
_Cuculus intermedius_, Vahl.
Pallid C.--
_Cacomantis pallidus_ and _C. canorus_, Linn.
Square-tailed C.--
_C. variolosus_, Hors.
Whistling-bronze C.--
_Chalcoccyx lucidus_, Gmel.
In New Zealand, the name is applied to _Eudynamis
taitensis_ (sc. of Tahiti) Sparm., the Long-tailed Cuckoo;
and to _Chrysococcyx lucidus_, Gmel., the Shining Cuckoo.
The name _Cuckoo_ has sometimes been applied to the
_Mopoke_ (q.v.) and to the _Boobook_ (q.v.). See
also _Pheasant-cuckoo_.
1855. G. W. Rusden, 'Moyarra,' Notes, p. 30:
"The Australian cuckoo is a nightjar, and is heard only by night."
1868. W. Carleton, 'Australian Nights,' p. 19:
"The Austral cuckoo spoke
His melancholy note, 'Mopoke.'"
1889. Prof. Parker, 'Catalogue of New Zealand Exhibition,'
p. 118:
"There are two species of the Longtailed Cuckoo (_Eudynamis
taitensis_), and the beautiful Bronze or Shining Cuckoo
(_Chrysococcyx lucidus_). They are both migratory birds.
The Long-tailed Cuckoo spends its winter in some of the Pacific
islands, the Shining Cuckoo in Australia."
# Cuckoo-shrike #, _n_. This combination of two
common English bird-names is assigned in Australia to the
following--
Barred Cuckoo-shrike
_Graucalus lineatus_, Swains.
Black-faced C.--
_G. melanops_, Lath.
Ground C.--
_Pteropodocys phasianella_, Gould.
Little C.--
_Graucalus mentalis_, Vig. and Hors.
Small-billed C.--
_G. parvirostris_, Gould.
White-bellied C.--
_G. hyperleucus_, Gould.
# Cucumber-fish #, _n_. i.q. _Grayling_ (q.v.).
# Cucumber-Mullet #, _n_. i.q. _Grayling_
(q.v.).
# Cultivation paddock #, _n_. a field that has been
tilled and not kept for grass.
1853. Chas. St. Julian and Ed. K. Silvester, 'The Productions,
Industry, and Resources of New South Wales,' p. 170:
"Few stations of any magnitude are without their 'cultivation
paddocks,' where grain and vegetables are raised . . ."
1860. A Lady, 'My Experiences in Australia,' p. 173:
"Besides this large horse paddock, there was a space cleared of
trees, some twenty to thirty acres in extent, on the banks of
the creek, known as the 'Cultivation Paddock,' where in former
days my husband had grown a sufficient supply of wheat for home
consumption."
1893. 'The Argus,' June 17, p. 13, col. 4:
"How any man could have been such an idiot as to attempt to
make a cultivation paddock on a bed of clay passed all my
knowledge.'
# Curlew #, _n_. common English bird-name.
The Australian species is _Numenius cyanopus_, Vieill.
The name, however, is more generally applied to _AEdicnemus
grallarius_, Lath.
1862. H. C. Kendall, 'Poems,' p. 43:
"They rend the air like cries of despair,
The screams of the wild curlew."
1872. C. H. Eden, 'My Wife and I in Queensland,' p. 18:
"Truly the most depressing cry I ever heard is that of the
curlew, which you take no notice of in course of time; but
which to us, wet, weary, hungry, and strange, sounded most
eerie."
1890. 'Victorian Statutes, Game Act, Third Schedule':
"Southern Stone Plover or Curlew."
1894. 'The Argus,' June 23, p. 11, col. 4:
"The calling of the stone plover. It might as well be a curlew
at once, for it will always be a curlew to country people. Its
first call, with the pause between, sounds like 'Curlew'--that
is, if you really want it to sound so, though the blacks get
much nearer the real note with 'Koo-loo,' the first syllable
sharp, the second long drawn out."
1896. Dr. Holden, of Hobart, 'Private letter,' Jan.:
"There is a curlew in Australia, closely resembling the English
bird, and it calls as that did over the Locksley Hall
sand-dunes; but Australians are given to calling _AEdicnemus
grallarius_ Latham (our Stone Plover), the 'curlew,' which
is a misnomer. This also drearily wails, and after dark."
# Currajong # or # Currijong #, i.q. _Kurrajong_
(q.v.).
# Currant, Native #, _n_. The name is given to
various shrubs and trees of the genus _Coprosma_,
especially _Coprosma billardieri_, Hook.,
_N.O. Rubiare_(e; also to _Leucopogon richei_, Lab.,
_N.O. Epacrideae_, various species of _Leptomeria_,
_N.O. Santalaceae_, and _Myoporum serratum_, R. Br.,
_N.O. Myoporineae_. The names used for
_M. serratum_, chiefly in South Australia, are
_Blueberry Tree_, _Native Juniper_, _Native
Myrtle_, _Palberry_, and _Cockatoo Bush_.
See also _Native Plum_.
1827. P. Cunningham, 'Two Years in New South Wales,' vol. i.
p. 220:
"Our native currants are strongly acidulous, like the
cranberry, and make an excellent preserve when mixed with
the raspberry."
1834. Ross, 'Van Diemen's Land Annual,' p. 133:
"_Leucopogon lanceolatum_. A large bush with numerous
harsh leaves, growing along the sea shore, with some other
smaller inland shrubs of the same tribe, produces very small
white berries of a sweetish and rather herby flavour. These
are promiscuously called white or native currants in the
colony."
["The insignificant and barely edible berries of this shrub are
said to have saved the life of the French botanist Riche, who
was lost in the bush on the South Australian coast for three
days, at the close of the last century." (Maiden.) The plant
is now called _L. Richei_.]
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 19:
"Native Currant. . . . This plant bears a small round drupe,
about the size of a small pea. Mr. Backhouse states that (over
half a century ago) when British fruits were scarce, it was
made into puddings by some of the settlers of Tasmania, but the
size and number of the seeds were objectionable."
# Currant, Plain #, _n_. See _Plain Currant_.
# Currency #, _n_. (1) Name given especially to early
paper-money in the Colonies, issued by private traders and of
various values, and in general to the various coins of foreign
countries, which were current and in circulation. Barrington,
in his 'History of New South Wales '(1802), gives a table of
such specie.
1824. Edward Curr, 'Account of the Colony of Van Diemen's Land,'
p.5:
"Much of this paper-money is of the most trifling description.
To this is often added 'payable in dollars at 5s. each.' Some
. . . make them payable in Colonial currency."
[p. 69, note]: "25s. currency is about equal to a sovereign."
1826. Act of Geo. IV., No. 3 (Van Diemen's Land):
"All Bills of Exchange, Promissory Notes . . . as also all
Contracts and Agreements whatsoever which shall be drawn and
circulated or issued, or made and entered into, and shall be
therein expressed . . . to be payable in Currency, Current
Money, Spanish Dollars . . . shall be . . . Null and Void."
1862. Geo. Thos. Lloyd, 'Thirty-three years in Tasmania and
Victoria,' p. 9:
"Every man in business . . . issued promissory notes, varying
in value from the sum of fourpence to twenty shillings, payable
on demand. These notes received the appellation of paper
currency. . . . The pound sterling represented twenty-five
shillings of the paper-money."
(2) Obsolete name for those colonially-born.
1827. P. Cunningham, 'Two Years in New South Wales,' vol. ii.
(Table of Contents):
"Letter XXI.--_Currency_ or _Colonial-born_
population."
Ibid. p. 33:
"Our colonial-born brethren are best known here by the name of
_Currency_, in contradistinction to _Sterling_, or
those born in the mother-country. The name was originally
given by a facetious paymaster of the 73rd Regiment quartered
here--the pound currency being at that time inferior to the
pound sterling."
1833. H. W. Parker, 'Rise, Progress, and Present State of Van
Diemen's Land,' p. 18:
"The Currency lads, as the country born colonists in the
facetious nomenclature of the colony are called, in
contradistinction to those born in the mother country."
1840. Martin's 'Colonial Magazine,' vol. iii. p. 35:
"Currency lady."
1849. J. P. Townsend, 'Rambles in New South Wales,' p. 68:
"Whites born in the colony, who are also called 'the currency';
and thus the 'Currency Lass' is a favourite name for colonial
vessels." [And, it may be added, also of Hotels.]
1852. Mrs. Meredith, 'My Home in Tasmania,' vol. i. p. 6:
"A singular disinclination to finish any work completely, is a
striking characteristic of colonial craftsmen, at least of the
'currency' or native-born portion. Many of them who are
clever, ingenious and industrious, will begin a new work,
be it ship, house, or other erection, and labour at it most
assiduously until it be about two-thirds completed, and then
their energy seems spent, or they grow weary of the old
occupation, and some new affair is set about as busily as the
former one."
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'A Colonial Reformer,' p. 35:
"English girls have such lovely complexions and cut out us poor
currency lasses altogether."
Ibid. p. 342:
"You're a regular Currency lass . . . always thinking about
horses."
# Cushion-flower #, _n_. i.q. _Hakea laurina_,
R. Br. See _Hakea_.
# Cut out #, _v_. (1) To separate cattle from the
rest of the herd in the open.
1873. Marcus Clarke, 'Holiday Peak, &c.,' p. 70:
"The other two . . . could cut out a refractory bullock with
the best stockman on the plains."
1884. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Melbourne Memories,' c. x. p. 72:
"We . . . camped for the purpose of separating our cattle,
either by drafting through the yard, or by 'cutting out' on
horse-back."
1885. H. Finch-Hatton, 'Advance Australia,' p. 70:
"Drafting on the camp, or 'cutting out' as it is generally
called, is a very pretty performance to watch, if it is well
done."
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Squatter's Dream,' c. ii. p. 13:
"Tell him to get 'Mustang,' he's the best cutting-out horse."
1893. 'The Argus,' April 29, p. 4. col. 4:
"A Queenslander would have thought it was as simple as going on
to a cutting-out camp up North and running out the fats."
(2) To finish shearing.
1890. 'The Argus,' Sept. 20, p. 13, col. 6:
"When the stations 'cut out,' as the term for finishing is,
and the shearers and rouseabout men leave."
# Cutting-grass #, _n_. _Cladium psittacorum_,
Labill., _N.O. Cyperaceae_. It grows very long narrow
blades whose thin rigid edge will readily cut flesh if
incautiously handled; it is often called _Sword-grass_.
1858. T. McCombie 'History of Victoria,' vol. i. p. 8:
"Long grass, known as cutting-grass between four and five feet
high, the blade an inch and a half broad, the edges exquisitely
sharp."
1891. W. Tilley, 'Wild West of Tasmania,' p. 42:
"Travelling would be almost impossible but for the button
rush and cutting grass, which grow in big tussocks out of
the surrounding bog."
1894. 'The Age,' Oct. 19, p. 5, col. 8:
"'Cutting grass' is the technical term for a hard, tough grass
about eight or ten inches high, three-edged like a bayonet,
which stock cannot eat because in their efforts to bite it off
it cuts their mouths."
D
# Dabchick #, _n_. common English bird-name. The New
Zealand species is _Podiceps rufipectus_. There is no
species in Australia.
# Dacelo #, _n_. Name given by "W. E. Leach, 1816.
An anagram or transposition of Lat. _Alcedo_, a
Kingfisher." ('Century.') Scientific name for the
_Jackass_ (q.v.).
# Dactylopsila #, _n_. the scientific name of the
Australian genus of the Striped Phalanger, called locally the
_Striped Opossum_; see _Opossum_. It has a long bare
toe. (Grk. _daktulos_, a finger, and _psilos_, bare.)
# Daisy, Brisbane #, _n_. a Queensland and New South
Wales plant, _Brachycome microcarpa_, F. v. M.,
_N.O. Compositae_.
# Daisy, Native #, _n_. a Tasmanian flower,
_Brachycome decipiens_, Hook., _N.O. Compositae_.
# Daisy Tree #, _n_. two Tasmanian trees, _Astur
stellulatus_, Lab., and _A. glandulosus_, Lab.,
_N.O. Compositae_. The latter is called the
_Swamp-Daisy-Tree_.
# Dam #, _n_. In England, the word means a barrier
to stop water in Australia, it also means the water so stopped,
as 'O.E.D.' shows it does in Yorkshire.
1873. Marcus Clarke, 'Holiday Peak, &c.,' p. 76:
"The dams were brimming at Quartz-borough, St. Roy reservoir
was running over."
1892. 'Scribner's Magazine,' Feb., p. 141:
"Dams as he calls his reservoirs scooped out in the hard soil."
1893. 'The Leader,' Jan. 14:
"A boundary rider has been drowned in a dam."
1893. 'The Times,' [Reprint] 'Letters from Queensland,' p. 68:
"At present few stations are subdivided into paddocks smaller
than 20,000 acres apiece. If in each of these there is but one
waterhole or dam that can be relied upon to hold out in
drought, sheep and cattle will destroy as much grass in
tramping from the far corners of the grazing to the drinking
spot as they will eat. Four paddocks of 5,000 acres each, well
supplied with water, ought to carry almost double the number of
sheep."
1896. 'The Argus,' March 30, p. 6, col. 9:
"[The murderer] has not since been heard of. Dams and
waterholes have been dragged . . . but without result."
# Dammara #, _n_. an old scientific name of the
genus, including the _Kauri Pine_ (q.v.). It is from the
Hindustani, _damar_, 'resin.' The name was applied to the
_Kauri Pine_ by Lambert in 1832, but it was afterwards
found that Salisbury, in 1805, had previously constituted the
genus _Agathis_ for the reception of the _Kauri Pine_
and the Dammar Pine of Amboyna. This priority of claim
necessitated the modern restoration of _Agathis_ as the
name of the genus.
# Damper #, _n_. a large scone of flour and water
baked in hot ashes; the bread of the bush, which is always
unleavened. [The addition of water to the flour suggests a
more likely origin than that given by Dr. Lang. See quotation,
1847.]
1827. P. Cunningham, 'Two Years in New South Wales,' vol. ii.
p. 190
"The farm-men usually make their flour into flat cakes, which
they call _damper_, and cook these in the ashes . . ."
1833. C. Sturt, 'Southern Australia,'
vol. ii. c. viii. p. 203:
"I watched the distorted countenances of my humble companions
while drinking their tea and eating their damper."
1845. J. O. Balfour, 'Sketches of New South Wales,' p. 103:
"Damper (a coarse dark bread)."
1846. G. H. Haydon, 'Five Years in Australia Felix,' p. 122:
"I must here enlighten my readers as to what 'damper' is. It
is the bread of the bush, made with flour and water kneaded
together and formed into dough, which is baked in the ashes,
and after a few months keeping is a good substitute for bread."
[The last clause contains a most extraordinary statement--
perhaps a joke. Damper is not kept for months, but is
generally made fresh for each meal. See quotation, 1890,
Lumholtz.]
1847. J. D. Lang, 'Cooksland,' p. 122:
"A cake baked in the ashes, which in Australia is usually
styled a damper." [Footnote]: "This appellation is said to
have originated somehow with Dampier, the celebrated
navigator."
1867. F. Hochstetter, 'New Zealand,' p. 284:
"'Damper' is a dough made from wheat-flour and water without
yeast, which is simply pressed flat, and baked in the ashes;
according to civilized notions, rather hard of digestion, but
quite agreeable to hungry woodmen's stomachs."
1872. C. H. Eden, 'My Wife and I in Queensland,' p. 20:
"At first we had rather a horror of eating damper, imagining it
to be somewhat like an uncooked crumpet. Experience, however,
showed it to be really very good. Its construction is simple,
and is as follows. Plain flour and water is mixed on a sheet
of bark, and then kneaded into a disc some two or three inches
thick to about one or two feet in diameter, great care to avoid
cracks being taken in the kneading. This is placed in a hole
scraped to its size in the hot ashes, covered over, and there
left till small cracks caused by the steam appear on the
surface of its covering. This is a sign that it is nearly
done, and in a few minutes the skilful chef will sound it over
with his "Wedges of damper (or bread baked in hot ashes) were
cut from time to time from great circular flat loaves of that
palatable and wholesome but somewhat compressed-looking bread."
1890. C. Lumholtz, 'Among Cannibals,' p. 32:
"Damper is the name of a kind of bread made of wheat flour and
water. The dough is shaped into a flat round cake, which is
baked in red-hot ashes. This bread looks very inviting, and
tastes very good as long as it is fresh, but it soon becomes
hard and dry."
# Damson, Native #, _n_. called also Native Plum,
an Australian shrub, _Nageia spinulosa_, F. v. M.,
_N.O. Coniferae_.
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 53:
"Native Damson or Native Plum. This shrub possesses edible
fruit, something like a plum, hence its vernacular names. The
Rev. Dr. Woolis tells me that, mixed with jam of the Native
Currant (_Leptomeria acida_), it makes a very good
pudding."
# Dandelion, Native #, _n_. a flowering plant,
_Podolepis acuminata_, R. Br., _N.O. Compositae_.
# Daphne, Native #, _n_. an Australian timber,
_Myoporum viscorum_, R. Br., _N.O. Myoporineae_;
called also _Dogwood_ and _Waterbush_.
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 575:
"Native Daphne. . . . Timber soft and moderately light, yet
tough. It is used for building purposes. It dresses well, and
is straight in the grain."
# Darling Pea #, _n_. an Australian plant,
_Swainsonia galegifolia_, R. Br., _N.O. Leguminosae_;
i.q. _Indigo Plant_ (q.v.). See also _Poison-bush_.
The Darling Downs and River were named after General (later Sir
Ralph) Darling, who was Governor of New South Wales from
Dec. 19, 1825 to Oct. 21, 1831. The "pea" is named from one of
these.
# Darling Shower #, _n_. a local name in the interior
of Australia, and especially on the River Darling, for a dust
storm, caused by cyclonic winds.
# Dart #, _n_. (1) Plan, scheme, idea [slang].
It is an extension of the meaning--"sudden motion."
1887. J. Farrell, 'How: he died,' p. 20:
"Whose 'dart' for the Looard
Was to appear the justest steward
That ever hiked a plate round."
1890. 'The Argus,' Aug. 9, p. 4, col. 2:
"When I told them of my 'dart,' some were contemptuous,
others incredulous."
1892. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Nevermore,' p. 22:
"Your only dart is to buy a staunch horse with a tip-cart."
(2) Particular fancy or personal taste.
1895. Modern:
"'Fresh strawberries eh!--that's my dart,' says the bushman
when he sees the fruit lunch in Collins-street."
# Darter #, _n_. common English name for birds of the
genus _Plotus_. So called from the way it "darts" upon
its prey. The Australian species is _Plotus novae-
hollandiae_, Gould.
# Dasyure #, and # Dasyurus #, _n_. the
scientific name of the genus of Australian animals called
_Native Cats_. See under _Cat_. The first form is
the Anglicized spelling and is scientifically used in
preference to the misleading vernacular name. From the Greek
_dasus_, thick with hair, hairy, shaggy, and _'oura_,
tail. They range over Australia, Tasmania, New Guinea, and the
adjacent islands. Unlike the _Thylacine_ and _Tasmanian
Devil_ (q.v.), which are purely terrestrial, the
_Dasyurus_ are arboreal in their habits, while they are
both carnivorous and insectivorous.
The Thylacine, Tasmanian Devil, Pouched Mice, and Banded
Ant-eater have sometimes been incorrectly classed as
_Dasyures_, but the name is now strictly allotted to the
genus _Dasyurus_, or _Native Cat_.
# Date, Native #, _n_. a Queensland fruit,
_Capparis canescens_, Banks, _N.O. Capparideae_.
The fruit is shaped like a pear, and about half an inch
in its largest diameter. It is eaten raw by the aborigines.
# Deadbeat #, _n_. In Australia, it means a man "down
on his luck," "stone-broke," beaten by fortune. In America,
the word means an impostor, a sponge. Between the two uses the
connection is clear, but the Australian usage is logically the
earlier.
# Dead-bird #, _n_. In Australia, a recent slang
term, meaning "a certainty." The metaphor is from
pigeon-shooting, where the bird being let loose in front of a
good shot is as good as dead.
# Dead-finish #, _n_. a rough scrubtree.
(1)_Albizzia basaltica_, Benth., _N.O. Leguminosae_.
(2) _Acacia farnesiana_, Willd.,
_N.O. Leguminosae_. See quotation, 1889.
1885. H. Finch-Hatton, 'Advance Australia', p. 272:
"On the eastern face of the coast range are pine, red cedar,
and beech, and on the western slopes, rose-wood, myall,
dead-finish, plum-tree, iron-wood and sandal-wood, all woods
with a fine grain suitable for cabinet-making and fancy work."
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 355:
"Sometimes called by the absurd name of 'Dead Finish.' This
name given to some species of Acacia and Albizzia, is on
account of the trees or shrubs shooting thickly from the
bottom, and forming an impenetrable barrier to the traveller,
who is thus brought to a 'dead finish' (stop)"
1893. 'The Times,' [Reprint] 'Letters from Queensland,' p. 60:
"The hawthorn is admirably represented by a brush commonly
called 'dead finish.'" [p. 61]: "Little knolls are crowned
with 'dead finish' that sheep are always glad to nibble."
# Dead-wood Fence #, _n_. The Australian fence, so
called, is very different from the fence of the same name in
England. It is high and big, built of fallen timber, logs
and branches. Though still used in Australia for fencing runs,
it is now usually superseded by wire fences.
1852. Mrs. Meredith, 'My Home in Tasmania,' vol. i. p. 157:
"A 'dead-wood fence,' that is, a mass of timber four or five
feet thick, and five or six high, the lower part being formed
of the enormous trunks of trees, cut into logs six or eight
feet long, laid side by side, and the upper portion consisting
of the smaller branches skilfully laid over, or stuck down and
twisted."
1872. G. Baden-Powell, 'New Homes for the Old Country,' p. 207:
"A very common fence is built by felling trees round the space
to be enclosed, and then with their stems as a foundation,
working up with the branches, a fence of a desirable height."
# Deal, Native #, _n_. an Australian timber,
_Nageia elata_, F. v. M., _N.O. Coniferae_.
For other vernacular names see quotation.
1869. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 589:
"Pine, white pine, called she-pine in Queensland; native deal,
pencil cedar. This tree has an elongated trunk, rarely
cylindrical; wood free from knots, soft, close, easily worked,
good for joiners' and cabinet-work; some trees afford planks of
great beauty. (Macarthur.) Fine specimens of this timber have
a peculiar mottled appearance not easily described, and often
of surpassing beauty."
[See also _Pine_.]
# December #, _n_. a summer month in Australia.
See _Christmas_.
1885. J. Hood, 'Land of the Fern,' p. 34:
"Warm December sweeps with burning breath
Across the bosom of the shrinking earth."
# Deepsinker #, _n_. (1) The largest sized tumbler;
(2) the long drink served in it. The idea is taken from
deep-sinking in a mining shaft.
1897. 'The Argus,' Jan. 15, p. 6, Col 5:
"As athletes the cocoons can run rings round the beans; they
can jump out of a tumbler--whether medium, small, or deepsinker
is not recorded."
# Deep Yellow-Wood #, _n_. _Rhus rhodanthema_,
F. v. M., _N.O. Anacardiaceae_. A tree with spreading head;
timber valuable. See _Yellow-Wood_.
# Deferred Payment #, _n_. a legal phrase. "Land on
deferred payment"; "Deferred payment settler"; "Pastoral
deferred payment." These expressions in New Zealand have
reference to the mode of statutory alienation of Crown lands,
known in other colonies as conditional sale, etc., i.e. sale
on time payment, with conditions binding the settler to erect
improvements, ending in his acquiring the fee-simple. The
system is obsolete, but many titles are still incomplete.
# Dell-bird #, _n_. another name for the
_Bell-bird_ (q.v.).
# Dendrolagus #, _n_. the scientific name of the
genus of Australian marsupials called _Tree-Kangaroos_
(q.v.). (Grk. _dendron_, a tree, and _lagows_, a
hare.) Unlike the other kangaroos, their fore limbs are nearly
as long as the hinder pair, and thus adapted for arboreal life.
There are five species, three belong to New Guinea and two to
Queensland; they are the Queensland Tree-Kangaroo,
_Dendrolagus lumholtzi_; Bennett's T.-k.,
_D. bennettianus_; Black T.-k., _D. ursinus_ : Brown
T.-k., _D. inustus_; Doria's T.-k., _D. dorianus_.
See _Kangaroo_.
# Derry #, _n_. slang. The phrase "to have a down
on" (see _Down_) is often varied to "have a derry on."
The connection is probably the comic-song refrain, "Hey derry
down derry."
1896. 'The Argus,' March 19, p. 5, col. 9:
"Mr. Croker: Certainly. We will tender it as evidence.
(To the witness.) Have you any particular 'derry' upon this
Wendouree?--No; not at all. There are worse vessels knocking
about than the Wendouree."
# Dervener #, _n_. See quotation,
and _Derwenter_.
1896. 'The Argus,' Jan. 2, p. 3, col. 4, Letters to the
Editor:
"'Dervener.'--An expression used in continental Australia for a
man from the Derwent in Tasmania. Common up till 1850 at
least.--David Blair."
Ibid. Jan. 3, p. 6, col. 6:
"With respect to 'dervener,' the word was in use while the blue
shirt race existed [sc. convicts], and these people did not
become extinct until after 1860.--Cymro-Victoria."
# Derwenter #, _n_. a released convict from Hobart
Town, Tasmania, which is on the River Derwent.
1884. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Melbourne Memories,' c. xx. p. 140:
"An odd pair of sawyers, generally 'Derwenters,' as the
Tasmanian expirees were called."
# Desert Lemon #, _n_. called also _Native
Kumquat_, _Atalantia glauca_, Hook.,
_N.O. Rutacea_.
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 8:
"The native kumquat or desert lemon. The fruit is globular,
and about half an inch in diameter. It produces an agreeable
beverage from its acid juice."
# Desert-Oak #, _n_. an Australian tree, _Casuarina
decaisneana_, F. v. M. See _Casuarina_ and _Oak_.
1896. Baldwin Spencer, 'Horne Expedition in Central
Australia,' Narrative, p. 49:
"We had now amongst these sandhills come into the region of the
'Desert Oak' (_Casuarina Decaisneana_). Some of the trees
reach a height of forty or fifty feet, and growing either
singly or in clumps form a striking feature amongst the thin
sparse scrub. . . . The younger ones resemble nothing so much
as large funeral plumes. Their outlines seen under a blazing
sun are indistinct, and they give to the whole scene a curious
effect of being 'out of focus.'"
# Devil, Tasmanian #, _n_. an animal, _Sarcophilus
ursinus_, Harris. Formerly, but erroneously, referred to
the genus _Dasyurus_ (q.v.), which includes the _Native
Cat_ (see under _Cat_): described in the quotations.
1832. J. Bischoff, 'Van Diemen's Land,' vol. ii. p. 29:
"The devil, or as naturalists term it, _Dasyurus ursinus_,
is very properly named."
1853. J. West, 'History of Tasmania,' vol. i. p. 323:
"The devil (_Dasyurus ursinus_, Geoff.), about the size of
a bull terrier, is an exceedingly fierce and disgusting-looking
animal, of a black colour, usually having one white band across
the chest, and another across the back, near the tail. It is a
perfect glutton, and most indiscriminate in its feeding."
1862. F. J. Jobson, 'Australia,' c. vii. p. 186:
"_Dasyurus ursinus_--a carnivorous marsupial. Colonists
in Tasmania, where only it exists . . . called it the 'devil,'
from the havoc it made among their sheep and poultry."
1891. 'Guide to Zoological Gardens, Melbourne':
"In the next division is a pair of Tasmanian devils
(_Dasyurus ursinus_); these unprepossessing-looking brutes
are hated by every one in Tasmania, their habitat, owing to
their destructiveness amongst poultry, and even sheep. They
are black in colour, having only a white band across the chest,
and possess great strength in proportion to their size."
# Devil's Guts #, _n_. The name is given in Australia
to the _Dodder-Laurel_ (see _Laurel_), _Cassytha
filiformis_, Linn., _N.O. Lauraceae_. In Tasmania the
name is applied to _Lyonsia straminea_, R. Br., _N.O.
Apocyneae_.
1862. W. Archer, 'Products of Tasmania,' p. 41:
"Lyonsia (_Lyonsia straminea_, Br.). Fibres of the bark
fine and strong. The lyonsia is met with, rather sparingly, in
dense thickets, with its stems hanging like ropes among the
trees."
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'useful Native Plants,' p. 14:
"This and other species of Cassythia are called
'dodder-laurel.' The emphatic name of 'devil's guts' is
largely used. It frequently connects bushes and trees by
cords, and becomes a nuisance to the traveller." [This plant
is used by the Brahmins of Southern India for seasoning their
buttermilk. ('Treasury of Botany.')]
Ibid. p. 162:
"It is also used medicinally."
# Devil-on-the-Coals #, _n_. a Bushman's name for
a small and quickly-baked damper.
1862. Rev. A. Polehampton, 'Kangaroo Land,' p. 77:
"Instead of damper we occasionally made what is colonially
known as 'devils on the coals.' . . . They are convenient when
there is not time to make damper, as only a minute or so is
required to bake them. They are made about the size of a
captain's biscuit, and as thin as possible, thrown on the
embers and turned quickly with the hand."
# Diamond Bird #, _n_. a bird-name. In the time of
Gould this name was only applied to _Pardalotus
punctatus_, Temm. Since that time it has been extended to
all the species of the genus _Pardalotus_ (q.v.). The
broken colour of the plumage suggested a sparkling jewel.
1827. Vigors and Horsfield, 'Transactions of Linnaean Society,'
vol. xv. p. 238:
"We are informed by Mr. Caley that this species is called
diamond bird by the settlers, from the spots on its body.
By them it is reckoned as valuable on account of its skin."
# Diamond Snake #, _n_. In Queensland and New South
Wales, _Pythonon spilotes_, Lacep.; in Tasmania,
_Hoplocephalus superhus_, Gray, venomous. See under
_Snake_.
# Digger #, _n_. a gold-miner. The earliest mines
were alluvial. Of course the word is used elsewhere, but in
Australia it has this special meaning.
1852. Title:
"Murray's Guide to the Gold Diggings.--The Australian Gold
Diggings; where they are, and how to get at them; with letters
from Settlers and Diggers telling how to work them. London:
Stewart & Murray) 1852."
1853. Valiant, 'Letter to Council,' given in McCombie's
'History of Victoria' (1853), c. xvi. p. 248:
"It caused the diggers, as a body, to pause in their headlong
career."
1855. W. Howitt, 'Land, Labour, and Gold,'
vol. ii. p. 148, Letter xxx:
"Buckland River, January 29th, 1854. The diggers here are a
very quiet and civil race, at the same time that they are a
most active and laborious one. . . . The principal part of
the diggers here are from the Ovens."
1864. J. Rogers, 'New Rush,' pt. ii. p. 31:
"Drink success to the digger's trade,
And break up to the squatter's."
1896. H. Lawson, 'While the Billy boils,' p. 148:
"His Father's Mate had always been a general favourite with the
diggers and fossickers, from the days when he used to slip out
first thing in the morning and take a run across the frosty
flat in his shirt."
# Digger's Delight #, _n_. a flower, _Veronica
perfoliata_, R. Br., _N.O. Scrophularaneae_, described
in quotations.
1878. W. R. Guilfoyle, 'First Book of Australian Botany,' p. 64:
"Digger's Delight, _Veronica perfoliata_,
_N.O. Scrophularineae_. A pretty, blue-flowering shrub,
with smooth stem-clasping leaves; found in the mountainous
districts of Victoria and New South Wales, and deriving its
common name from a supposition that its presence indicated
auriferous country. It is plentiful in the elevated cold
regions of Australia."
1888. D. Macdonald, 'Gum Boughs,' p. 147:
"Such native flowers as the wild violet, the shepherd's purse,
or the blue-flowered 'digger's delight.' This latter has come,
perhaps, with the seeds from some miner's holding amongst the
iron-barks in the gold country, and was once supposed to grow
only on auriferous soils. When no one would think of digging
for gold in this field, the presence of the flower is, perhaps,
as reliable an indication of a golconda underneath as the
reports and information on the strength of which many mining
companies are floated."
# Diggerdom #, _n_. collective noun, the diggers.
1855. W. Howitt, 'Two Years in Victoria,' vol. i. p. 43:
"Diggerdom is gloriously in the ascendant here."
# Diggeress #, _n_. a digger's wife.
1855. W. Howitt, 'Two Years in Victoria,' vol. i. p. 43:
"The digger marching off, followed by his diggeress, a tall,
slim young woman, who strode on like a trooper. . . . Open
carriages driving about, crowded with diggers and their
diggeresses."
1864. J. Rogers, 'New Rush,' pt. ii. p. 36:
"I'm tir'd of being a diggeress,
And yearn a farmer's home to grace."
# Diggings #, _n_. a place where gold-mining is
carried on. The word is generally regarded as singular.
Though common in Australia, it is very old, even in the sense
of a place where digging for gold is carried on.
1769. De Foe's 'Tour of Great Britain,' i. 39 ('O.E.D.'):
"King Henry VIII. was induced to dig for Gold. He was
disappointed, but the Diggings are visible at this Day."
1852. J. Morgan, 'Life and Adventures of William Buckley'
(published at Hobart), p. 183 [quoting from the 'Victoria
Commercial Review,' published at Melbourne, by
Messrs. Westgarth, Ross, & Co., under date September 1, 1851]:
"The existence of a 'goldfield' was not ascertained until May
last. . . . Numbers of persons are daily 'prospecting'
throughout this Colony and New South Wales in search of
gold. . . .In Victoria, as well as in New South Wales, regular
'diggings' are now established."
1852. Murray, 'The Australian Gold Diggings: where they are
and how to get at them,' p. 1;
"It cannot but be acceptable to the crowds of intending
colonists and gold seekers, to present them with a picture of
the 'Progress of the Diggins,' [sic] drawn by the diggers."
1858. T. McCombie, 'History of Victoria,' c. xv. p. 234:
"Immigrants who had not means to start to the diggings."
1870. J. O. Tucker, 'The Mute,' p. 48:
"Ye glorious diggings 'neath a southern clime!
I saw thy dawn."
['Ye,' 'thy.' Is this singular or plural?]
1887. H. H. Hayter, 'Christmas Adventure,' p. i:
"Fryer's creek, a diggings more than 90 miles from Melbourne."
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Miner's Right,' c. vii. p. 71:
"It was a goldfield and a diggings in far-away Australia."
# Dilli #, later # Dilly-bag #, _n_. an
aboriginal word, coming from Queensland, for a bag made either
of grasses or of fur twisted into cord. _Dhilla_ is the
term for hair in Kabi dialect, Mary River, Queensland.
_Dirrang_ and _jirra_ are corresponding words in the
east of New South Wales. The aboriginal word _dilli_ has
been tautologically increased to _dilly-bag_, and the word
is used by bushmen for a little bag for odds-and-ends, even
though made of calico or holland.
1847. L. Leichhardt, 'Overland Expedition,' p. 90:
"In their 'dillis' (small baskets) were several roots or
tubers."
Ibid. p. 195:
"A basket (dilli) which I examined was made of a species of
grass."
1885. R. M. Praed, 'Australian Life,' p. 34:
"I learned too at the camp to plait dilly-bags."
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Colonial Reformer,' c. xvii. p. 210:
"Mayboy came forward dangling a small dilly-bag."
1896. A.J. North, 'Report of Australian Museum,' p. 26:
"Dilly-bag (partly wool and partly grass)."
# Dingle-bird #, _n._ a poetical name for the
Australian _Bell-bird_ (q.v.).
1870. F. S. Wilson, 'Australian Songs,' p. 30:
"The bell-like chimings of the distant dingle-bird."
1883. C. Harpur, 'Poems,' p. 78:
"I . . . list the tinkling of the dinglebird."
# Dingo #, _n_. the native dog of Australia, _Canis
dingo_. "The aborigines, before they obtained dogs from
Europeans, kept the dingo for hunting, as is still done by
coast tribes in Queensland. Name probably not used further
south than Shoalhaven, where the wild dog is called Mirigang."
(A. W. Howitt.)
1790. J. White, 'Voyage to New South Wales,' p. 280:
[A dingo or dog of New South Wales. Plate. Description by J.
Hunter.] "It is capable of barking, although not so readily as
the European dogs; is very ill-natured and vicious, and snarls,
howls, and moans, like dogs in common. Whether this is the
only dog in New South Wales, and whether they have it in a wild
state, is not mentioned; but I should be inclined to believe
they had no other; in which case it will constitute the wolf of
that country; and that which is domesticated is only the wild
dog tamed, without having yet produced a variety, as in some
parts of America."
1798. D. Collins, 'Account of English Colony in New South
Wales,' p. 614 [Vocab.]:
"Jungo---Beasts, common name.
Tein-go---Din-go.
Wor-re-gal---Dog."
1820. W. C. Wentworth, 'Description of New South Wales,' p. 62:
"The native dog also, which is a species of the wolf, was
proved to be fully equal in this respect [sport] to the fox;
but as the pack was not sufficiently numerous to kill these
animals at once, they always suffered so severely from their
bite that at last the members of the hunt were shy in allowing
the dogs to follow them."
1834. L. E. Threlkeld, 'Australian Grammar,' p. 55:
"Tigko---a bitch."
1852. G. C. Mundy, 'Our Antipodes '(1855), p. 153:
"I have heard that the dingo, warragal or native dog, does not
hunt in packs like the wolf and jackal."
1860. William Story, 'Victorian Government Prize Essays,' p. 101:
"The English hart is so greatly superior, as an animal of
chase, to that cunning poultry thief the fox, that I trust
Mister Reynard will never be allowed to become an Australian
immigrant, and that when the last of the dingoes shall have
shared the fate of the last English wolf, Australian Nimrods
will resuscitate, at the antipodes of England, the sterling old
national sport of hart hunting, conjointly with that of African
boks, gazelles, and antelopes, and leave the fox to their
English cousins, who cannot have Australian choice."
1872. C. H. Eden, 'My Wife and I in Queensland,' p. 103:
"In the neighbourhood of Brisbane and other large towns where
they have packs, they run the dingoes as you do foxes at home."
1880. Garnet Walch, 'Victoria in 1880,' p. 113:
"The arms of the Wimmera should be rabbit and dingo, 'rampant,'
supporting a sun, 'or, inflamed.'"
1881. A. C. Grant, 'Bush Life in Queensland,' vol. i. p. 71:
"Dingoes, the Australian name for the wild dogs so destructive
to sheep. They were . . . neither more nor less than wolves,
but more cowardly and not so ferocious, seldom going in large
packs. They hunted kangaroos when in numbers, or driven to it
by hunger; but usually preferred smaller and more easily
obtained prey, as rats, bandicoots, and 'possums."
1890. C. Lumholtz, 'Among Cannibals,' p. 38:
"On the large stations a man is kept whose sole work it is to
lay out poison for the dingo. The black variety with white
breast generally appears in Western Queensland along with the
red."
1891. 'Guide to Zoological Gardens, Melbourne':
"The dingo of northern Australia can be distinguished from his
brother of the south by his somewhat smaller size and
courageous bearing. He always carries his tail curled over his
back, and is ever ready to attack any one or anything; whilst
the southern dingo carries his tail low, slinks along like a
fox, and is easily frightened. The pure dingo, which is now
exceedingly rare in a wild state, partly through the agency of
poison, but still more from the admixture of foreign breeds, is
unable to bark, and can only express its feelings in long-drawn
weird howls."
1894. 'The Argus,' June 23, p. l1, col. 4:
"Why is the first call of a dingo always apparently miles away,
and the answer to it--another quavering note slightly more
shrill--so close at hand? Is it delusion or distance?"
# Dinornis #, _n_. the scientific name given by
Professor Owen to the genus of huge struthious birds of the
post-Pliocene period, in New Zealand, which survive in the
traditions of the Maoris under the name of _Moa_ (q.v.).
From the Greek _deinos_, terrible, and _'ornis_,
bird.
1888. W. L. Buller, 'Birds of New Zealand,' vol. i. Intro.
p. xviii:
"The specimens [fossil-bones] transmitted . . . were confided
to the learned Professor [Owen] for determination; and these
materials, scanty as they were, enabled him to define the
generic characters of _Dinornis_, as afforded by the bones
of the hind extremity."
Ibid. p. xxiv:
"Professor Owen had well-nigh exhausted the vocabulary of terms
expressive of largeness by naming his successive discoveries
_ingens, giganteus, crassus, robustus_, and
_elephantopus_, when he had to employ the superlative
_Dinornis maximus_ to distinguish a species far exceeding
in stature even the stately _Dinornis giganteus_. In this
colossal bird . . . some of the cervical vertebrae almost equal
in size the neck-bones of a horse! The skeleton in the British
Museum . . . measures 11 feet in height, and . . . some of these
feathered giants attained to a still greater stature."
# Dipper #, _n_. a vessel with a handle at the top of
the side like a big tin mug. That with which one dips. The
word is not Australian, but is of long standing in the United
States, where it is used as a name for the constellation of the
_Great Bear_.
1893. 'Australasian Schoolmaster,' Feb.:
"These answers have not the true colonial ring of the
following, which purports to be the remark of the woman of
Samaria: 'Sir, the well is very deep, and you haven't got
a dipper.'"
# Dips #, _n_. Explained in quotation.
1859. G. Bunce, 'Travels with Leichhardt,' p. 161:
". . . Dr. Leichhardt gave the party a quantity of dough boys,
or as we called them, dips. . ."
[p. 171]: "In this dilemma, Dr. Leichhardt ordered the cook to
mix up a lot of flour, and treated us all to a feed of dips.
These were made as follows:--a quantity of flour was mixed up
with water, and stirred with a spoon to a certain consistency,
and dropped into a pot of boiling water, a spoonful at a time.
Five minutes boiling was sufficient, when they were eaten with
the water in which they were boiled."
# Dirt #, _n_. In Australia, any alluvial deposit in
which gold is found; properly _Wash-dirt_. The word is
used in the United States. See quotation, 187.
1853. Mrs. Chas. Clancy, 'Lady's Visit to the Gold Diggings,'
p. 109:
"And after doing this several times, the 'dirt,' of course,
gradually diminishing, I was overjoyed to see a few bright
specks."
1857. Borthwick, 'California,' [Bartlett, quoted in 'O.E.D.']
p. 120:
"In California, 'dirt' is the universal word to signify the
substance dug; earth, clay, gravel, or loose slate. The miners
talk of rich dirt and poor dirt, and of stripping off so many
feet of 'top dirt' before getting to 'pay-dirt,' the latter
meaning dirt with so much gold in it that it will pay to dig it
up and wash it."
1870. J. O. Tucker, 'The Mute,'p. 40:
"Others to these the precious dirt convey,
Linger a moment till the panning's through."
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Miner's Right,' c. xiv. p. 142:
"We were clean worked out . . . before many of our neighbours
at Greenstone Gully, were half done with their dirt."
Ibid. c. xviii. p. 177:
"We must trust in the Oxley 'dirt' and a kind Providence."
# Dish #, _n_. and _adj_. a small and rough
vessel in which gold is washed. The word is used in the United
States.
1890. 'Goldfields of Victoria,' p. 17:
"I have obtained good dish prospects after crudely crushing up
the quartz."
# Dishwasher #, _n_. an old English bird-name for the
Water-Wagtail; applied in Australia to _Seisura inquieta_,
Lath., the _Restless Fly-catcher_ (q.v.). _Seisura_
is from Grk. _seiein_ (to shake), and _'oura_ (a
tail), being thus equal in meaning to Wagtail. Also called
_Dishlick, Grinder_, and _Razor-grinder_ (q.v.).
1827. Vigors and Horsfield, 'Transactions of the Linnaean
Society,' vol. xv. p. 250:
"This bird is called by the colonists Dishwasher. It is very
curious in its actions. In alighting on the stump of a tree it
makes several semi-circular motions, spreading out its tail,
and making a loud noise somewhat like that caused by a
razor-grinder when at work."
# Distoechurus #, _n_. the scientific name of the
genus of the New Guinea Pentailed-Phalanger, or so-called
_Opossum-mouse_ (q.v.). It has a tail with the long hairs
arranged in two opposite rows, like the vanes of a
feather.(Grk. _distoichos_, with two rows, and
_'oura_, a tail.)
# Diver #, _n_. common bird-name used in Australia
for a species of Grebe.
1848. J. Gould, 'Birds of Australia,' vol. vii. pl. 80:
"_Podiceps australis_, Gould; Australian Tippet Grebe;
Diver of the Colonists."
# Doctor #, _n_. word used in the South Australian
bush for "the cook."
1896. 'The Australasian,' June 13, p. 1133, col. 1:
"'The doctor's in the kitchen, and the boss is in the shed;
The overseer's out mustering on the plain;
Sling your bluey down, old boy, for the clouds are overhead,
You are welcome to a shelter from the rain.'"
# Dodder Laurel #, _n_. i.q. _Devil's Guts_
(q.v.).
# Dog-fish #, _n_. The name belongs to various
fishes of distinct families, chiefly sharks. In Australia,
it is used for the fish _Scyllium lima_, family
_Scylliidae_. In New South Wales it is _Scyllium
maculatum_, Bl. The _Sprite Dog-fish_ of New Zealand
is _Acanthias maculatus_, family _Spinacidae_. The
_Spotted Dog-fish_ of New South Wales is _Scyllium
anale_. The _Dusky Dogfish_ of New South Wales is
_Chiloscyllium modestum_, Gunth., and there are others
in Tasmania and Australia.
# Dogleg #, _adj_. applied to a primitive kind of
fence made of rough timber. Crossed spars, which are the
doglegs, placed at intervals, keep in place a low rail resting
on short posts, and are themselves fixed by heavy saplings
resting in the forks above.
1875. R. and F. Hill, 'What we saw in Australia,' p. 61:
". . . we made acquaintance with the 'dog's leg' fence.
This is formed of bare branches of the gum-tree laid obliquely,
several side by side, and the ends overlapping, so that they
have somewhat the appearance that might be presented by the
stretched-out legs of a crowd of dogs running at full speed.
An upright stick at intervals, with a fork at the top, on which
some of the cross-branches rest, adds strength to the
structure."
1888. D. Macdonald, 'Gum Boughs,' p. 13:
"While the primaeval 'dog-leg' fence of the Victorian bush,
or the latter-day 'chock and log' are no impediments in the path
of our foresters." [sc. kangaroos; see _Forester_.]
1888. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Robbery under Arms,' p. 71:
"As we rode up we could see a gunyah made out of boughs, and a
longish wing of dog leg fence, made light but well put
together."
# Dog's Tongue #, _n_. name given to the plant
_Cynoglossum suaveolens_, R. Br., _N.O. Asperifoliae_.
# Dogwood #, _n_. various trees and their wood; none
of them the same as those called _dogwood_ in the Northern
Hemisphere, but their woods are used for similar purposes, e.g.
butchers' skewers, fine pegs, and small pointed wooden
instruments. In Australia generally, _Jacksonia
scoparia_, R. Br., also _Myoporum platycarpum_, R. Br.
In Tasmania, _Bedfordia salicina_, De C.,
_N.O. Compositae_, which is also called _Honeywood_,
and in New South Wales, _Cottonwood_ (q.v.), and the two
trees _Pomaderris elliptica_, Lab., and _P. apetala_,
Lab., _N.O. Rhamnaceae_, which are called respectively
_Yellow_ and _Bastard Dogwood_. See also
_Coranderrk_. In parts of Tasmania, _Pomaderris
apetala_, Lab., _N.O. Rhamn/ac?/eae_, is also called
_Dogwood_, or _Bastard Dogwood_.
1836. Ross, 'Hobart Town Almanack,' p. 16:
"There is a secluded hollow of this kind near Kangaroo Bottom,
near Hobart Town, where the common dogwood of the colony
(pomaderris apetala) has sprung up so thick and tall, that Mr.
Babington and myself having got into it unawares one day, had
the greatest difficulty imaginable to get out after three or
four hours' labour. Not one of the plants was more than six
inches apart from the others, while they rose from 6 to 12
yards in height, with leaves at the top which almost wholly
excluded the light of the sun."
1847. L. Leichhardt, 'Overland Expedition,' p. 11:
"Iron-bark ridges here and there, with spotted gum, with
dogwood (_Jacksonia_) on a sandy soil." (p. 20): "A
second creek, with running water, which from the number of
dogwood shrubs (_Jacksonia_), in the full glory of their
golden blossoms, I called 'Dogwood Creek.'"
1894. 'Melbourne Museum Catalogue--Economic Woods,' p. 46:
"Native dogwood, a hard, pale-brown, well-mottled wood; good
for turnery."
# Dogwood Poison-bush #, _n_. a New South Wales name;
the same as _Ellangowan Poison-bush_ (q.v.).
# Dollar #, _n_. See _Holy Dollar_.
# Dollar-bird #, _n_. name given to the _Roller_
(q.v.). See quotations.
1827. Vigors and Horsfield, 'Transactions of Linnaean Society,'
vol. xv. p. 202:
"The settlers call it dollar-bird, from the silver-like spot on
the wing."
1848. J. Gould, 'Birds of Australia;' vol. ii. pl. 17:
"_Eurystomus Australis_, Swains., Australian Roller.
Dollar Bird of the Colonists. During flight the white spot in
the centre of each wing, then widely expanded, shows very
distinctly, and hence the name of Dollar Bird.'"
1851. I. Henderson, 'Excursions in New South Wales,' vol. ii.
p. 183:
"The Dollar-bird derives its name from a round white spot the
size of a dollar, on its wing. It is very handsome, and flies
in rather a peculiar manner. It is the only bird which I have
observed to perform regular migrations; and it is strange that
in such a climate any one should do so. But it appears that
the dollar-bird does not relish even an Australian winter.
It is the harbinger of spring and genial weather."
# Dollar-fish # _n_. a name often given formerly to
the _John Dory_ (q.v.), from the mark on its side. See
quotation, 1880. The name _Dollar-fish_ is given on the
American coasts to a different fish.
1880. Guenther, 'Study of Fishes,' p. 451:
"The fishermen of Roman Catholic countries hold this fish in
special respect, as they recognize in a black round spot on its
side the mark left by the thumb of St. Peter, when he took the
piece of money from its mouth."
1882. Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, 'Fish of New South Wales,'
p. 62:
"The dory has been long known, and when the currency of the
colony was in Mexican coin it was called a 'dollar-fish.'"
# Dorca-Kangaroo #, _n_. See _Dorcopsis_ and
_Kangaroo_.
# Dorcopsis #, _n_. the scientific name of a genus of
little Kangaroos with pretty gazelle-like faces.
(Grk. _dorkas_, a gazelle, and _'opsis_, appearance.)
They are called _Dorca-Kangaroos_, and are confined to New
Guinea, and form in some respects a connecting link between
_Macropus_ and the _Tree-Kangaroo_ (q.v.). There are
three species--the Brown Dorca Kangaroo, _Dorcopsis
muelleri_; Grey D., _D. luctuosa_, Macleay's D.,
_D. macleayi_. See _Kangaroo_ (e).
# Dottrel #, _n_. formerly _Dotterel_, common
English bird-name, applied in Australia to _Charadrius
australis_, Gould.
Black-fronted Dottrel--
_Charadrius nigrifrons_, Temm.
Double-banded D.--
_C. bicincta_, Jord. and Selb.
Hooded D.--
_C. monacha_, Geoff.
Large Sand D.--
_C. (AEgialitis)_ geoffroyi, Wag.
Mongolian Sand D.--
_C. (AEgialitis) mongolica_, Pallas.
Oriental D.--
_C. veredus_, Gould.
Red-capped Dottrel--
_Charadrius ruficapilla_, Temm.; called also
_Sand-lark_.
Red-necked D.--
_C. (AEgialitis) mastersi_, Ramsay.
Ringed D.--
_C. hiaticula_, Linn. [See also Red-knee.]
# Dove #, _n_. a well-known English bird-name,
applied in Australia to the--
Barred-shouldered Dove--
_Geopelia humeralis_, Temm.
Ground D.--
_G. tranquilla_, Gould.
Little D.--
_G. cuneata_, Lath. [See also Ground-dove.]
# Dove-Petrel #, _n_. a well-known English bird-name.
The species in the-Southern Seas are--
_Prion turtur_, Smith.
Banks D.-P.--
_P. banksii_, Smith.
Broad-billed D.-P.--
_P. vittata_, Forst.
Fairy D.-P.--
_P. ariel_, Gould.
# Dover #, _n_. a clasp knife, by a maker of that
name, once much used in the colonies.
1878. 'The Australian,' vol. i. p. 418:
"In plates and knives scant is the shepherd's store,
'Dover' and pan are all, he wants no more."
1893. April 15, 'A Traveller's Note':
"'So much a week and the use of my Dover' men used to say in
making a contract of labour."
1894. 'Bush Song' [Extract]:
"Tie up the dog beside the log,
And come and flash your Dover."
# Down #, _n_. a prejudice against, hostility to;
a peculiarly Australian noun made out of the adverb.
1856. W. W. Dobie, 'Recollections of a Visit to Port Philip,'
p. 84:
". . . the bushranger had been in search of another squatter,
on whom 'he said he had a down'. . ."
1884. J. W. Bull, 'Early Life in South Australia,' p. 179:
"It was explained that Foley had a private 'down' on them,
as having stolen from him a favourite kangaroo dog."
1889. Cassell's 'Picturesque Australasia, vol. iv. p. 180:
"They [diggers] had a 'dead down' on all made dishes."
1893. Professor Gosman, 'The Argus,' April 24, p. 7, col. 4:
"That old prejudice in the minds of many men to the effect that
those who represented the churches or religious people had a
regular down upon freedom of thought."
1893. 'The Age,' June 24, p. 5, col. 1:
"Mr. M. said it was notorious in the department that one of the
commissioners had had 'a down' on him."
1893. R. L. Stevenson, 'Island Nights' Entertainments,' p. 46:
"'They have a down on you,' says Case. 'Taboo a man because
they have a down on him'' I cried. 'I never heard the like.'"
# Down #, _adv_. "To come, or be down," is the phrase
used in Australian Universities for to be "plucked," or
"ploughed," or "spun," i.e., to fail in an examination. It has
been in use for a few years, certainly not earlier than 1886.
The metaphor is either taken from a fall from a horse, or
perhaps from the prize-ring. The use has no connection with
being "sent down," or "going down," at Oxford or Cambridge.
# Draft #, _v_. to separate and sort cattle. An
adaptation of the meaning "to select and draw off for
particular service," especially used of soldiers.
1884. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Melbourne Memories,' c. vi. p. 46:
"I should like to be drafting there again."
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'The Squatter's Dream,' p. 2:
"There were those cattle to be drafted that had been brought
from the Lost Waterhole."
# Draft #, _n_. a body of cattle separated from the
rest of the herd.
1884. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Melbourne Memories,' c. ii. p. 22:
"A draft of out-lying cattle rose and galloped off."
# Drafter #, _n_. a man engaged in drafting cattle.
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Colonial Reformer,' c. xviii. p. 227:
"They behave better, though all the while keeping the drafters
incessantly popping at the fence by truculent charges."
# Drafting-gate #, _n_. gate used in separating
cattle and sheep into different classes or herds.
1890. 'The Argus,' Aug. 16, p. 4, col. 7:
"But the tent-flap seemed to go up and down quick as a
drafting-gate."
# Drafting-stick #, _n_. a stick used in drafting
cattle.
1884. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Melbourne Memories,' c. x. p. 72:
"We . . . armed ourselves with drafting-sticks and resolutely
faced it."
# Drafting-yard #, _n_. a yard for drafting cattle.
1890. 'The Argus,' Aug. 16, p. 13, col. 1:
"There were drafting-yards and a tank a hundred yards off,
but no garden."
# Dray #, _n_. an ordinary cart for goods. See
quotation, 1872.
1833. C. Sturt, 'Southern Australia,' vol. i. Intro. p. xlix:
"They send their produce to the market . . . receiving supplies
for home consumption on the return of their drays or carts from
thence."
1872. C. H. Eden, "My Wife and I in Queensland,' p. 31:
"A horse dray, as known in Australia, is by no means the
enormous thing its name would signify, but simply an ordinary
cart on two wheels without springs." [There are also
spring-drays.]
1886. H. C. Kendall, 'Poems,' p. 41:
"One told by camp fires when the station drays
Were housed and hidden, forty years ago."
# Dromicia #, _n_. the scientific name of the
Australian _Dormouse Phalangers_, or little
_Opossum_- or _Flying-Mice_, as they are locally
called. See _Opossum_, _Opossum-mouse_, and
_Phalanger_. They are not really the "Flying"-Mice or
Flying-phalanger, as they have only an incipient parachute, but
they are nearly related to the _Pigmy Petaurists_ (q.v.)
or small _Flying-Phalangers_. (Grk. _dromikos_, good
at running, or swift.)
# Drongo #, _n_. This bird-name was "given by Le
Vaillant in the form _drongeur_ to a South African bird
afterwards known as the Musical Drongo, _Dicrurus
musicus_, then extended to numerous . . . fly-catching,
crow-like birds." ('Century.') The name is applied in
Australia to _Chibia bracteata_, Gould, which is called
the _Spangled Drongo_.
1895. W. 0. Legge, 'Australasian Association for the
Advancement of Science' (Brisbane), p. 448:
"There being but one member of the interesting Asiatic genus
_Drongo_ in Australia, it was thought best to characterize
it simply as the _Drongo_ without any qualifying term."
# Drop #, _n_. (Slang.) To "have the drop on" is to
forestall, gain advantage over, especially by covering with a
revolver.
It is curious that while an American magazine calls this phrase
Australian (see quotation), the 'Dictionary of Slang'--one
editor of which is the distinguished American, Godfrey
C. Leland--says it is American. It is in common use in
Australia.
1894. 'Atlantic Monthly,' Aug., p. 179.
"His terrible wife, if we may borrow a phrase from Australia,
'had the drop on him' in every particular."
# Drooping Acacia #, _n_. See _Acacia_.
# Drove #, _v_. to drive travelling cattle or sheep.
1890. A. J. Vogan, 'Black Police,' p. 334:
"I don't know how you'd be able to get on without the 'boys' to
muster, track, and drove."
1896. A. B. Paterson, 'Man from Snowy River' [Poem 'In the
Droving Days'], p. 95:
"For though lie scarcely a trot can raise,
He can take me back to the droving days."
# Drum #, _n_. a bundle; more usually called
a _swag_ (q.v.).
1866. Wm. Starner, 'Recollections of a Life of Adventure,'
vol. i. p. 304
". . . and 'humping his drum' start off for the diggings to
seek more gold."
1872. C. H. Eden, 'My Wife and I in Queensland,' p. 17:
"They all chaffed us about our swags, or donkeys, or drums,
as a bundle of things wrapped in a blanket is indifferently
called."
1886. Frank Cowan, 'Australia, Charcoal Sketch,' p. 31:
"The Swagman: bed and board upon his back--or, having humped
his drum and set out on the wallaby . . ."
# Drummer #, _n_. a New South Wales name for the fish
_Girella elevata_, Macl., of the same family as the
_Black-fish_ (q.v.).
# Dry-blowing #, _n_. a Western Australian term in
gold-mining.
1894. 'The Argus,' March 28, p. 5, col. 5:
"When water is not available, as unfortunately is the case at
Coolgardie, 'dry blowing' is resorted to. This is done by
placing the pounded stuff in one dish, and pouring it slowly at
a certain height into the other. If there is any wind blowing
it will carry away the powdered stuff; if there is no wind the
breath will have to be used. It is not a pleasant way of
saving gold, but it is a case of Hobson's choice. The
unhealthiness of the method is apparent."
# Duboisine #, _n_. an alkaloid derived from the
plant _Duboisia myoposides_, _N.O. Sofanaceae_, a
native of Queensland and New South Wales. It is used in
medicine as an application to the eye for the purpose of
causing the pupil to dilate, in the same way as atropine, an
alkaloid obtained from the belladonna plant in Europe, has long
been employed. Duboisine was discovered and introduced into
therapeutics by a Brisbane physician.
# Duck #, _n_. the well-known English name of the
birds of the _Anatinae, Fuligulinae_, and other series,
of which there are about 125 species comprised in about 40 genera.
The Australian genera and species are---
Blue-billed Duck--
_Erismatura australis_, Gould.
Freckled D.--
_Stictonetta naevosa_, Gould.
Mountain D. (the Shel-drake, q.v.).
Musk D. (q.v.)--
_Biziura lobata_, Shaw.
Pink-eared D., or Widgeon (q.v.)--
_Malacorhynchus membranaceus_, Lath.
Plumed Whistling D.--
_Dendrocygna eytoni_, Gould.
Whistling D.--
_D. vagans_, Eyton. [Each species of the
_Dendrocygna_ called also by sportsmen Tree-duck.]
White-eyed D., or Hard-head (q.v.)--
_Nyroca australis_, Gould.
Wild D.--
_Anas superciliosa_, Gmel.
Wood D. (the Maned Goose; see _Goose_).
The following is a table of the ducks as compiled by Gould nearly
fifty years ago.
1848. J. Gould, 'Birds of Australia,' vol. vii:
Plate
_Anas superciliosa_, Gmel.
Australian Wild Duck . . . 9
_Anas naevosa_, Gould,
Freckled Duck . . . 10
_Anas punctata_, Cuv.
Chestnut-breasted Duck . . . 11
_Spatula Rhyncotis_,
Australian Shoveller . . . 12
_Malacorhynchus membranaceus_, . . . 13
Membranaceous Duck
_Dendrocygna arcuata_,
Whistling Duck (q.v.) . . . 14
_Leptolarsis Eytoni_, Gould,
Eyton's Duck . . . 15
_Nyroca Australis_, Gould,
White-eyed Duck . . . 16
_Erismatura Australis_,
Blue-billed Duck . . . 17
_Biziura lobata_,
Musk Duck . . . 18
The following is Professor Parker's statement of the New Zealand
_Ducks_.
1889. Prof. Parker, 'Catalogue of New Zealand Exhibition,'
p. 117:
"There are eleven species of Native Ducks belonging to nine
genera, all found elsewhere, except two--the little Flightless
Duck of the Auckland Islands (genus _Nesonetta_) and the
Blue Mountain Duck (_Hymenolaemus_). Among the most
interesting of the non-endemic forms, are the Paradise Duck or
Sheldrake (_Casarca variegata_), the Brown Duck (_Anas
chlorotis_), the Shoveller or Spoonbill Duck (_Rhynchaspis
variegata_), and the Scaup or Black Teal (_Fuligula
Novae-Zealandiae_)."
# Duckbill #, _n_. See _Platypus_. Sometimes
also called _Duckmole_.
# Duckmole #, _n_. See _Platypus_.
1825. Barron Field, 'First Fruits of Australian Poetry,'
in 'Geographical Memoirs of New South Wales,' p. 496:
"When sooty swans are once more rare,
And duck-moles the museum's care."
[Appendix : "Water or duck-mole."]
1875. Schmidt, 'Descent and Darwinism,' p. 237:
"The Ornithorhyncus or duck-mole of Tasmania."
# Duck-shoving #, and # Duckshover #, _n_.
a cabman's phrase.
In Melbourne, before the days of trams, the wagonette-cabs used
to run by a time-table from fixed stations at so much
(generally 3_d_.) a passenger. A cabman who did not wait
his turn on the station rank, but touted for passengers up and
down the street in the neighbourhood of the rank, was termed a
_Duck-shover_.
1870. D. Blair, 'Notes and Queries,' Aug. 6, p. 111:
"Duck-shoving is the term used by our Melbourne cabmen to
express the unprofessional trick of breaking the rank, in order
to push past the cabman on the stand for the purpose of picking
up a stray passenger or so."
1896. 'Otago Daily Times,' Jan. 25, p. 3, col. 6:
"The case was one of a series of cases of what was technically
known as 'duck shoving,' a process of getting passengers which
operated unfairly against the cabmen who stayed on the licensed
stand and obeyed the by-law."
# Dudu #, _n_. aboriginal name for a pigeon,
fat-breasted, and very good eating.
1852. G. C. Mundy, 'Our Antipodes' (3rd ed. 1855), c. vii.
p. 170:
"In the grassland, a sort of ground pigeon, called the dudu,
a very handsome little bird, got up and went off like a
partridge, strong and swift, re-alighting on the ground, and
returning to cover."
# Duff #, _v_. to steal cattle by altering the
brands.
1869. E. Carton Booth, 'Another England,' p. 138:
"He said there was a 'duffing paddock' somewhere on the Broken
River, into which nobody but the owner had ever found an
entrance, and out of which no cattle had ever found their
way--at any rate, not to come into their owner's
possession. . . . The man who owned the 'duffing paddock'
was said to have a knack of altering cattle brands . . ."
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Squatter's Dream,' c. xiv. p. 162:
"I knew Redcap when he'd think more of duffing a red heifer
than all the money in the country."
1891. Rolf Boldrewood, 'A Sydneyside Saxon,' p. 95:
"As to the calves I'm a few short myself, as I think that
half-caste chap of yours must have 'duffed.'"
# Duffer #, _n._ a cattle stealer,
i.q. _Cattle-duffer_ (q.v.).
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Colonial Reformer,' c. xxv. p. 352:
"What's a little money . . . if your children grow up duffers
and planters?"
# Duffer #2, _n_. a claim on a mine which turns out
unproductive, called also _shicer_ (q.v.). [This is only
a special application of the slang English, _duffer_, an
incapable person, or a failure. Old English _Daffe_, a
fool]
1861. T. McCombie, 'Australian Sketches,' p. 193:
"It was a terrible duffer anyhow, every ounce of gold got from
it cost L 20 I'll swear."
1864. J Rogers, 'New Rush,' p. 55:
"Tho' _duffers_ are so common
And golden gutters rare,
The mining sons of woman
Can much ill fortune bear."
1873. A.Trollope, 'Australia and New Zealand,' vol. i. p. 291:
"A shaft sunk without any produce from it is a duffer. . . .
But of these excavations the majority were duffers. It is the
duffering part of the business which makes it all so sad.So
much work is done from which there is positively no return."
1885. H. Finch-Hatton, 'Advance Australia,' p. 266:
"The place is then declared to be a 'duffer,' and abandoned,
except by a few fanatics, who stick there for months and
years."
1891. 'The Australasian,' Nov. 21, p. 1014:
"Another duffer! Rank as ever was bottomed! Seventy-five feet
hard delving and not a colour!"
# Duffer out #, _v_. A mine is said to duffer out,
when it has ceased to be productive.
1885. H. Finch-Hatton, 'Advance Australia,' p. 279:
"He then reported to the shareholders that the lode had
'duffered out,' and that it was useless to continue working."
1889. Cassell's 'Picturesque Australasia,' vol. iv. p. 73:
"Cloncurry has, to use the mining parlance, duffered out."
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Miner's Right,' c. vi. p. 58:
"'So you're duffered out again, Harry,' she said."
# Dugong Oil #, _n_. an oil obtained in Australia,
from _Halicore dugong_, Gmel., by boiling the superficial
fat. A substitute for cod-liver oil. The dugongs are a genus
of marine mammals in the order _Sirenia_.
_H. dugong_ inhabits the waters of North and North-east
Australia, the southern shores of Asia, and the east coast of
Africa. The word is Malay.
# Dug-out #, _n_. a name imported into New Zealand
from America, but the common name for an ordinary Maori canoe.
# Duke Willy #, _n_. See _Whistling Dick_.
# Dummy #, _n_. (1) In Australia, when land was
thrown open for _selection_ (q.v.), the squatters who had
previously the use of the land suffered. Each squatter
exercised his own right of selection. Many a one also induced
others to select nominally for themselves, really for the
squatter. Such selector was called a dummy. The law then
required the selector to swear that he was selecting the land
for his own use and benefit. Some of the dummies did not
hesitate to commit perjury. Dictionaries give "dummy,
_adj_. fictitious or sham." The Australian noun is an
extension of this idea. Webster gives "(_drama_) one who
plays a merely nominal part in any action, sham character."
This brings us near to the original _dumby_, from
_dumb_, which is radically akin to German _dumm_,
stupid.
1866. D. Rogerson, 'Poetical Works, p. 23:
"The good selectors got most of the land,
The dummies being afraid to stand."
1866. H. Simcox, 'Rustic Rambles, p. 21:
"See the dummies and the mediums,
Bagmen, swagmen, hastening down."
1872. A. McFarland, 'Illawarra and Manaro,' p. 125:
"Since free selection was introduced, a good many of the
squatters (they say, in self-defence) have, in turn, availed
themselves of it, to secure 'the eyes' or water-holes of the
country, so far as they could by means of 'dummies,' and other
blinds."
1879. R. Niven, 'Fraser's Magazine,' April, p. 516:
"This was the, in the colony, well-known 'dummy' system. Its
nature may be explained in a moment. It was simply a swindling
transaction between the squatter on the one hand and some
wretched fellow on the other, often a labourer in the
employment of the squatter, in which the former for a
consideration induced the latter to personate the character of
a free selector, to acquire from the State, for the purpose of
transferring to himself, the land he most coveted out of that
thrown open for selection adjoining his own property."
1892. 'Scribner's Magazine,' Feb. p. 140:
"By this device the squatter himself, all the members of the
family, his servants, shepherds, boundary-riders, station-hands
and rabbiters, each registered a section, the dummies duly
handing their 'selection' over to the original holder for a
slight consideration."
(2) Colloquial name for the grip-car of the Melbourne trams.
Originally the grip-car was not intended to carry passengers:
hence the name.
1893. 'The Herald' (Melbourne), p. 5, col. 5:
"Linked to the car proper is what is termed a dummy."
1897. 'The Argus,' Jan. 2, p. 7, col. 5:
"But on the tramcar, matters were much worse. The front seat
of the dummy was occupied by a young Tasmanian lady and her
cousin, and, while one portion of the cart struck her a
terrible blow on the body, the shaft pinned her by the neck
against the front stanchion of the dummy."
# Dummy #, _v_. to obtain land in the way above
described.
1873. A.Trollope, 'Australia and New Zealand,' c. vi. p. 101:
"Each partner in the run has purchased his ten thousand,
and there have been many Mrs. Harrises. The Mrs. Harris system
is generally called dummying--putting up a non-existent
free-selector--and is illegal. But I believe no one will deny
that it has been carried to a great extent."
1896. 'The Champion' (Melbourne), Jan. 11:
"The verb 'to dummy' and the noun 'dummyism' are purely
Australian, quotations to illustrate the use of which can be
obtained from 'Hansard,' the daily papers, and such works as
Epps' monograph on the 'Land Tenure Systems of Australasia.'"
# Dummyism #, _n_. obtaining land by
misrepresentation. See _Dummy, n_.
1875. 'The Spectator' (Melbourne), June 19, p. 8, col. 2:
"'Larrikinism' was used as a synonym for 'blackguardism,'
and 'dummyism' for perjury."
1876. 'The Argus,' Jan. 26, p. 6, col. 6:
"Mr. Bent thought that a stop should be put to all selection
and dummyism till a land law was introduced."
1887. J. F. Hogan, 'The Irish in Australia, p. 98:
"This baneful and illegal system of land-grabbing is known
throughout the colonies by the expressive name of 'dummyism,'
the persons professing to be genuine selectors, desirous of
establishing themselves on the soil, being actually the agents
or the 'dummies of the adjoining squatters."
# Dump #, _n_. a small coin formerly used in
Australia and Tasmania. Its history is given in the
quotations. In England the word formerly meant a heavy
leaden counter; hence the expression, "I don't care a dump."
See _Holy Dollar_.
1822. 'Hobart Town Gazette,' December 14:
"Government Public Notice.--The Quarter Dollars, or 'Dumps,'
struck from the centre of the Spanish Dollar, and issued by
His Excellency Governor Macquarie, in the year 1813, at One
Shilling and Threepence each, will be exchanged for Treasury
Bills at Par, or Sterling money."
1823. 'Sydney Gazette,' Jan. ['Century']:
"The small colonial coin denominated dumps have all been called
in. If the dollar passes current for five shillings the dump
lays claim to fifteen pence value still in silver money."
1827. P. Cunningham, 'Two Years in New South Wales,' vol. i.
p. 44
"He only solicits the loan of a 'dump,' on pretence of treating
his sick gin to a cup of tea."
Ibid. p. 225:
"The genuine name of an Australian coin, in value
1_s_. 3_d_."
1852. J. West, 'History of Tasmania,' vol. ii. p. 141:
"Tattered promissory notes, of small amount and doubtful
parentage, fluttered about the colony; dumps, struck out from
dollars, were imitated by a coin prepared without requiring
much mechanical ingenuity."
1870. T. H. Braim, 'New Homes,' c. iii. p. 131:
"The Spanish dollar was much used. A circular piece was struck
out of the centre about the size of a shilling, and it was
called a 'dump.'"
1879. W. J. Barry, 'Up and Down,' p. 5:
"The coin current in those days (1829) consisted of ring-
dollars and dumps, the dump being the centre of the dollar
punched out to represent a smaller currency."
1893. 'The Daily News' (London), May 11, p. 4:
"The metallic currency was then [1819-25] chiefly Spanish
dollars, at that time and before and afterwards the most widely
disseminated coin in the world, and they had the current value
of 5_s_. But there were too few of them, and therefore
the centre of them was cut out and circulated under the name of
'dumps' at 1_s_. 3_d_. each, the remainder of the
coin--called by way of a pun, 'holy dollars'--still retaining
its currency value of 5_s_."
# Dump #, _v_. to press closely; applied to wool.
Bales are often marked "not to be dumped."
1872. C. H. Eden, 'My Wife and I in Queensland,' p. 98:
"The great object of packing so close is to save carriage
through the country, for however well you may do it, it is
always re-pressed, or 'dumped,' as it is called, by hydraulic
pressure on its arrival in port, the force being so great as to
crush two bales into one."
1875. R. and F. Hill, 'What we saw in Australia,' p. 207:
"From the sorting-tables the fleeces are carried to the
packing-shed; there, by the help of machinery, they are pressed
into sacks, and the sacks are then themselves heavily pressed
and bound with iron bands, till they become hard cubes. This
process is called 'dumping.'"
# Dumplings #, _n_. i.q. _Apple-berry_ (q.v.).
# Dundathee #, or # Dundathu Pine #, _n_. the
Queensland species (_Agathis robusta_, Sal.) of the
_Kauri Pine_ (q.v.); and see _Pine_.
# Dungaree-Settler #, _n_. Now obsolete. See
quotation.
1852. Anon, 'Settlers and Convicts; or, Recollections of
Sixteen Years' Labour in the Australian Backwoods,' p. 11:
"The poor Australian settler (or, according to colonist
phraseology, the Dungaree-settler; so called from their
frequently clothing themselves, their wives, and children
in that blue Indian manufacture of cotton known as
_Dungaree_) sells his wheat crop."
# Dunite #, _n_. an ore in New Zealand, so called
from Dun mountain, near Nelson.
1883. J. Hector, 'Handbook of New Zealand,' p. 56:
"Chrome ore. This ore, which is a mixture of chromic iron and
alumina, is chiefly associated with magnesian rock, resembling
olivine in composition, named Dunite by Dr. Hochstetter."
# Dust #, _n_. slang for flour.
1893. Dec. 12, 'A Traveller's Note':
"A bush cook said to me to-day, we gave each sundowner a
pannikin of dust."
# Dwarf-box #, _n_. _Eucalyptus microtheca_,
F. v. M. See _Box_. This tree has also many other names.
See Maiden's 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 495.
1833. C. Sturt, 'Southern Australia,' vol. i. c. i. p. 22:
"Dwarf-box and the acacia pendula prevailed along the plains."
E
# Eagle #, _n._ There are nine species of the true
Eagle, all confined to the genus _Haliaetus_, such as the
_Baldheaded Eagle (H. leucocephalus)_, the national emblem
of the United States. ('Century.') In Australia the name is
assigned to--
Little Eagle--
_Aquila morphnoides_, Gould.
Wedge-tailed E. (Eagle-hawk)--
_A. audax_, Lath.
Whistling E.--
_Haliaetus sphenurus_, Vieill.
White-bellied Sea E.--
_H. leucogaster_, Gmel.
White-headed Sea E.--
_Haliaster girrenera_, Vieill.
# Eaglehawk #, _n._ an Australian name for the bird
_Uroaetus_, or _Aquila audax_, Lath. The name was
applied to the bird by the early colonists of New South Wales,
and has persisted. In 'O.E.D.' it is shown that the name was
used in Griffith's translation (1829) of Cuvier's 'Regne
Animal' as a translation of the French _aigle-autour_,
Cuvier's name for a South American bird of prey of the genus
_Morphnus_, called _Spizaetus_ by Vieillot; but it is
added that the word never came into English use. See
_Eagle_. There is a town in Victoria called Eaglehawk.
The Bendigo cabmen make the name a monosyllable, "Glawk."
1834. L. E. Threlkeld, 'Australian Grammar, p. 56:
"The large eaglehawk, which devours young kangaroos, lambs,
etc."
1848. J. Gould, 'Birds of Australia,' vol. i. pl. 1:
"_Aquila Fucosa_, Cuv., [now _A. audax_, Lath.]
Wedge-tailed eagle. Eaglehawk, Colonists of New South Wales."
1863. B. A. Heywood, 'Vacation Tour at the Antipodes,' p. 106:
"We knew it was dying, as two large eaglehawks were hovering
about over it."
1880. Fison and Howitt, 'Kamilaroi and Kurnai,' p. 251:
"The hair of a person is tied on the end of the throwing-stick,
together with the feathers of the eagle hawk."
1885. H. Finch-Hatton, 'Advance Australia', p. 106:
"Since the destruction of native dogs and eagle-hawks by the
squatters, who stocked the country with sheep, the kangaroos
have not a single natural enemy left."
1888. D. Macdonald, 'Gum Boughs,' p. 35:
"On the New South Wales side of the river the eagle-hawk is
sometimes so great a pest amongst the lambs that the settlers
periodically burn him out by climbing close enough to the nest
to put a fire-stick in contact with it."
# Eagle-hawking #, _n._ bush slang: plucking wool off
dead sheep.
# Eagle-Ray #, _n._ name belonging to any large
_Ray_ of the family _Myliobatidae_; the New Zealand
species is _Myliobatis nieuhofii_.
# Eastralia #, _n._ recent colloquial name, fashioned
on the model of _Westralia_ (q.v.), used in West Australia
for the Eastern Colonies. In Adelaide, its application seems
confined to New South Wales.
# Ebony #, _n._ a timber. The name is applied in
Australia to two species of _Bauhinia_,
_B. carronii_, F. v. M., and _B. hookeri_, F. v. M.,
N.O. Leguminosae. Both are called Queensland or Mountain
Ebony.
# Echidna #, _n._ a fossorial Monotreme, in general
appearance resembling a Porcupine, and often called _Spiny
Ant-eater_ or _Porcupine_, or _Porcupine
Ant-eater_. The body is covered with thick fur from which
stiff spines protrude; the muzzle is in the form of a long
toothless beak; and the tongue is very long and extensile, and
used largely for licking up ants; the feet are short, with
strong claws adapted for burrowing. Like the Marsupials, the
Echidna is provided with a pouch, but the animal is oviparous,
usually laying two eggs at a time, which are carried about in
the pouch until the young ones are hatched, when they are fed
by a secretion from mammary glands, which do not, however, as
in other mammals, open on to a nipple. The five-toed Echidnas
(genus _Echidna_) are found in New Guinea, Australia, and
Tasmania, while the three-toed Echidnas (genus
_Proechidna_) are confined to New Guinea. The species
are--Common E., _Echidna aculeata_, Shaw; Bruijn's E.,
_Proechidna bruijni_, Peters and Doria; Black-spined E.,
_Proechidna nigro-aculeata_, Rothschild. The name is from
Grk. _'echidna_, an adder or viper, from the shape of the
long tongue.
1832. J. Bischoff, 'Van Diemen's Land,' c. ii. p. 29:
"The native porcupine or echidna is not very common."
1843. J.Backhouse, 'Narrative of a Visit to the Australian
Colonies,' p. 89:
"The Porcupine of this land, Echidna hystrix, is a squat
species of ant-eater, with short quills among its hair: it
conceals itself in the day time among dead timber in the hilly
forests."
1851. 'Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Van
Diemen's Land,' vol. i. p. 178:
"Mr. Milligan mentioned that one of the Aborigines of Tasmania
reports having often discovered the nest of the _Echidna
Setosa_, porcupine or ant eater, of the colony; that on
several occasions _one egg_ had been found in it, and
never more: this _egg_ has always been found to contain a
_foetus_ or chick, and is said to be round, considerably
less than a tennis ball, and without a shell. The mother is
said to sit continuously (for a period not ascertained) in the
manner of the common fowl over the eggs; she does not leave the
young for a considerable time after having hatched it; at
length, detaching it from the small teat, she moves out
hurriedly and at long intervals in quest of food, the young one
becoming, at each successive return, attached to the
nipple. . . The Platypus (_Ornithorhyncus paradoxus_) is
said to lay two eggs, having the same external membranous
covering, but of an oblong shape."
1860. G. Bennett,' Gatherings of a Naturalist in Australasia,'
p. 147:
"The Porcupine Ant-eater of Australia (_Echidna hystrix_)
(the native Porcupine or Hedgehog of the colonists), and the
Ornithorhynchus, to which it is allied in internal
organization, form the only two genera of the order
_Monotremata_."
1888. Cassell's' Picturesque Australasia,' vol. ii. p. 230:
"Among the gigantic boulders near the top he may capture the
burrowing ant-eating porcupine, though if perchance he place it
for a moment in the stoniest ground, it will tax all his
strength to drag it from the instantaneous burrow in which it
will defiantly embed itself."
1892. A.Sutherland, 'Elementary Geography of British Colonies,'
p. 273:
"The echidna is an animal about a foot or 18 inches long,
covered with spines like a hedgehog. It lives chiefly upon
ants. With its bill, which is like a duck's but narrower, it
burrows into an ant's-hill, and then with its long, whip-like,
sticky tongue, draws the ants into its mouth by hundreds."
1894. R. Lydekker, 'Marsupialia and Monotremata,' p. 247:
"In order to enable them to procure with facility their food
of ants and their larvae, echidnas are provided with very large
glands, discharging into the mouth the viscid secretion which
causes the ants to adhere to the long worm-like tongue when
thrust into a mass of these insects, after being exposed by the
digging powers of the claws of the echidna's limbs. . . .
When attacked they roll themselves into a ball similar to the
hedgehog."
# Echu #, _n._ the name of an Australian bird
which has not been identified. The word does not occur
in the ornithological lists.
1862. H. C. Kendall, 'Poems--Evening Hymn,' p. 53:
"The echu's songs are dying with the flute-bird's mellow tone."
1896. 'The Australasian,' Jan. 11, p. 73, col. 1:
"'Yeldina' (Rochester) writes--While I was on the Murray, a few
days before Christmas last, some miles below _Echuca_, my
attention was attracted to the melancholy note, as of a bird
which had lost its mate, calling ee-k-o-o, e-e-koo, which was
repeated several times, after which a pause, then ee-koo,
ee-ko, coolie, coolie, ee-koo. This happened in the scrub at
sunset, and came, I think, from a bird smaller than the
Australian minah, and of a greenish yellowish hue, larger, but
similar to the members of the feathered tribe known to young
city 'knights of the catapult' as greenies. It was while
returning to camp from fishing that I noticed this bird, which
appeared of solitary habits."
"'Crossbolt' (Kew) writes--The echu is probably identical with
a handsome little bird whose peculiar cry 'e-e-choo' is
familiar to many bush ramblers. It is the size of a small
wood-swallow; black head, back, wings, and tail more or less
blue-black; white throat; neck and breast light to rich
brown. The female is much plainer, and would scarcely be
recognized as the mate of the former. The melodious 'e-e-choo'
is usually answered from a distance, whether by the female or a
rival I cannot say, and is followed by a prolonged warbling."
# Eel #, _n._ The kinds present in Australia are--
Common Eel--
_Anguilla australis_, Richards.
Conger E.--
_Conger labiatus_, Castin., and
_Gonorhynchus grayi_, Richards.
Green E. (New South Wales)--
_Muroena afra_, Bl.
Silver E.--
_Muroenesox cinereus_, Forsk.; also called the Sea-eel
(New South Wales).
_Conger wilsoni_, Castln. (Melbourne).
The New Zealand Eels are--
Black Eel--
_Anguilla australis_, Richards.
Conger E.--
_Conger vulgaris_, Cuv.
Sand E.--
_Gonorynchus grayi_, Richards.
Serpent E.--
_Ophichthys serpens_, Linn.
Silver E.--
_Congromuroena habenata_, Richards.
Tuna E.--
_Anguilla aucklandii_, Richards.
The Sand Eel does not belong to the Eel family, and is only
called an Eel from its habits.
# Eel-fish #, _n_. _Plotosus tandanus_,
Mitchell. Called also _Catfish_ (q.v.), and _Tandan_
(q.v.).
1838. T. L. Mitchell, 'Three Expeditions,' vol. i. pl. 5,
p.. 44 and 95 [Note]:
"_Plotosus tandanus_, tandan or eel-fish. Tandan is the
aboriginal name."
# Egret #, _n._ an English bird-name. The following
species are present in Australia, some being European and
others exclusively Australian--
Lesser Egret--
_Herodias melanopus_, Wagl.
Little E.--
_H. garzetta_, Linn.
Pied E.--
_H. picata_, Gould.
Plumed Egret--
_H. intermedia_, v. Hasselq.
White E.--
_H. alba_, Linn.
# Elder #, _n._ See next word.
# Elderberry, Native #, _n._ The two Australian
species of the Elder are _Sambucus gaudichaudiana_, De C.,
and _S. xanthocarpa_, F. v. M., _N.O. Caprifoliaceae_.
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 56:
"Native elderberry. The fruit of these two native elders is
fleshy and sweetish, and is used by the aborigines for food."
# Elephant-fish #, _n._ a fish of New Zealand, South
Australian, and Tasmanian waters, _Callorhynchus
antarcticus_, Lacep., family _Chimaeridae_. "It has
a cartilaginous prominence of the snout, ending in a cutaneous
flap" (Gunth.), suggesting a comparison with an elephant's
trunk. Called also _King of the Herrings_ (q.v.).
1802. G. Barrington, 'Voyage to New South Wales,' p. 388:
"The sea affords a much greater plenty, and at least as great
a variety as the land; of these the elephant fish were very
palatable food."
# Ellangowan Poison-bush #, _n._ a Queensland name
for _Myoporum deserti_, Cunn., _N.O. Myoporinae_,;
called "Dogwood Poison-bush" in New South Wales. Ellangowan is
on the Darling Downs in Queensland. Poisonous to sheep, but
only when in fruit.
# Emancipatist #, and # Emancipist #, _n_. (the
latter, the commoner), an ex-convict who has served out his
sentence. The words are never used now except historically.
1827. P. Cunningham, 'Two Years in New South Wales,'
vol. ii. p. 118:
"Emigrants who have come out free from England, and
emancipists, who have arrived here as convicts, and have
either been pardoned or completed their term of servitude."
1830. R. Dawson, 'Present State of Australia,' p. 302:
"Men who had formerly been convicts, but who, after their
period of servitude had expired, were called 'emancipists.'"
1837. Jas. Mudie, 'Felonry of New South Wales,' p. vii:
"The author begs leave to record his protest against the abuse
of language to the misapplication of the terms
_emancipists_ and _absentees_ to two portions of the
colonial felonry. An emancipist could not be understood to
mean the emancipated but the emancipator. Mr. Wilberforce may
be honoured with the title of emancipist; but it is as absurd
to give the same appellation to the emancipated felons of New
South Wales as it would be to bestow it upon the emancipated
negroes of the West Indies."
1845. J. O. Balfour, 'Sketch of New South Wales,' p. 69:
"The same emancipist will, however, besides private charity, be
among the first and greatest contributors to a new church."
1852. 'Fraser's Magazine,' vol. xlvi. p. 135:
"The convict obtained his ticket-of-leave . . . became an
emancipist . . . and found transportation no punishment."
# Emu #, _n._ an Australian bird, _Dromaius
novae-hollandiae_, Lath. There is a second species, Spotted
Emu, _Dromaius irroratus_, Bartlett. An earlier, but now
unusual, spelling is _Emeu_. _Emeus_ is the
scientific name of a New Zealand genus of extinct struthious
birds. The word _Emu_ is not Australian, but from the
Portuguese _Ema_, the name first of the Crane, afterwards
of the Ostrich. Formerly the word _Emu_ was used in
English for the Cassowary, and even for the American Ostrich.
Since 1885 an _Emu_ has been the design on the twopenny
postage stamp of New South Wales.
1613. 'Purchas Pilgrimmage,' pt. I. Vol v. c. xii. p. 430
('O.E.D.'):
"The bird called Emia or Eme is admirable."
1774. Oliver Goldsmith, 'Natural History,' vol. iii. p. 69,
Book III. c. v. [Heading]
"The Emu."
1788. 'History of New South Wales' (1818), p. 53:
"A bird of the ostrich genus, but of a species very different
from any other in the known world, was killed and brought
in. Its length was between seven and eight feet; its flesh was
good and thought to resemble beef. It has obtained the name of
the New South Wales Emu."
1789. Captain W. Tench, 'Expedition to Botany Bay,' p. 123:
"The bird which principally claims attention is a species of
ostrich, approaching nearer to the emu of South America than
any other we know of."
1793 Governor Hunter, 'Voyage,' p. 69:
"Some were of opinion that it was the emew, which I think is
particularly described by Dr. Goldsmith from Linneus: others
imagined it to be the cassowary, but it far exceeds that bird
in size . . . two distinct feathers grew out from every
quill."
1802. D. Collins, 'Account of English Colony in New South Wales,'
vol. ii. p. 307:
"These birds have been pronounced by Sir Joseph Banks, of whose
judgment none can entertain a doubt, to come nearer to what is
known of the American ostrich than to either the emu of India
or the ostrich of Africa."
1804. 'Rev. R. Knopwood's Diary' (J. J. Shillinglaw--
'Historical Records of Port Phillip,' 1879), p. 115:
[At the Derwent] 26 March, 1804--"They caught six young emews
[sic], about the size of a turkey, and shot the old mother."
1832. J. Bischof, 'Van Diemen's Land,' p. 165:
"We saw an emu track down the side of a hill."
1846. J. L. Stokes, 'Discovery in Australia,' vol. i. c. ix.
p.276
"The face of the emu bears a most remarkable likeness to that
of the aborigines of New South Wales."
1846. C. P. Hodgson, 'Reminiscences of Australia,' p. 160:
"They will pick up anything, thimbles, reels of cotton, nails,
bullets indiscriminately: and thus the proverb of 'having the
digestion of an emu' has its origin."
1848. J. Gould, 'Birds of Australia,' vol. vi. pl. I:
"_Dromaius Novae Hollandiae_. The Emu. New Holland
Cassowary.--'Governor Phillips' Voyage, 1789.'"
1850. J. B. Clutterbuck, 'Port Phillip in 1849,' p. 42:
"The emu strides with such rapidity over the plains as to
render its capture very difficult even by the swiftest
greyhound."
1872. C. H. Eden, "My Wife and I in Queensland,' p. 52:
"A couple of grave-looking emus. These wobble away at an
ungainly but rapid pace directly they sight us, most probably
vainly pursued by the dray dogs which join us farther on, weary
and unsuccessful--indeed the swiftest dog finds an emu as much
as he can manage."
1878. A. Newton, in 'Encyclopedia Britannica' (9th edit.),
vol. viii. p. 173:
"Next to the ostrich the largest of existing birds, the common
emeu. . .''
1881. A.C. Grant, 'Bush Life in Queensland,' vol. i. p. 210:
". . . points out two emus to John. . . . They resemble
ostriches, but are not so large, and the tail droops more.
. . . John can distinguish every point about them, from their
black cast-iron looking legs, to the bare neck and small head,
with its bright eye and strong flat beak."
1890. 'Victorian Statutes--Game Act, Third Schedule':
"Emu. [Close Season.] From the 14th day of June to the 20th
day of December following in each year."
1893. 'The Argus,' March 25,p. 4, col. 5:
"The chief in size is the egg of the cassowary, exactly like
that of the emu except that the colour is pale moss green
instead of the dark green of the emu."
# Emu-Apple #, _n._ See _Apple_.
# Emu-Bush #, _n._ an Australian shrub, _Eremophila
longifolia_, F. v. M., _N.O. Myoporineae_.
1875. T. Laslett, 'Timber and Timber Trees,' p. 206:
"Emu-tree. A small Tasmanian tree; found on low marshy ground
used for turners' work."
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 317:
"Emu-bush. Owing to emus feeding on the seeds of this and
other species. _Heterodendron oleaefolium_, Desf."
Ibid. p. 132:
"The seeds, which are dry, are eaten by emus."
# Emu-Wren #, _n._ a bird-name. See _Malurus_.
1848. J. Gould, 'Birds of Australia,' vol. iii. pl. 31:
"_Stipituras Malachurus_, Less. Emu Wren. The decomposed
or loose structure of these [tail] feathers, much resembling
those of the emu, has suggested the colonial name of Emu-Wren
for this species, an appellation singularly appropriate,
inasmuch as it at once indicates the kind of plumage with which
the bird is clothed, and the Wren-like nature of its habits."
1860. G. Bennett, 'Gatherings of a Naturalist,' p. 213:
"The delicate little emeu wren."
1865. Lady Barker (letter from 'Melbourne), 'Station Life in
New Zealand,' p. 8:
"Then there is the emu-wren, all sad-coloured, but quaint, with
the tail-feathers sticking up on end, and exactly like those of
an emu, on the very smallest scale, even to the peculiarity of
two feathers growing out of the same little quill."
# Eopsaltria #, _n._ scientific name for the genus
of Australian birds called _Shrike-Robins_ (q.v.). (Grk.
_'aeows_, dawn, and _psaltria_, a female harper.)
# Epacris #, _n._ scientific name of the typical
genus of the order _Epacrideae_, a heath-like flower
of which there are twenty- five species, mostly Australian.
From Greek _'epi_, upon, and _'akron_, top (the
flowers grow in spikes at the top of the plant).
In Australia they are frequently confused with and called
_Ericas_.
# Ephthianura #, _n._ scientific name of a genus
of very small Australian birds, anglicized as Ephthianure.
For species see quotation, 1848. A fourth species has been
discovered since Gould's day, _E. crocea_, Castln. and
Ramsay, which inhabits Northern Australia. The name was first
given by Gould, in the 'Proceedings of the Zoological Society
of 1837,' p. 148, as a _genus novum_. The origin of the
word is not certain, but as the tail is unusually small,
it is suggested that the name is from the Greek 'oura, tail,
and Homeric imperfect 3rd person sing. _'ephthien_,
wasted away, from _phthiow_ (= _phthinow_).
[The word occurs _Iliad_ xviii. 446.]
//phthio is ONLY in Homer!! Iliad AND Odyssey GJC//
1848. J. Gould,' Birds of Australia,' vol. iii. pl. 64:
"_Ephthianura Albifrons_, White-fronted Ephthianura,"
pl. 65. "_Aurifrons_, Gould, Orange-fronted E.," pl. 66.
"_Tricolor_, Gould, Tricoloured E.'"
1890. 'Victorian Statutes--Game Act, Third Schedule':
"Close season.--Ephthianuras. The whole year."
# Escapee #, _n._ one who has escaped. Especially
used of French convicts who escape from New Caledonia. The
word is formed on the model of _absentee, refugee_, etc.,
and is manifestly influenced by Fr. _e/chappe/_.
_Escaper_ is the historical English form. (See Bible, 2
Kings ix. 15, margin.) //He means, of course, the so-called
Authorised Version" which reads, ftn. 5: "let no escaper go,
etc." Even though the Revised Version was published in
1885. GJC//
1880. 'Melbourne Argus,' July 22, p. 2, col. 3 ('O.E.D.'):
"The ten New Caledonia escapees . . . are to be handed over to
the French consul."
# Eucalyn #, _n._ a sugar obtained, together with
laevulose, by fermentation of _melitose_ (q.v.) with
yeast, or by boiling it with dilute acids.
# Eucalypt #, _n._ shortened English form of
_Eucalyptus_ used especially in the plural, _Eucalypts.
Eucalypti_ sounds pedantic.
1880. T. W. Nutt, 'Palace of Industry,' p. 11:
"Stems of the soaring eucalypts that rise
Four hundred friendly feet to glad the skies."
1887. J. F. Hogan, 'The Irish in Australia,' p. 126:
"There is no unmixed good, it is said, on this mundane sphere,
and the evil that has accompanied the extensive settlement of
Gipps Land during recent years is to be found in the widespread
destruction of the forests, resulting in a disturbance of the
atmospheric conditions and the banishment of an ever-active
agent in the preservation of health, for these eucalypts, or
gum-trees, as they are generally called, possess the peculiar
property of arresting fever-germs and poisonous exhalations.
They have been transplanted for this especial purpose to some
of the malaria-infested districts of Europe and America, and
with pronounced success. Australia, to which they are
indigenous, has mercilessly hewn them down in the past, but is
now repenting of its folly in that respect, and is replanting
them at every seasonable opportunity."
1892. A. Sutherland, 'Elementary Geography of British
Colonies,' p. 270:
"Throughout the whole of Australia the prevailing trees are
eucalypts, known generally as gum-trees on account of the gum
which they secrete, and which may be seen standing like big
translucent beads on their trunks and branches."
# Eucalyptene #, _n._ the name given by Cloez to a
hydrocarbon obtained by subjecting _Eucalyptol_ (q.v.) to
dehydration by phosphorus pentoxide. The same name has also
been given by other chemists to a hydrocarbon believed to occur
in eucalyptus oil.
# Eucalyptian #, _adj_. playfully formed; not in
common use.
1870. A. L. Gordon, 'Bush Ballads,' p. 8:
"Gnarl'd, knotted trunks Eucalyptian
Seemed carved, like weird columns Egyptian,
With curious device--quaint inscription
And hieroglyph strange."
# Eucalyptic #, _adj_. full of gumtrees.
1873. J. Brunton Stephens, 'Black Gin, etc.,' p.6:
"This eucalyptic cloisterdom is anything but gay."
# Eucalyptol #, _n._ a volatile oil of camphor-like
smell, extracted from the oil of _Eucalyptus globulus_,
Labill., _E. amygdalina_, Labill., etc. Chemically
identical with cineol, got from other sources.
# Eucalyptus #, _n._ the gum tree. There are 120
species, as set forth in Baron von Mueller's 'Eucalyptographia,
a Descriptive Atlas of the Eucalypts of Australia.' The name
was first given in scientific Latin by the French botanist
L'Heritier, in his _Sertum Anglicum_, published in 1788.
From the Greek _'eu_, well, and _kaluptein_, to cover.
See quotation, 1848. _N.O. Myrtaceae_. The French now say
_Eucalyptus_; earlier they called it _l'acajou de la
nouvelle Hollande_. The Germans call it _Schoenmutze_.
See _Gum_.
1823. Sidney Smith, 'Essays,' p. 440:
"A London thief, clothed in Kangaroo's skins, lodged under
the bark of the dwarf eucalyptus, and keeping sheep, fourteen
thousand miles from Piccadilly, with a crook bent into the
shape of a picklock, is not an uninteresting picture."
1833. C. Sturt, 'Southern Australia,' vol. i. c. ii. p. 80:
"A large basin in which there are stunted pines and eucalyptus
scrub."
1848. W. Westgarth, 'Australia Felix,' p. 132:
"The scientific term Eucalyptus has been derived from the
Greek, in allusion to a lid or covering over the blossom,
which falls off when the flower expands, exposing a four-celled
capsule or seed-vessel."
1851. G. W. Rusden, 'Moyarra,' canto i. p. 8:
"The eucalyptus on the hill
Was silent challenge to his skill."
1879. 'Temple Bar,' Oct., p. 23 ('0. E. D.'):
"The sombre eucalypti . . . interspersed here and there by
their dead companions."
1886. J. A. Froude, 'Oceana,' p. 118:
"At intervals the bush remained untouched, but the universal
eucalyptus, which I had expected to find grey and monotonous,
was a Proteus it shape and colour, now branching like an oak
or a cork tree, now feathered like a birch, or glowing like
an arbutus with an endless variety of hue--green, orange,
and brown."
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Miner's Right, c. v. p. 46:
"A lofty eucalyptus . . . lay with its bared roots sheer athwart
a tiny watercourse."
# Euro #, _n._ one of the aboriginal names for
a _Kangaroo_ (q.v.); spelt also _Yuro_.
1885. Mrs. Praed, 'Head Station,' p. 192:
"Above and below . . . were beetling cliffs, with ledges
and crannies that afforded foothold only to yuros and
rock-wallabies."
# Exclusionist #, _n._ and _adj_. See
quotation.
1827. P. Cunningham, 'Two Years in New South Wales,'
vol. ii. pp. 118-19:
". . . one subdivision of the emigrant class alluded to, is
termed the _exclusionist_ party, from their strict
exclusion of the emancipists from their society."
# Exileism #, _n._ a word of same period as
_Exiles_ (q.v.).
1893. A. P. Martin, 'Life of Lord Sherbrooke,' vol. i. p. 381:
"A gentleman who was at this time engaged in pastoral pursuits
in New South Wales, and was therefore a supporter of exileism.'"
# Exiles #, _n._ euphemistic name for convicts. It
did not last long.
1847, A. P. Martin, 'Life of Lord Sherbrooke' (1893),
vol. i. p. 378:
"The cargoes of criminals were no longer to be known as
'convicts,' but (such is the virtue in a name!) as 'exiles.'
It was, as Earl Grey explained in his despatch of Sept 3, 1847,
'a scheme of reformatory discipline.'"
1852. G. B. Earp, 'Gold Colonies of Australia,' p. 100:
"The convict system ceased in New South Wales in 1839; but
'exiles' as they were termed, i.e. men who had passed their
probation at home, were forwarded till 1843."
# Expiree #, _n._ a convict whose term of sentence
had expired.
1852. G. C. Mundy, 'Our Antipodes' (ed. 1885), p. 107:
"A hireling convict - emancipist, expiree, or ticket of leave."
# Expiree #, _adj_. See preceding.
1847. J. D. Lang, 'Cooksland,' p. 271:
"Very many of their servants, being old hands or expiree
convicts from New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land, are
thoroughly unprincipled men."
1883. E. M. Curr, 'Recollections of Squatting in
Victoria' (1841-1351), p. 40:
"Hiring men in Melbourne in 1841 was not by any means an
agreeable job, as wages were high, and labourers (almost all
old gaol-birds and expiree convicts) exceedingly independent
and rowdy."
F
# Fairy Gardens #, _n._ a miner's term, explained
in quotation.
1852. F. Lancelott, 'Australia, as it is', vol. ii. p. 221:
"On the south-eastern portion of this county is the world-famed
Burra Burra copper mine. . . . Some of the cuttings are
through solid blocks of ore, which brilliantly glitter as you
pass with a lighted candle, while others are formed in veins
of malachite, and from their rich variegated green appearance
are not inaptly called by the miners 'Fairy gardens.'"
# Fake-mucker #, _n._ a Tasmanian name for the
_Dusky Robin_ (_Petroica vittata_). See
_Robin_.
# Falcon #, _n._ English bird-name. The Australian
species are--
Black Falcon--
_Falco subniger_, Gray.
Black-cheeked F.--
_F. melanogenys_, Gould.
Grey F.--
_F. hypoleucus_, Gould.
Little F.--
_F. lunulatus_, Lath.
See also Nankeen-Hawk.
# Fantail #, _n._ bird-name applied in England to a
pigeon; in Australia and New Zealand, to the little birds of
the genus _Rhipidura_ (q.v.). It is a fly-catcher. The
Australian species are--
_Rhipidura albiscapa_, Gould.
Black-and-White Fantail (called also the _Wagtail_,
q.v.)--
_R. tricolor_, Vieill.
Dusky F.--
_R. diemenensis_, Sharpe.
Northern F.--
_R. setosa_, Quoy and Gaim.
Pheasant F.--
_Rhipidura phasiana_, De Vis.
Rufous F.--
_R. rufifrons_, Lath.
Western F.--
_R. preissi_, Cab.
White-tailed F.--
_R. albicauda_, North.
Wood F.--
_R. dryas_, Gould.
The New Zealand species are--
Black F.--
_Rhipidura fuliginosa_, Sparrm. (Tiwaiwaka).
Pied F.--
_R. flabellifera_, Gmel. (Piwakawaka).
In Tasmania, the _R. diemenensis_ is called
the Cranky Fantail, because of its antics.
1847. L. Leichhardt, 'Journal,' vol. ii. p. 80:
"We also observed the . . . fantailed fly-catcher
(_Rhipidura_)."
1888. W. L. Buller, 'Birds of New Zealand,' vol. i. p. 69:
"The Red Fantail, ever flitting about with broadly expanded
tail, and performing all manner of fantastic evolutions,
in its diligent pursuit of gnats and flies, is one of the most
pleasing and attractive objects in the New Zealand forest. It
is very tame and familiar."
# Farinaceous City #, or # Village #, _n._ a
playful name for Adelaide. The allusion is to wheat being the
leading export of South Australia.
1873. A. Trollope, 'Australia and New Zealand,'
vol. ii. p. 184:
"[Adelaide] has also been nicknamed the Farinaceous City.
A little gentle ridicule is no doubt intended to be conveyed
by the word."
# Fat-cake #, _n._ ridiculous name sometimes
applied to _Eucalyptus leucoxylon_, F. v. M., according to
Maiden ('Useful Native Plants,' p. 471).
# Fat-hen #, _n._ a kind of wild spinach.
In England the name is applied to various plants of thick
foliage.
1847. L. Leichhardt, 'Overland Expedition,' p. 40:
"The fat-hen (Atriplex) . . ."
1872. C. H. Eden, 'My Wife and I in Queensland,' p. 120:
"Another wild vegetable brew in the sandy beds of the rivers
and creeks, called 'fat-hen.' It was exactly like spinach,
and not only most agreeable but also an excellent anti-scorbutic,
a useful property, for scurvy is not an unknown thing in the bush
by any means."
1881. A.C. Grant, 'Bush Life in Queensland,' vol. i. p. 156:
"Boiled salt junk, with _fat-hen_ (a kind of indigenous
spinach)."
1889. J. M. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 16:
"_Chenopodium murale_, Linn., Australian spinach.
Bentham considers this may have been introduced."
# Felonry #, _n._ See quotation.
1837. Jas. Mudie, 'Felonry of New South Wales,' p. 6:
"The author has ventured to coin the word _felonry_,
as the appellative of an order or class of persons in New South
Wales--an order which happily exists in no other country in the
world. A legitimate member of the tribe of appellatives . . .
as peasantry, tenantry, yeomanry, gentry."
1858. T. McCombie, 'History of Victoria,' c. xv. p. 24:
"The inundation of the Australian colonies with British
Felonry."
1888. Sir C. Gavan Duffy, 'Contemporary Review,' vol. liii.
p.14 ['Century']:
"To shut out the felonry of Great Britain and Ireland."
# Ferns #. The following list of Australian ferns is
taken from 'The Fern World of Australia,' by F. M. Bailey of
Brisbane (1881), omitting from his list all ferns of which the
vernacular and scientific names coincide with the names of
ferns elsewhere.
Bat's-wing Fern--
_Pteris incisa_, Thunb.
Black Tree F. of New Zealand--
_Cyathea medullaris_, Sw.
Blanket F.--
_Grammitis rutaefolia_, R. Br.
Braid F.--
_Platyzoma microphyllum_, R. Br.
Caraway F.--
_Athyrium umbrosum_, J. Sm.
Curly F.--
_Cheilanthes tenuifolia_, Sw.
Deer's-tongue F.--
_Acrostichum conforme_, Sw.
Ear F.--
_Pteris falcata_, R. Br.
Elk's-horn F.--
_Platycerium alcicorne_, Desv.
Fan F.--
_Gleichenia flabellata_, R. Br.
Golden Swamp F.--
_Acrostichum aureum_, Linn.
Grass-leaved F. (q.v.)--
_Vittaria elongata_, Sw.
*Hare's-foot F.--
_F. Davallia pyxidata_, Cav.
Jersey F.--
_Grammitis leptophylla_, Sw.
*Lady F.--
_Aspidium aculeatum_, Sw.
*Maiden-hair F.--
_Adiantum_, spp.
Meadow-rue Water F.--
_Ceratoptoris thalictroides_, Brong.
Parasol F.--
_Gleichenia circinata_, Sw.
Pickled-cabbage F.--
_Lomaria capensis_, Willd.
Potato F. (q.v.)--
_Marattia fraxinea_, Sm.
Prickly F. (q.v.)--
_Alsophila australis_, R. Br.
Prickly-tree Fern--
_Alsophila leichhardtiana_, F. v. M.
Ribbon F.--
_Ophioglossum pendulum_, Linn.
Shiny F.--
_Polypodium aspidoides_, Bail.
Snake's-tongue F.--
_Lygodium_, spp.
The following are not in Baileys List:
Parsley F.--
_Cheilanthes tenuifolia_, Sw. (Name Parsley applied to a
different Fern elsewhere.)
Sword F.--
_Grammitis australis_, R. Br.
Umbrella F., Tasmanian name for Fan F. (q.v.).
Other ferns not in this list appear elsewhere. See also
_Ferntree_.
____
* Elsewhere the name is applied to a different species.
----
# Fern-bird #, _n._ a New Zealand bird of
the genus _Sphenoecus_. Also called _Grass-bird_,
and _New Zealand Pipit_. There are three species--
The Fern-bird--
_Sphenoecus punctatus_, Gray.
Chatham Island F.-b.--
_S. rufescens_, Buller.
Fulvous F.-b.--
_S. fulvus_, Gray.
1885. 'Transactions of the New Zealand Institute,'
vol. xviii. p. 125:
"The peculiar chirp of the _fern bird_ is yet
to be heard among the tall fern."
1885. A. Hamilton, 'Native Birds of Petane, Hawke's Bay':
"Fern-bird. The peculiar chirp of this lively little bird is
yet to be heard among the tall fern, though it is not so
plentiful as in days gone by."
1888. W. L. Buller, 'Birds of New Zealand,' vol. i. p. 59:
"Fern Bird . . . This recluse little species is one of our
commonest birds, but is oftener heard than seen. It frequents
the dense fern of the open country and the beds of Raupo."
# Fern-tree #, _n._ Name applied to various
species of ferns which grow to a large size, the stem in the
fully grown plant reaching often a height of many feet before
the leaves are given off. Such Tree-ferns clothe the sides of
deep and shady gullies amongst the hills, and give rise to what
are known as Fern-tree gullies, which form a very
characteristic feature of the moister coastal Ranges of many
parts of Australia. The principal _Fern-trees_ or
_Tree-ferns_, as they are indiscriminately called, of
Australia and Tasmania are--
_Dicksonia antarctica_, Lab.;
_Alsophila australis_, R. Br.;
_Todea africana_, Willd.;
_Cyathea cunninghami_, J. Hook.;
_Alsophila excelsa_, R. Br.;
the last named, however, not occurring in Tasmania or Victoria.
1836. Ross, 'Hobart Town Almanack,' p. 164:
"We entered a beautiful fern-tree grove, that also concealed
the heavens from view, spreading like a plantation or cocoa-nut
tree orchard, but with far more elegance and effect."
1839. C. Darwin, 'Voyage of Beagle' (ed. 1890), p. 177:
"Tree-ferns thrive luxuriantly in Van Diemen's Land (lat. 45
degrees), and I measured one trunk no less than six feet in
circumference. An arborescent fern was found by Forster in New
Zealand in 46 degrees, where orchideous plants are parasitical
on the trees. In the Auckland Islands, ferns, according to
Dr. Dieffenbach, have trunks so thick and high that they may be
almost called tree-ferns."
1857. F. R. Nixon (Bishop of Tasmania), 'Cruise of the Beacon,'
p. 26:
"With these they [i.e. the Tasmanian Aborigines] mingled the
core or pith of the fern trees, _Cibotium Bollardieri_
and _Alsophila Australis_ (of which the former is rather
astringent and dry for a European palate, and the latter,
though more tolerable, is yet scarcely equal to a Swedish
turnip.)"
1870. S. H. Wintle, 'Fragments of Fern Fronds,' p. 39:
"Where the feet of the mountains are bathed by cool fountains,
The green, drooping fern trees are seen."
1878. William Sharp, 'Australian Ballads,' 'Canterbury Poets'
(Scott, 1888), pp. 180-81:
"The feathery fern-trees make a screen,
Where through the sun-glare cannot pass--
Fern, gum, and lofty sassafras."
"Under a feathery fern-tree bough
A huge iguana lies alow."
1884. R. L. A. Davies, 'Poems and Literary Remains,' p. 83:
"There were mossy fern-trees near me,
With their graceful feathered fronds,
Which they slowly waved above me,
Like hoar magicians' wands."
1893. A.R. Wallace, 'Australasia,' vol. i. p. 53:
"Here are graceful palms rising to 70 or even 100 feet; the
Indian fig with its tortuous branches clothed with a drapery
of curious parasites; while graceful tree ferns, 30 feet high,
flourish in the damp atmosphere of the sheltered dells."
# Fern-tree Gully #. See _Fern-tree_ and _Gully_.
# Fever-bark #, _n._ another name for _Bitter-bark_
(q.v.).
# Fibrous Grass #, _n._ a Tasmanian grass
(see _Grass_), _Stipa semiibarbata_, R. Br.,
_N.O. Gramineae_.
1862. W. Archer, 'Products of Tasmania,' p. 41:
"Fibrous grass (_Stipa semibarbata_, Br.). After the seed
has ripened the upper part of the stem breaks up into fibre,
which curls loosely and hangs down waving in the wind."
# Fiddle-back #, _n._ name given in
Australia to the beetle, _Schizorrhina australasiae_.
# Fiddler #, _n._ a New South Wales and Victorian
name for a species of Ray, _Trygonorhina fasciata_,
Mull. and Heule, family _Rhinobatidae_.
# Fig-bird #, _n._ a bird-name.
_Sphecotheres maxillaris_, Lath.; Yellow bellied,
_S. flaviventris_, Gould. _S. maxillaris_ is also
called _Mulberry-bird_ (q.v.).
# Fig-eater #, _n._ a bird, i.q. _Grape-eater_
(q.v.).
# Fig-tree #, _n._ The name is applied in
Australia to the following species:--
Blue Fig--
_Elaeocarpus grandis_, F. v. M., _N.O. Tiliaceae_.
Clustered F.--
_Ficus glomerata_, Willd., _N.O. Urticaceae_.
Moreton Bay F.--
_P. macrophylla_, Desf., _N.O. Urticaciae_ //sic. check//.
Prickly F.--
_Elaeocarpus holopetalus_, F. v. M.,
_N.O. Tiliaceae_.
Purple F., or White F., or Rough-leaved F., or Flooded F.
[Clarence River]--
_Ficus scabra_, G. Forst., _N.O. Urticaciae_.
Ribbed F.--
_F. pleurocarpa_, F. v. M., _N.O. Urticaciae_.
Rusty F., or Narrow-leaved F. [or Port Jackson]--
_F. rubiginosa_, Desf., _N.O. Urticaciae_;
called also Native Banyan.
1862. H. C. Kendall, 'Poems,' p.119:
"And I forget how lone we sit beneath this old fig-tree."
1870. F. S. Wilson, 'Australian Songs,' p. 115:
"The fig-tree casts a pleasant shade
On the straggling ferns below."
1882. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 537:
"Moreton Bay fig. This noble-looking tree has a wood which
is sometimes used, though it is very difficult to season."
[It is a handsome evergreen with dark leaves, larger than
those of a horse-chestnut, much used as an ornament in street
and gardens, especially in Sydney and Adelaide. The fig is
not edible.]
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Miner's Right, c. 44, p. 380:
"The . . . venerable church with its alleys of araucaria
and Moreton Bay fig-trees."
# File-fish #, _n._ name given in New
Zealand to the fish _Monacanthus rudis_, Richards, family
_Sclerodermi_; in New South Wales to species of the genus
_Balistes_. The first of the spines of the dorsal fin is
roughened in front like a file. _Balistes maculatus_ is
the "Spotted File-fish" of Sydney. It is closely allied to the
genus _Monacanthus_, called _Leather-jacket_ (q.v.),
which is much more numerously represented in Australasia.
# Finch #, _n._ a bird-name, first applied in
Australia, in 1848, by Gould, to the genus _Poephila_
(Grass-lover), and since extended to other genera of birds.
The species are--
Banded Finch--
_Stictoptera bichenovii_, Vig. and Hors.
Black-ringed F.--
_S. annulosa_, Gould.
Black-rumped F.--
_Poephila atropygialis_, Diggles.
Black-throated F.--
_P. cincta_, Gould.
Chestnut-breasted F.--
_Munia castaneothorax_, Gould.
Chestnut-eared F.--
_Taeniopygia castanotis_, Gould.
Crimson F.--
_Neochmia phaeton_, Homb. and Jacq.
Fire-tailed F.--
_Zonaeginthus bellus_, Lath.
Gouldian F.--
_Poephila gouldiae_, Gould.
Long-tailed F.--
_P. acuticauda_, Gould.
Masked F.--
_P. personata_, Gould.
Painted F.--
_Emblema picta_, Gould.
Plum-head F.--
_Aidemosyne modesta_, Gould.
Red-browed F.--
_AEgintha temporalis_, Lath.
Red-eared F.--
_Zonaeginthus oculatus_, Quoy and Gaim.
Red-tailed F.--
_Bathilda ruficauda_, Gould.
Scarlet-headed F.--
_Poephila mirabilis_, Homb. and Jacq.
Spotted-sided F.--
_Staganopleura guttata_, Shaw.
White-Breasted F.--
_Munia pectoralis_, Gould.
White-eared F.--
_Poephila leucotis_, Gould.
Yellow-rumped F.--
_Munia flaviprymna_, Gould.
# Fire-stick #, _n._ name given to the
lighted stick which the Australian natives frequently carry
about, when moving from camp to camp, so as to be able to light
a fire always without the necessity of producing it by
friction. The fire-stick may be carried in a smouldering
condition for long distances, and when traversing open grass
country, such as the porcupine-grass covered districts of the
interior, the stick is used for setting fire to the grass,
partly to destroy this and partly to drive out the game which
is hiding amongst it. The _fire-stick _ (see quotations)
is also used as emblematic of the camp-fire in certain
ceremonies.
1847. J. D. Lang,' Cooksland,'p. 126, n.:
"When their fire-stick has been extinguished, as is sometimes
the case, for their jins or vestal virgins, who have charge of
the fire, are not always sufficiently vigilant."
1896. F. J. Gillen, 'Horne Expedition in Central Australia,'
Anthropology, pt. iv. p. 170:
"Carrying fire-sticks, they place rings, woven of fur and
vegetable down, round the boy's neck and arms and sometimes
over and under the shoulders; the fire-sticks are then handed
to him, the lubras saying: Take care of the fire; keep to your
own camp.'"
# Firetail #, _n._ name applied in Victoria to the
bird _AEgintha temporalis_, Lath.; and in Tasmania to
_Zonaeginthus (Estrelda) bellus_, Lath. In New South
Wales, _AE. temporalis_ is known as the Red-head.
1848. J. Gould, 'Birds of Australia,' vol. iii. pl. 78:
"_Estrelda Bella_, Fire-tailed finch. Fire-tail,
Colonists of Van Diemen's Land."
# Fire-tree #, _n._ a tree of New Zealand; another
name for _Pohutukawa_ (q.v.). For _Queensland
Fire-tree_, see _Tulip-tree_.
# Fireweed #, _n._ a name given to several weeds,
such as _Senecio lautus_, Sol., _N.O. Compositae_; so
called because they spring up in great luxuriance where the
forest has been burned off.
# Fish-hawk #, _n._ English name applied to
_Pandion leucocephalus_, Gould; called also the Osprey.
1848. J. Gould, 'Birds of Australia,' vol. i. pl. 6:
"_Pandion Leucocephalus_, Gould, White-headed osprey.
Little fish hawk, Colonists of New South Wales. Fish-hawk,
Colonists of Swan River.''
# Fist #, _v_. to use the hands. The word is not
unknown in English in the sense of to grip. (Shakspeare, 'Cor.'
IV. v. 124)
1846. C. P. Hodgson, 'Reminiscences of Australia,' p. 366:
"'Fist it,' a colonial expression, which may convey to the
uninitiated the idea that knives, forks, plates, etc., are
unknown in the bush; such was formerly the case, but the
march of improvement has banished this peculiar simplicity."
# Five-corners #, _n._ name given to the fruit of an
Australian tree and to the tree itself, _Syphelia triflora_,
Andr., N.O. Epacrideae. There are many species of
_Styphelia_ (q.v.), the fruit of several being edible.
1889. J. H. Maiden,' Useful Native Plants,' p. 61:
"Five-corners. These fruits have a sweetish pulp with a large
stone. They form part of the food of the aboriginals, and are
much appreciated by school boys. When from a robust plant they
are of the size of a large pea, and not at all bad eating."
1896. H. Lawson, 'When the World was Wide,' p. 158:
"Still I see in my fancy the dark-green and blue
Of the box-covered hills where the five-corners grew."
# Flame-tree #, _n._ The name is given in India and
elsewhere to several trees with bright scarlet, or crimson,
flowers. In Australia, two different trees are called
_Flame-trees_--
(1) A tree of Eastern Australia, with profuse bright
coral-like flowers, _Brachychiton acerifolium_, F. v. M.,
_N.O. Sterculiaceae_.
(2) A tree of Western Australia, with brilliant
orange-coloured flowers, _Nuytsia floribunda_,
_N.O. Loranthaceae_; which is also called _Tree
Mistletoe_, and, locally, a _Cabbage-tree_.
1885. R. M. Praed, 'Australian Life,' p. 96:
"There are flame-trees showing in spring vivid patches
of crimson."
# Flannel Flower #, _n._ an Australian
flower, _Actinotus helianthi_, Labill.,
_N.O. Compositae_. It ranges from Gippsland to Southern
Queensland, but is particularly abundant in New South Wales.
Sometimes called the _Australian Edelweiss_. For the
reason of the name see quotation.
1895. J. H. Maiden, 'Flowering Plants of New South Wales,'
p. 9:
"We only know one truly local name for this plant, and that is
the 'Flannel Flower'--a rather unpoetical designation, but a
really descriptive one, and one universally accepted. It is,
of course, in allusion to the involucre, which looks as if it
were snipped out of white flannel. It is also known to a few
by the name of Australian Edelweiss."
# Flathead #, _n._ name given to several Australian
marine fishes, _Platycephalus fuscus_, Cuv. and Val., and
other species of _Platycephalus_, family _Cottidae_.
The Red Flathead is _P. bassensis_, Cuv.and Val., and the
Rock F. is _P. laevigatus_, Cuv.and Val. See also
_Tupong_ and _Maori-chief_.
1793. Governor Hunter, 'Voyage,' p. 410 (Aboriginal
Vocabulary):
"Paddewah, a fish called a flathead."
1832. J. Bischoff, 'Van Diemen's Land,' c. ii. p. 32:
"The market of Hobart Town is supplied with small rock cod,
flatheads, and a fish called the perch."
# Flat Pea #, _n._ a genus of Australian flowering
plants, _Platylobium_, _N.O. Leguminosae_.
1793. 'Transactions of Linnaean Society,' vol. ii. p. 350:
"Its name I have deduced from _platus_, broad, and
_lobos_, a pod."
"P. formosum. Orange flat-pea . . . A figure of this
. . . will soon be given in the work I have undertaken
on the botany of New Holland."
[The figure referred to will be found at p. 17 of the 'Specimen
of the Botany of New Holland.']
# Flax, Native #, _n._ The European flax is _Linum
usitatissimum_, _N.O. Liniae_. There is a species in
Australia, _Linum marginale_, Cunn., _N.O. Linaceae_,
called _Native Flax_. In New Zealand, the _Phormium_
is called _Native Flax_. See next word.
1889. J. M. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 626:
"'Native flax.' Although a smaller plant than the true flax,
this plant yields fibre of excellent quality. It is used by
the blacks for making fishing-nets and cordage."
# Flax, New Zealand #, _n_. _Phormium tenax_,
_N.O. Liliaceae_. A plant yielding a strong fibre.
Called also, in New Zealand, _Native Flax_, and _Flax
Lily_.
1807. J. Savage, 'Some account of New Zealand,' p. 56:
"Small baskets made of the green native flax."
1845. E. J. Wakefield, 'Adventures in New Zealand,' vol. i,
p. 63:
"The plant is called _Phormium tenax_ by naturalists.
The general native name for the plant, we are told, is 'korari,'
but each sort, and there are ten or twelve, has its distinctive
name. Any portion of the leaf, when gathered, becomes here
'kie kie,' or literally, 'tying stuff.' The operation of
scraping is called 'kayo,' the fibre when prepared, 'muka.'"
[Mr. Tregear says that Wakefield's statements are mistaken.]
1851. Mrs. Wilson, 'New Zealand,' p. 23:
"His robe of glossy flax which loosely flows."
1861. C. C. Bowen, 'Poems,' p. 57:
"And flax and fern and tutu grew
In wild luxuriance round."
1870. T. H. Braiui, 'New Homes,' c. viii. p. 375:
"The native flax (_Phormium tenax_) is found in all parts
of New Zealand; it grows to the height of about nine feet."
1872. A. Domett, 'Ranolf,' v.3, p. 93:
"In flowing vest of silky flax, undyed."
1893. 'Murray's Handbook to New Zealand,' p. 29:
"The so-called native flax (_phormium tenax_)."
# Flax-blade #, _n._ the leaf of the _New Zealand
Flax_ (q.v.).
1872. A. Domett, 'Ranolf,' i. 5, p. 11:
"With flax-blades binding to a tree
The Maid who strove her limbs to free."
# Flax-bush #, _n._ the bush of the _New Zealand
Flax_.
1854. W. Golder, 'Pigeons' Parliament,' Intro. p. v:
"I had . . . to pass a night . . . under the shade
of a flax-bush."
1872. A. Domett, 'Ranolf,' x. 4, p. 171:
"And the louder flax-bushes
With their crowding and crossing
Black stems, darkly studded
With blossoms red-blooded."
# Flax-flower #, _n._ the flower of the _New
Zealand Flax_ (q.v.).
1872. A. Domett, 'Ranolf,' xiv. 3, p. 221:
"little isles
Where still the clinging flax-flower smiles."
# Flax-leaf #, _n._ the blade of the _New Zealand
Flax_ (q.v.).
1884. T. Bracken, 'Lays of Maori' p. 69:
"Zephyrs stirred the flax-leaves into tune.
# Flax-lily #, _n._ (1) An Australian fibre plant,
_Dianella laevis_, var. _aspera_, R. Br.,
_N.O. Liliaceae_. (2) _Phormium tenax_. See
_Flax, New Zealand_.
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 621:
"Flax-lily. The fibre is strong, and of a silky texture.
The aboriginals formerly used it for making baskets, etc.
All the colonies except Western Australia."
# Flindosa #, and # Flindosy #, _n._ two trees
called _Beech_ (q.v.).
# Flintwood #, _n._ another name for _Blackbutt_
(q.v.), _Eucalyptus pillularis_.
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 502:
"From the great hardness of the wood it is often known as
flintwood."
# Flounder #, _n._ The Flounders in Australia are--
In Sydney, _Pseudorhombus russelli_, Gray; in Melbourne,
_Rhombosolea victoriae_, Castln.; in New Zealand and
Tasmania, _R. monopus_, Gunth. Maori name, Patiki; family
_Pleuronectidae_. They are all excellent eating.
1876. P. Thomson, 'Transactions of New Zealand Institute,'
vol. ix. art. lxvii., p. 487:
"Patiki (flounder). Flounders are in the market all the year."
# Flower-pecker #, _n._ bird-name used elsewhere,
but in Australia assigned to _Dicaeum hirundinaceum_, Lath.
# Flowering Rush #, _n._ name given to the rush or reed,
_Xyris operculata_, Lab., _N.O. Xyrideae_.
# Flute-bird #, _n._ another name for the bird
_Gymnorrhina tibicen_, Lath. Called also _Magpie_
(q.v.).
1862. H. C. Kendall, 'Poems,' p. 53:
"The flute-bird's mellow tone."
# Fly-catcher #, _n._ bird-name used elsewhere.
The Australian species are--
Black-faced Flycatcher--
_Monarcha melanopsis_, Vieill.
Blue F.--
_Myiagra concinna_, Gould.
Broad-billed F.--
_M. latirostris_, Gould.
Brown F. [called also Jacky Winter (q.v.)]
_Micraeca fascinans_, Lath.
Leaden F.--
_Myiagra rubecula_, Lath.
Lemon-breasted F.--
_Micraeca flavigaster_, Gould.
Lesser Brown F.--
_M. assimilis_, Gould.
Little F.--
_Seisura nana_, Gould.
Pale F.--
_Micraeca pallida_.
Pearly F.--
_Monarcha canescens_, Salvad.
Pied Fly-catcher--
_Arses kaupi_, Gould.
Restless F.--
_Seisura inquieta_, Lath. [called also _Razor-
grinder_, q.v., and _Dishwasher_, q.v.]
Satin F.--
_Myiagra nitida_, Gould [called _Satin-robin_, q.v.,
in Tasmania]
Shining F.--
_Piezorhynchus nitidus_, Gould.
Spectacled F.--
_P. gouldi_, Gray.
White-bellied F.--
_P. albiventris_, Gould.
White-eared F.--
_P. leucotis_, Gould.
Yellow-breasted F.--
_Machaerhynchus flaviventer_, Gould.
1790. J. White, 'Voyage to New South Wales,' p. 161:
"We this day caught a yellow-eared fly-catcher (see annexed
plate). This bird is a native of New Holland." [Description
follows.]
Fly-eater, _n._ the new vernacular name for the Australian
birds of the genus _Gerygone_ (q.v.), and see _Warbler_.
The species are--
Black-throated Fly-eater--
_Gerygone personata_, Gould.
Brown F.--
_G. fusca_, Gould.
Buff-breasted F.--
_G. laevigaster_, Gould.
Green-backed F.--
_G. chloronota_, Gould.
Large-billed F.--
_G. magnirostris_, Gould.
Southern F.--
_G. culicivora_, Gould.
White-throated F.--
_G. albogularis_, Gould.
Yellow-breasted F.--
_G. flavida_, Ramsay.
1895. W. O. Legge, 'Australasian Association for the
Advancement of Science '(Brisbane), p. 447:
"[The habits and habitats of the genus as] applied to
_Gerygone_ suggested the term Fly-_eater_, as
distinguished from Fly-_catcher_, for this aberrant and
peculiarly Australasian form of small Fly-catchers, which not
only capture their food somewhat after the manner of
Fly-catchers, but also seek for it arboreally."
# Flyer #, _n._ a swift kangaroo.
1866. T. McCombie, 'Australian Sketches,' second series,
p. 172:
"I may here state that the settlers designate the old kangaroos
as 'old men' and 'old women,' the full-grown animals are named
'flyers,' and are swifter than the British hare."
# Flying-Fox #, _n._ a gigantic Australian bat,
_Pteropus poliocephalus_, Temm. It has a fetid odour and
does great damage to fruits, and is especially abundant in New
South Wales, though often met with in Victoria. Described, not
named, in first extract.
1793. Governor Hunter, 'Voyage,' p. 507:
"The head of this bat strongly resembles that of a fox, and
the wings of many of them extend three feet ten inches. . . .
[Description of one domesticated.] . . . They are very fat,
and are reckoned by the natives excellent food. . . . It was
supposed more than twenty thousand of them were seen within the
space of one mile."
1827. P. Cunningham, 'Two Years in New South Wales,' vol. i.
p. 315:
"One flying fox is an immense bat, of such a horrific
appearance, that no wonder one of Cook's honest tars should
take it for the devil when encountering it in the woods."
1830. R. Dawson, 'Present State of Australia,' p. 310:
". . . a flying fox, which one of them held in his hand. It
was, in fact, a large kind of bat, with the nose resembling in
colour and shape that of a fox, and in scent it was exactly
similar to it. The wing was that of a common English bat, and
as long as that of a crow, to which it was about equal in the
length and circumference of its body."
1849. J. P. Townsend, 'Rambles in New South Wales,' p. 97:
"Some of the aborigines feed on a large bat popularly called
'the flying fox.' . . We found the filthy creatures, hanging
by the heels in thousands, from the higher branches of the
trees."
1863. B. A. Heywood, 'Vacation Tour at the Antipodes,' p. 102:
"The shrill twitter of the flying fox, or vampire bat, in the
bush around us."
1871. Gerard Krefft, 'Mammals of Australia':
"The food on which the 'Foxes' principally live when garden
fruit is not in season, consists of honey-bearing blossoms and
the small native figs abounding in the coast-range scrubs. . . .
These bats are found on the east coast only, but during very
dry seasons they occur as far west as the neighbourhood of
Melbourne."
1881. A.C. Grant, 'Bush Life in Queensland,' vol. ii. p. 20:
"A little further on they came to a camp of flying foxes.
The huge trees on both sides of the river are actually black
with them. The great bats hang by their hooked wings to every
available branch and twig, squealing and quarrelling.
The smell is dreadful. The camp extends for a length of three
miles. There must be millions upon millions of them."
# Flying-Mouse #, _n._ See _Opossum-mouse_
and _Flying-Phalanger_.
# Flying-Phalanger #, _n._ included in the class
of _Phalanger_ (q.v.). The "flying" Phalangers "have
developed large parachute-like expansions of skin from the
sides of the body, by means of which they are able to take long
flying leaps from bough to bough, and thus from tree to tree.
While the great majority of the members of the family are
purely vegetable feeders, . . . a few feed entirely or partly
on insects, while others have taken to a diet of flesh."
(R. Lydekker.)
They include the so-called _Flying-Squirrel_,
_Flying-Mouse_, etc. There are three genera--
Acrobates (q.v.), called the _Flying-Mouse_,
and _Opossum-Mouse_ (q.v.).
_Petauroides_ commonly called the _Taguan_, or
_Taguan Flying-Squirrel_.
_Petaurus_ (q.v.), commonly called the _Flying
Squirrel_.
The species are--
Lesser F.-Ph.--
_Petaurus breviceps_.
Papuan Pigmy F.-Ph.--
_Acrobates pulchellus_ (confined to Northern Dutch New
Guinea).
Pigmy F.-Ph.--
_A. pygmaeuss_.
Squirrel F.-Ph.--
_Petaurus sciureus_.
Taguan F.-Ph.--
_Petauroides volans_.
Yellow-bellied F.-Ph.--
_P. australis_.
# Flying-Squirrel #, _n._ popular name for a
Flying-Phalanger, _Petaurus sciureus_, Shaw, a marsupial
with a parachute-like fold of skin along the sides by which he
skims and floats through the air. The name is applied to
entirely different animals in Europe and America.
1789. Governor Phillip, 'Voyage to Botany Bay,' c. xv. p. 151:
"Norfolk Island flying squirrel." [With picture.]
1827. P. Cunningham, 'Two Years in New South Wales,' vol. i.:
"The flying squirrels are of a beautiful slate colour, with
a fur so fine that, although a small animal, the hatters here
give a quarter dollar for every skin."
1849. J. P. Townsend, 'Rambles in New South Wales,' p. 37:
"The squeal and chirp of the flying squirrel."
1850. R. C. Gunn, 'Proceedings of the Royal Society of Van
Diemen's Land,' vol. i. p. 253:
"In the year 1845 I drew the attention of the Tasmanian Society
to the interesting fact that the _Petaurus sciureus_, or
Flying Squirrel, of Port Phillip, was becoming naturalized in
Van Diemen's Land. . . . No species of _Petaurus_ is
indigenous to Tasmania. . . . It does not appear from all that
I can learn, that any living specimens of the _Petaurus
schireus_ were imported into Van Diemen's Land prior to
1834; but immediately after the settlement of Port Phillip,
in that year, considerable numbers of the flying squirrel were,
from their beauty, brought over as pets by the early visitors."
1851. J. B. Clutterbuck, 'Port Phillip in 1849,' p. 78:
"The flying squirrel, another of the opossum species of the
marsupial order, is a beautiful little creature, and disposed
over the whole of the interior of New South Wales: its fur is
of a finer texture than that of the opossum."
1855. W. Blandowski, 'Transactions of Philosophical Society of
Victoria,' vol. i. p. 70:
"The common flying squirrel (_Petaurus sciureus_) is very
plentiful in the large gum trees near the banks of a creek or
river, and appears to entertain a peculiar aversion to the high
lands."
1890. C. Lumholtz, 'Among Cannibals,' p. 90:
"Flying squirrel."
[Footnote]:
"The marsupial flying phalanger is so called by the
Australians."
# Fly-Orchis #, _n._ name applied in Tasmania to the
orchid, _Prasophyllum patens_, R. Br.
# Forest #, _n._ See quotation.
1839. T. L. Mitchell, 'Three Expeditions into the Interior of
Eastern Australia,' vol i. p. 71 [Footnote]:
"A 'forest' means in New South Wales an open wood with grass.
The common 'bush' or 'scrubb' consists of trees and saplings,
where little grass is to be found."
[It is questionable whether this fine distinction still exists.]
# Forester #, _n._ the largest Kangaroo, _Macropus
giganteus_, Zimm.
1832. J. Bischoff, 'Van Diemen's Land,' vol. ii. p. 27:
"There are three or four varieties of kangaroos; those most
common are denominated the forester and brush kangaroo."
1847. L. Leichhardt, 'Overland Expedition,' p. 423:
"I called this river the 'Red Kangaroo River,' for in
approaching it we first saw the red forester of Port
Essington."
1862. H. C. Kendall, 'Poems,' p. 67:
"And the forester snuffing the air
Will bound from his covert so dark."
1880. Mrs. Meredith, 'Tasmanian Friends and Foes,' p. 15:
"We have never had one of the largest kind--the Forester
Kangaroo (_Macropus gigantes_)--tame, for they have been
so hunted and destroyed that there are very few left in
Tasmania, and those are in private preserves, or very remote
out-of-the-way places, and rarely seen. . . . The aborigines
called the old father of a flock a Boomer. These were often
very large: about five feet high in their usual position, but
when standing quite up, they were fully six feet . . . and
weighing 150 or 200 pounds."
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Miner's Right,' c. xix. p. 181:
"The dogs . . . made for them as if they had been a brace of
stray foresters from the adjacent ranges."
# Forest-Oak #, _n._ See _Oak_.
Forget-me-not, _n._ The species of this familiar flower is
_Myosotis australis_, R. Br., _N.O. Asperifoliae_.
# Fortescue #, or # 40-skewer #, _n._ a fish of
New South Wales, _Pentaroge marmorata_, Cuv. and Val.,
family _Scorpaenidae_; called also the _Scorpion_,
and the _Cobbler_. All its names allude to the thorny
spines of its fins. The name _Fortescue_ is an adaptation
of _Forty-skewer_ by the law of Hobson-Jobson.
1882. Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, 'Fish of New South Wales,'
p. 49:
"Of this fish Mr. Hill says: The scorpion or Fortescue, as
these fish are popularly termed by fishermen, have been known
for a long time, and bear that name no doubt in memory of the
pain they have hitherto inflicted; and for its number and array
of prickles it enjoys in this country the _alias_
'Forty-skewer' or 'Fortescure.' "
1896. F. G. Aflalo, 'Natural History of Australia,' p. 228:
"_Fortescue_ is a terrible pest, lurking among the
_debris_ in the nets and all but invisible, its spines
standing erect in readiness for the unwary finger. And so
intense is the pain inflicted by a stab, that I have seen a
strong man roll on the ground crying out like a madman."
# Forty-legs #, _n._ name given to a millipede,
_Cermatia smithii_.
# Forty-spot #, _n._ name for a bird,
a _Pardalote_ (q.v.). Pardalote itself means
spotted "like the pard." See also _Diamond-bird_.
1848. J. Gould, 'Birds of Australia,' vol. ii. pl. 37:
"_Pardalotus quadragintus_, Gould, Forty-spotted
pardalote. Forty-spot, Colonists of Van Diemen's Land."
1896. 'The Australasian,' Aug. 28, p. 407, col. 5:
"'Lyre bird' is obvious; so, too, is 'forty-spot'; only one
wonders why the number 40 was pitched upon. Was it a guess?
Or did the namer first shoot the bird and count?"
# Fossick #, _v. intrans_. to dig, but with special
meanings. Derived, like _fosse_, a ditch, and
_fossil_, through French from Lat. _fossus_, perfect
part. of _fodere_, to dig. _Fossicking_ as
pres. part., or as verbal noun, is commoner than the other
parts of the verb.
(1) To pick out gold.
1852. W. H. Hall, 'Practical Experiences at the Diggings in
Victoria,' p. 16:
"Or fossicking (picking out the nuggets from the interstices
of the slate formation) with knives and trowels."
(2) To dig for gold on abandoned claims or in waste-heaps.
1865. F. H. Nixon, 'Peter Perfume,' p. 59:
"They'll find it not quite so 'welly good'
As their fossicking freak at the Buckland."
1873. A.Trollope, 'Australia and New Zealand,' c. xix. p. 286:
"Here we found about a dozen Chinamen 'fossicking' after gold
amidst the dirt of the river, which had already been washed by
the first gold-seekers."
1880. G. Sutherland, 'Tales of Goldfields,' p. 22:
"He commenced working along with several companions at surface
digging and fossicking."
1894. 'The Argus,' March 14, p. 4, col. 6:
"The easiest and simplest of all methods is 'fossicking.' An
old diggings is the place for this work, because there you will
learn the kind of country, formation, and spots to look for
gold when you want to break new ground. 'Fossicking' means
going over old workings, turning up boulders, and taking the
clay from beneath them, exploring fissures in the rock, and
scraping out the stuff with your table knife, using your pick
to help matters. Pulling up of trees, and clearing all soil
from the roots, scraping the bottoms of deserted holes, and
generally keeping your eye about for little bits of ground
left between workings by earlier miners who were in too great
a hurry looking after the big fish to attend much to small fry."
(3) To search for gold generally, even by stealing.
1861. T. McCombie, 'Australian Sketches,' p. 60:
"A number of idle and disorderly fellows had introduced a
practice which was termed 'fossicking.' . . . In the dead
hours of midnight they issued forth, provided with wax tapers,
and, entering upon the ground, stole the auriferous earth."
(4) To search about for anything, to rummage.
1870. S. Lemaitre, 'Songs of Goldfields,' p. 14:
"He ran from the flat with an awful shout
Without waiting to fossick the coffin lid out."
1890. 'The Argus,' Aug. 2, p. 4, col. 3:
"Half the time was spent in fossicking for sticks."
1891. 'The Argus,' Dec. 19, p. 4, col. 2:
"I was . . . a boy fossicking for birds' nests in the gullies."
1893. 'The Australasian,' Jan. 14:
"The dog was fossicking about."
# Fossicker #, _n._ one who fossicks, sc. works
among the tailings of old gold-mines for what may be left.
1853. C. Rudston Read, 'What I heard, saw, and did at the
Australian Gold Fields,' p. 150:
"The man was what they called a _night fossicker_, who
slept, or did nothing during the day, and then went round at
night to where he knew the claims to be rich, and stole the
stuff by candle-light."
1861. T. McCombie, 'Australian Sketches,' p. 87:
"I can at once recognize the experienced 'fossickers,' who
know well how to go to work with every chance in their favour."
1864. J. Rogers, 'New Rush,' pt. ii. p. 32:
"Steady old _fossickers_ often get more
Than the first who open'd the ground."
1869. R. Brough Smyth, 'Goldfields of Victoria,' p. 612:
"A fossicker is to the miner as is the gleaner to the reaper;
he picks the crevices and pockets of the rocks."
1891. 'The Australasian,' Nov. 21, p. 1015:
"We had heard that, on this same field, years after its total
abandonment, a two hundred ounce nugget had been found by a
solitary fossicker in a pillar left in an old claim."
1891. 'The Argus,' Dec. 19, p. 4, col. 2:
"The fossickers sluiced and cradled with wonderful cradles of
their own building."
# Four-o'clock #, _n._ another name for the
_Friar-bird_ (q.v.).
# Free-select #, _v_. to take up land under the Land
Laws. See _Free-selector_. This composite verb, derived
from the noun, is very unusual. The word generally used is
_to select_.
1884. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Melbourne Memories,' c. xix. p. 134:
"Everything which he could have needed had he proceeded to
free-select an uninhabited island."
# Free-selection #, _n._ (1) The process of selecting
or choosing land under the Land Laws, or the right to choose.
Abbreviated often into _Selection_. See
_Free-selector_.
1865. 'Ararat Advertiser' [exact date lost]:
"He was told that the areas open for selection were not on the
Geelong side, and one of the obliging officials placed a plan
before him, showing the lands on which he was free to choose a
future home. The selector looked vacantly at the map, but at
length became attracted by a bright green allotment, which at
once won his capricious fancy, indicating as it did such
luxurious herbage; but, much to his disgust, he found that 'the
green lot' had already been selected. At length he fixed on a
yellow section, and declared his intention of resting satisfied
with the choice. The description and area of land chosen were
called out, and he was requested t0 move further over and pay
his money. 'Pay?' queried the fuddled but startled _bona
fide_, 'I got no money (hic), old 'un, thought it was free
selection, you know.'"
1870. T. H. Braim, 'New Homes,' ii. 87:
"A man can now go and make his free selection before survey of
any quantity of land not less than 40 nor more than 320 acres,
at twenty shillings an acre."
1878. 'The Australian,' vol. i. p. 743:
"You may go to nine stations out of ten now without hearing
any talk but 'bullock and free-selection.'"
1880. G. Sutherland, 'Tales of Goldfields,' p. 82:
"His intention . . . was to take up a small piece of land
under the system of 'free-selection.'"
1884. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Melbourne Memories,' c. xx. p. 162:
"This was years before the free-selection discovery."
(2) Used for the land itself, but generally in the abbreviated
form, _Selection_.
1887. R. M. Praed, 'Longleat of Kooralbyn,' vol. vi, p. 56:
"I've only seen three females on my selection since I took it
up four years last November."
# Free-selector #, _n._ (abbreviated often to
_Selector_), one who takes up a block of Crown land under
the Land Laws and by annual payments acquires the freehold.
[320 acres to Victoria, 640 in New South Wales.]
1864. J. Rogers, 'New Rush,' pt. i. p. 21:
"Free selectors we shall be
When our journey's end we see."
1866. 'Sydney Morning Herald,' Aug. 9:
"The very law which the free selector puts in force against the
squatter, the squatter puts in force against him; he selected
upon the squatter's run, and the squatter selects upon his
grazing right."
1873. Ibid. p. 33:
"Men who select small portions of the Crown lands by means of
land orders or by gradual purchase, and who become freeholders
and then permanently wedded to the colony."
1873. A. Trollope, 'Australia and New Zealand,' vol. i. p. 33:
"The condition of the free-selector--that of ownership of a
piece of land to be tilled by the owner--is the one which the
best class of immigrants desire."
1875. 'Melbourne Spectator,' June 12, p. 70, col. 2:
"A public meeting of non-resident selectors has been held at
Rushworth."
1884. Marcus Clarke, 'Memorial Volume,' p. 85:
"A burly free selector pitched his tent in my Home-Station
paddock and turned my dam into a wash."
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Colonial Reformer,' c. xii. p. 116:
"No, no; I've kept free-selectors out all these years,
and as long as I live here I'll do so still."
# Freezer #, _n._ a sheep bred and raised in order
that its mutton may be frozen and exported.
1893. J. Hotson, Lecture in 'Age,' Nov.30, p. 7, col. 2:
"In the breeding of what are in New Zealand known as 'freezers'
there lies a ready means of largely increasing the returns from
our land."
# Fresh-water Herring #, _n._ In Sydney, the fish is
_Clupea richmondia_, Macl. Elsewhere in Australia, and in
Tasmania, it is another name for the _Grayling_ (q.v.).
# Fresh-water Perch #, _n._ name given in Tasmania to
the fish _Microperca tasmaniae_.
# Friar-bird #, _n._ an Australian bird, of the genus
called _Philemon_, but originally named
_Tropidorhynchus_ (q.v.). It is a honey-eater, and is
also called _Poor Soldier_ and other names; see quotation,
1848. The species are--
Friar-Bird--
_Philemon corniculatus_, Lath. [Called also
_Leather-head_, q.v.]
Helmeted F.--
_P. buceroides_, Swains.
Little F.--
_P. sordidus_, Gould.
Silvery-crowned F.--
_P. argenticeps_, Gould.
Yellow-throated F.-
_P. citreogularis_, Gould.
Western F.--
_P. occidentalis_, Ramsay.
1798. D. Collins, 'Account of English Colony in New South
Wales,' p. 615 (Vocab.):
"Wirgan,--bird named by us the friar."
1827. Vigors and Horsfield, 'Transactions of Linnaean Society,'
vol. xv. p. 324:
"_Friar_,--a very common bird about Paramatta, called by
the natives '_coldong_:' It repeats the words 'poor
soldier' and 'four o'clock' very distinctly."
1845. 'Voyage to Port Phillip,' p. 53:
"The cheerful sedge-wren and the bald-head friar,
The merry forest-pie with joyous song."
1848. J. Gould, 'Birds of Australia,' vol. iv. pl. 58:
"_Tropidorhynchus Corniculatus_, Vig. and Hors.
"From the fancied resemblance of its notes to those words,
it has obtained from the Colonists the various names of 'Poor
Soldier,' 'Pimlico,' 'Four o'clock,' etc. Its bare head and
neck have also suggested the names of 'Friar Bird,' 'Monk,'
'Leather Head,' etc."
1855. W. Blandowski, 'Transactions of the Philosophical Society
of Victoria,' vol. i. p. 64:
"The _Tropidorhynchus corniculatus_ is well known to the
colonists by the names 'poor soldier,' 'leather-headed
jackass,' 'friar-bird,' etc. This curious bird, in common with
several other varieties of honey-eaters, is remarkable on
account of its extreme liveliness and the singular resemblance
of its notes to the human voice."
# Frilled-Lizard #, _n._ See quotation.
1875, G. Bennett, 'Proceedings of Royal Society of Tasmania,'
p. 56:
"Notes on the _Chlamydosaurus_ or frilled-lizard of
Queensland (C. Kingii.) "
# Frogsmouth #, _n._ an Australian bird; genus
_Podargus_, commonly called _Mopoke_ (q.v.). The
mouth and expression of the face resemble the appearance of a
frog. The species are--
Freckled Frogsmouth--
_Podargus phaloenoides_, Gould.
Marbled F.--
_P. marmoratus_, Gould.
Plumed F.--
_P. papuensis_, Quoy and Gaim.
Tawney F.--
_P. strigoides_, Lath.
1895. W. O. Legge, 'Australasian Association for the
Advancement of Science' (Brisbane), p. 447:
"The term 'Frogsmouth' is used in order to get rid of that very
objectionable name _Podargus_, and as being allied to the
other genera _Batrachostomus_ and _Otothrix_ of the
family _Steatorninae_ in India. It is a name well suited
to the singular structure of the mouth, and presumably better
than the mythical title of 'Goatsucker.' 'Night-hawk,'
sometimes applied to the _Caprimulginae_, does not accord
with the mode of flight of the genus _Podargus_."
# Frontage #, _n._ land along a river or creek, of
great importance to a station. A use common in Australia, not
peculiar to it.
1844. 'Port Phillip Patriot,' July i8, p. 3, col. 7:
". . . has four miles frontage to the Yarra Yarra."
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Squatter's Dream,' c. iii. p. 29:
"Jack was piloted by Mr. Hawkesbury through the 'frontage'
and a considerable portion of the 'back' regions of Gondaree."
# Frost-fish #, _n._ name given in Australia and New
Zealand to the European _Scabbard-fish_, _Lepidopus
caudatus_, White. The name is said to be derived from the
circumstance that the fish is found alive on New Zealand
sea-beaches on frosty nights. It is called the
_Scabbard-fish_ in Europe, because it is like the shining
white metal sheath of a long sword. _Lepidopus_ belongs
to the family _Trichiuridae_, it reaches a length of five
or six feet, but is so thin that it hardly weighs as many
pounds. It is considered a delicacy in New Zealand.
1888. W. L. Buller, 'Birds of New Zealand,' vol. ii. p. 51:
"The frost-fish . . . the most delicately flavoured of all New
Zealand fishes, is an inhabitant of deep water, and on frosty
nights, owing probably to its air-bladders becoming choked, it
is cast up by the surf on the ocean-beach."
# Fruit-Pigeon #, _n._ The name is given to numerous
pigeons of the genera _Ptilinopus_ and _Carpophaga_.
In Australia it is assigned to the following birds:--
Allied Fruit-Pigeon--
_Ptilinopus assimilis_, Gould.
Purple-breasted F.-P.--
_P. magnifica_, Temm.
Purple-crowned F.-P.--
_P. superbus_, Temm.
Red-crowned F.-P.--
_P. swainsonii_, Gould.
Rose-crowned F.-P.--
_P. ewingii_ Gould.
White-headed F.-P.--
_Columba leucomela_, Temm.
And in New Zealand to _Carpophaga novae-zealandiae_, Gmel.
(Maori name, _Kereru Kuku_, or _Kukupa_.)
# Fryingpan-Brand #, _n._ a large brand used by
cattle-stealers to cover the owner's brand. See _Duffer_
and _Cattle-Duffer_.
1857. Frederic De Brebant Cooper, 'Wild Adventures in
Australia,' p. 104:
". . . This person was an 'old hand,' and got into some
trouble on the other side (i.e. the Bathurst side) by using a
'frying-pan brand.' He was stock-keeping in that quarter, and
was rather given to 'gulley-raking.' One fine day it appears
he ran in three bullocks belonging to a neighbouring squatter,
and clapt his brand on the top of the other so as to efface
it."
# Fuchsia, Native #, _n._ The name is applied to
several native plants.
(1) In Australia and Tasmania, to various species of _Correa_
(q.v.), especially to _Correa speciosa_, And., _N.O.
Rutaceae_.
(2) In Queensland, to _Eremophila maculata_, F. v. M.,
_N.O_. _Myoporineae_.
(3) In New Zealand, to _Fuchsia excorticata_, Linn.,
_N.O. Onagrariae_. (Maori name, _Kotukutuktu_, q.v.).
See also _Tooky-took_ and _Konini_.
1860. Geo. Bennett, 'Gatherings of a Naturalist in Australasia,'
pp. 371-2:
"The Correa virens, with its pretty pendulous blossoms (from
which it has been named the 'Native Fuchsia'), and the Scarlet
Grevillea (G. coccinea) are gay amidst the bush flowers."
1880. Mrs.Meredith, 'Tasmanian Friends and Foes,' p. 23:
"I see some pretty red correa and lilac."
[Footnote]: "Correa speciosa--native fuchsia of Colonies."
1883. F. M. Bailey, 'Synopsis of Queensland Flora,' p. 374:
"_E. maculata_. A . . . shrub called native fuchsia, and
by some considered poisonous, by others a good fodder bush."
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 126:
"_E. maculata_. . . . Called 'Native Fuchsia' in parts
of Queensland."
1892. 'Otago Witness,' Nov. 24, 'Native Trees':
"A species of native fuchsia that is coming greatly into favour
is called [Fuchsia] Procumbens. It is a lovely pot plant, with
large pink fruit and upright flowers."
# Full up of #, _adj_. (slang), sick and tired of.
"Full on," and "full of," are other forms.
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Miner's Right,' c. xxiii. p. 213:
"She was 'full up' of the Oxley, which was a rowdy,
disagreeable goldfield as ever she was on."
# Furze, Native #, _n._ a shrub, _Hakea ulcina_,
R. Br. See _Hakea_.
# Futtah #, _n._ a settlers' corruption of the Maori
word _Whata_ (q.v.).
1895. W.S. Roberts, 'Southland in 1856,'p. 28:
"These stores were called by the Europeans _futters_,--but
the Maori name was Whata."
1896. 'Southland Daily News,' Feb. 3:
"'Futtah is familiar as 'household words.' There were always
rats in New Zealand--that is, since any traditions of its
_fauna_ existed. The original ones were good to eat.
They were black and smooth in the hair as the mole of the Old
Country, and were esteemed delicacies. They were always
mischievous, but the Norway rat that came with the white man
was worse. He began by killing and eating his aboriginal
congener, and then made it more difficult than ever to keep
anything eatable out of reach of his teeth. Human ingenuity,
however, is superior to that of most of the lower animals, and
so the 'futtah' came to be--a storehouse on four posts, each of
them so bevelled as to render it impossible for the cleverest
rat to climb them. The same expedient is to-day in use on
Stewart Island and the West Coast --in fact, wherever properly
constructed buildings are not available for the storage of
things eatable or destructible by the rodents in question."
G
# Galah #, _n._ a bird.(The accent is now placed
on the second syllable.) Aboriginal name for the _Cacatua
roseicapilla_, Vieill., the _Rose-breasted
Cockatoo_. See _Cockatoo_. With the first syllable
compare last syllable of _Budgerigar_ (q.v.)
1890. 'The Argus,' Sept. 20, p. 13, col. 5:
"They can afford to screech and be merry, as also the grey,
pink-crested galahs, which tint with the colours of the evening
sky a spot of grass in the distance."
1890. Lyth, 'Golden South,' c. xiv. p. 127:
"The galahs, with their delicate grey and rose-pink plumage,
are the prettiest parrots."
1891. Francis Adams, 'John Webb's End,' p. 191:
"A shrieking flock of galahs, on their final flight before they
settled to roost, passed over and around him, and lifting up
his head, he saw how all their grey feathers were flushed with
the sunset light, their coloured breasts deepening into darkest
ruby, they seemed like loosed spirits."
# Gallows #, _n._ Explained in quotation. Common
at all stations, where of course the butchering is done on
the premises.
1866. Lady Barker, 'Station Life in New Zealand,' p. 64:
"The gallows, a high wooden frame from which the carcases of
the butchered sheep dangle."
# Gang-gang #, or # Gan-gan #, _n._ the
aboriginal word for the bird _Callocephalon galeatum_,
Lath., so called from its note; a kind of cockatoo, grey with a
red head, called also _Gang-gang Cockatoo_. See
_Cockatoo_.
1833. C. Sturt, 'Southern Australia,' vol. i. Intro.
p. xxxviii:
"Upon the branches the satin-bird, the gangan, and various
kinds of pigeons were feeding."
1848. J. Gould, 'Birds of Australia,' vol. v. pl. 14:
"_Callocephalon Galeatum_, Gang-gang Cockatoo, Colonists
of New South Wales."
# Gannet #, _n._ the English name for the _Solan
Goose_ and its tribe. The Australian species are--
The Gannet--
_Sula serrator_, Banks.
Brown G. (called also _Booby_)--
_S. leucogastra_, Bodd.
Masked G.--
_S. cyanops_, Sunder.
Red-legged G.--
_S. piscator_, Linn.
The species in New Zealand is _Dysporus serrator_, Grey;
Maori name, _Takapu_.
# Garfish #, _n._ In England the name is applied to
any fish of the family _Belonidae_. The name was
originally used for the common European _Belone vulgaris_.
In Melbourne the Garfish is a true one, _Belone ferox_,
Gunth., called in Sydney "Long Tom." In Sydney, Tasmania, and
New Zealand it is _Hemirhamphus intermedius_, Cantor.; and
in New South Wales, generally, it is the river-fish
_H. regularis_, Gunth., family _Sombresocidae_. Some
say that the name was originally "Guard-fish," and it is still
sometimes so spelt. But the word is derived from x_Gar_,
in Anglo-Saxon, which meant spear, dart, javelin, and the
allusion is to the long spear-like projection of the fish's
jaws. Called by the Sydney fishermen _Ballahoo_, and in
Auckland the _Piper_ (q.v.).
1847. L. Leichhardt, 'Overland Expedition,' p. 288:
"Charley brought me . . . the head bones of a large
guard-fish."
1849. Anon., 'New South Wales: its Past, Present, and Future
Condition,' p. 99:
"The best kinds of fish are guard, mullet, and schnapper."
1850. Clutterbuck, 'Port Phillip,' c. iii. p. 44:
"In the bay are large quantities of guard-fish."
1875. 'Spectator' (Melbourne), June I9, p. 81, col.1:
"Common fish, such as trout, ruffies, mullet, garfish."
1882. Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, 'Fish of New South Wales,'
p. 83:
"Of the garfishes we have four species known to be found on our
coasts. One, _Hemirhamphus regularis_, is the favourite
breakfast fish of the citizens of Sydney. _H. melanochir_,
or 'river garfish,' is a still better fish, but has become very
scarce. _H. argentcus_, the common Brisbane species
. . . and _H. commersoni_."
# Gastrolobium #, _n._ scientific name of a genus of
Australian shrubs, _N.O. Leguminosae_, commonly known as
_Poison Bushes_ (q.v.). The species are--
_Gastrolobium bilobum_, R. Br.
_G. callistachys_, Meissn.
_G. calycium_, Benth.
_G. obovatum_, Benth.
_G. oxylobioides_, Benth.
_G. spinosum_, Benth.
_G. trilobum_, Benth.
All of which are confined to Western Australia. The species
_Gastrolobium grandiflorum_, F. v. M. (also called
_Wall-flower_), is the only species found out of Western
Australia, and extends across Central Australia to Queensland.
All the species have pretty yellow and purple flowers. The
name is from the Greek _gastaer, gastros_, the belly,
and _lobion_, dim. of _lobos_, "the capsule or pod
of leguminous plants." ('L. & S.')
# Geebung #, or # Geebong #, _n._ aboriginal
name for the fruit of various species of the tree
_Persoonia_, and also for the tree itself,
_N.O. Proteaceae_.
1827. P. Cunningham, 'Two Years in New South Wales,' vol. i.
p. 221:
"The jibbong is another tasteless fruit, as well as the five
corners, much relished by children."
1847. L. Leichhardt, 'Overland Expedition, p. 478:
"We gathered and ate a great quantity of gibong (the ripe fruit
of Persoonia falcata)."
1852. G. C. Mundy, 'Our Antipodes,' c. vi,. p. 176, 3rd
edition 1855:
"The geebung, a native plum, very woolly and tasteless."
1885. R. M. Praed, 'Australian Life,' p. 113:
"We gathered the wild raspberries, and mingling them with
geebongs and scrub berries, set forth a dessert."
1885. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Robbery under Arms,' p. 255:
"You won't turn a five-corner into a quince, or a geebung into
an orange."
1889. J. M. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 584:
"A 'geebung' (the name given to the fruits of _Persoonias_,
and hence to the trees themselves)."
# Gerygone #, _n._ scientific and vernacular name of
a genus of small warblers of Australia and New Zealand; the new
name for them is _Fly-eater_ (q.v.). In New Zealand they
are called _Bush-warblers_, _Grey-warblers_, etc.,
and they also go there by their Maori name of _Riro-riro_.
For the species, see _Fly-eater_ and _Warbler_. The
name is from the Greek _gerugonae_, "born of sound," a word
used by Theocritus.
1895. W. O. Legge, 'Australasian Association for the
Advancement of Science' (Brisbane), p. 447:
"[The habits and habitats of the genus] _Gerygone_
suggested the term Fly-_eater_, as distinguished from
Fly-_catcher_, for this aberrant and peculiarly
Australasian form of small Fly-catchers, which not only capture
their food somewhat after the manner of Fly-catchers, but also
seek for it arboreally."
# Ghilgai #, _n._ an aboriginal word used by white
men in the neighbourhood of Bourke, New South Wales, to denote
a saucer-shaped depression in the ground which forms a natural
reservoir for rainwater. _Ghilgais_ vary from 20 to 100
yards in diameter, and are from five to ten feet deep. They
differ from _Claypans_ (q.v.), in being more regular in
outline and deeper towards the centre, whereas _Claypans_
are generally flat-bottomed. Their formation is probably due
to subsidence.
# Giant-Lily #, _n._ See under _Lily_.
# Giant-Nettle #, i.q. _Nettle-tree_ (q.v.).
# Gibber #, _n._ an aboriginal word for a stone.
Used both of loose stones and of rocks. The _G_ is hard.
1834. L. E. Threlkeld, 'Australian Grammar,' p. x. [In a list
of 'barbarisms']:
"Gibber, a stone."
[_Pace_ Mr. Threlkeld, the word is aboriginal, though not
of the dialect of the Hunter District, of which he is speaking.]
1852. 'Settlers and Convicts; or Recollections of Sixteen Years'
Labour in the Australian Backwoods,' p. 159:
"Of a rainy night like this he did not object to stow himself
by the fireside of any house he might be near, or under the
'gibbers' (overhanging rocks) of the river. . . ."
1890. A .J. Vogan, 'Black Police,' p. 338:
"He struck right on top of them gibbers (stones)."
1894. Baldwin Spencer, in 'The Argus,' Sept. 1, p. 4, col. 2:
"At first and for more than a hundred miles [from Oodnadatta
northwards], our track led across what is called the gibber
country, where the plains are covered with a thin layer of
stones--the gibbers--of various sizes, derived from the breaking
down of a hard rock which forms the top of endless low,
table-topped hills belonging to the desert sandstone
formation."
# Gibber-gunyah #, _n._ an aboriginal cave-dwelling.
See _Gibber_ and _Gunyah_, also _Rock-shelter_.
1852. 'Settlers and Convicts; or, Recollections of Sixteen
Years' Labour in the Australian Backwoods,' p. 211:
"I coincided in his opinion that it would be best for us to
camp for the night in one of the ghibber-gunyahs. These are
the hollows under overhanging rocks."
1863. Rev. R. W. Vanderkiste, 'Lost, but not for Ever,' p. 210:
"Our home is the gibber-gunyah,
Where hill joins hill on high,
Where the turrama and berrambo
Like sleeping serpents lie."
1891. R. Etheridge, jun., 'Records of the Australian Museum,'
vol. i. no. viii. p. 171:
"Notes on Rock Shelters or Gibba-gunyahs at Deewhy Lagoon."
# Giddea #, # Gidya #, or # Gidgee #, _adj_.
aboriginal word of New South Wales and Queensland for--
(1) a species of _Acacia, A. homalophylla_, Cunn. The
original meaning is probably _small_, cf. _gidju_,
Warrego, Queensland, and _kutyo_, Adelaide, both meaning
small.
(2) A long spear made, from this wood.
1878. 'Catalogue of Objects of Ethno-typical Art in National
Gallery, Melbourne,' p. 46:
"_Gid-jee_. Hardwood spear, with fragments of quartz set
in gum on two sides and grass-tree stem. Total length, 7 feet 8
inches."
1885. R. M. Praed, 'Australian Life,' p. 51:
"Gidya scrubs."
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 357:
"_A. homalophylla_. A 'Spearwood.' Called 'Myall'
in Victoria. . . . Aboriginal names are . . . Gidya, Gidia,
or Gidgee (with other spellings in New South Wales and
Queensland). This is the commonest colonial name . . . much
sought after for turner's work on account of its solidity and
fragrance. . . . The smell of the tree when in flower is
abominable, and just before rain almost unbearable."
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Colonial Reformer,' c. xvii. p. 211:
"I sat . . . watching the shadows of the gydya trees lengthen,
ah! so slowly."
1890. C. Lumholtz, 'Among Cannibals,' p. 37:
"Kind of scrub, called by the colonists gydya-scrub, which
manifests itself even at a distance by a very characteristic,
but not agreeable odour, being especially pungent after rain."
1896. Baldwin Spencer, 'Home Expedition in Central Australia,'
Narrative, p. 22:
"We camped beside a water-pool on the Adminga Creek, which is
bordered for the main part by a belt of the stinking acacia, or
giddea (_A. homalophylla_). When the branches are freshly
cut it well deserves the former name, as they have a most
objectionable smell."
# Gill-bird #, _n._ an occasional name for the
_Wattle-bird_ (q.v.).
1896. 'Menu' for October 15:
"Gill-bird on Toast."
# Gin #, _n._ a native word for an aboriginal woman,
and used, though rarely, even for a female kangaroo. See
quotation 1833. The form _gun_ (see quotation 1865) looks
as if it had been altered to meet _gunae_, and of course
generate is not derived from _gunae_, though it may be a
distant relative. In 'Collins's Vocabulary' occurs "din, a
woman." If such a phonetic spelling as _djin_ had been
adopted, as it well might have been, to express the native
sound, where would the _gunae_ theory have been?
1798. D. Collins, 'Account of English Colony in New South
Wales,' Vocabulary, p. 612:
"Din--a woman."
1830. R. Dawson, 'Present State of Australia,' p. 152:
"A proposition was made by one of my natives to go and steal a
gin (wife)."
Ibid. p. 153:
"She agrees to become his gin."
1833. Lieut. Breton, R.N., 'Excursions in New South Wales,'
p. 254:
"The flying gin (gin is the native word for woman or female) is
a boomall, and will leave behind every description of dog."
1834. L. E. Threlkeld, 'Australian Grammar,' p. x:
"As a barbarism [sc. not used on the Hunter], jin--a wife."
1845. J. O. Balfour, 'Sketch of New South Wales,' p. 8:
"A gin (the aboriginal for a married woman)."
1846. C. P. Hodgson, 'Reminiscences of Australia,' p. 367:
"Gin, the term applied to the native female blacks; not from
any attachment to the spirit of that name, but from some (to
me) unknown derivation."
1846. J. L. Stokes, 'Discovery in Australia,' vol. I. c. iv.
p. 74:
"Though very anxious to . . . carry off one of their 'gins,'
or wives . . . he yet evidently holds these north men in great
dread."
1847. J. D. Lang, 'Cooksland,'p. 126, n.:
"When their fire-stick has been extinguished, as is sometimes
the case, for their jins or vestal virgins, who have charge of
the fire, are not always sufficiently vigilant."
1852. G. C. Mundy, 'Our Antipodes' (edition 1855), p. 98:
"Gins--native women--from _gune_, mulier, evidently!"
1864. J. Rogers, 'New Rush,' pt. 2, p. 46:
"The females would be comely looking gins,
Were not their limbs so much like rolling-pins."
1865. S. Bennett, 'Australian Discovery,' p. 250:
"Gin or gun, a woman. Greek _gunae_ and derivative words
in English, such as generate, generation, and the like."
1872. C. H. Eden, 'MY Wife and I in Queensland,' p. 118:
"The gins are captives of their bow and spear, and are brought
home before the captor on his saddle. This seems the orthodox
way of wooing the coy forest maidens. . . . All blacks are
cruel to their gins."
1880. J. Brunton Stephens, 'Poems' [Title]:
"To a black gin."
1885. R. M. Praed, 'Australian Life,' p. 23:
"Certain stout young gins or lubras, set apart for the purpose,
were sacrificed."
# Ginger, Native #, _n._ an Australian tree,
_Alpinia caerulea_, Benth., _N.O. Scitamineae_.
The globular fruit is eaten by the natives.
1890. C. Lumholtz, 'Among Cannibals,' p. 296:
"Fresh green leaves, especially of the so-called native ginger
(_Alpinia caerulea_)."
# Give Best #, _v_. Australian slang, meaning to
acknowledge superiority, or to give up trying at anything.
1883. Keighley, 'Who are You?' p. 87:
"But then--the fact had better be confessed, I went to work
and gave the schooling best."
1887. J. Farrell, 'How he Died,' p. 80:
"Charley gave life best and died of grief."
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Miner's Right,' c. xviii. p. 174:
"It's not like an Englishman to jack up and give these fellows
best."
# Globe-fish #, _n._ name given to the fish
_Tetrodon hamiltoni_, Richards., family
_Gymnodontes_. The _Spiny Globe-fish_ is
_Diodon_. These are also called _Toad-fish_ (q.v.),
and _Porcupine-fish_ (q.v.). The name is applied to other
fish elsewhere.
# Glory Flower #, or # Glory Pea #,
i.q. _Clianthus_ (q.v.).
# Glory Pea #, i.q. _Clianthus_ (q.v.).
# Glucking-bird #, _n._ a bird so named by
Leichhardt, but not identified. Probably the _Boobook_
(q.v.), and see its quotation 1827; see also under
_Mopoke_ quotation, _Owl_, 1846.
1847. L. Leichhardt, 'Overland Expedition,' p. 23:
"The musical note of an unknown bird, sounding like 'gluck
gluck' frequently repeated, and ending in a shake . . . are
heard from the neighbourhood of the scrub."
Ibid. p. 29:
"The glucking bird--by which name, in consequence of its note,
the bird may be distinguished--was heard through the night."
Ibid. p. 47:
"The glucking-bird and the barking owl were heard throughout
the moonlight nights."
Ibid. pp. 398, 399:
"During the night, we heard the well-known note of what we
called the 'Glucking bird,' when we first met with it in the
Cypress-pine country at the early part of our expedition. Its
re-appearance with the Cypress-pine corroborated my supposition,
that the bird lived on the seeds of that tree."
# Glue-pot #, _n._ part of a road so bad that the
coach or buggy sticks in it.
1892. 'Daily News,' London (exact date lost):
"The Bishop of Manchester [Dr. Moorhouse, formerly Bishop of
Melbourne], whose authority on missionary subjects will not be
disputed, assures us that no one can possibly understand the
difficulties and the troubles attendant upon the work of a
Colonial bishop or clergyman until he has driven across almost
pathless wastes or through almost inaccessible forests, has
struggled through what they used to call 'glue-pots,' until he
has been shaken to pieces by 'corduroy roads,' and has been in
the midst of forests with the branches of trees falling around
on all sides, knowing full well that if one fell upon him he
would be killed."
# Goai #, _n._ common name in southern island of New
Zealand for _Kowhai_ (q.v.), of which it is a corruption.
It is especially used of the timber of this tree, which is
valuable for fencing. The change from _K_ to _G_
also took place in the name Otago, formerly spelt Otakou.
1860. John Blair, 'New Zealand for Me,':
"The land of the _goai_ tree, mapu, and pine,
The stately _totara_, and blooming wild vine."
1863. S. Butler, 'First Year in Canterbury Settlement,' p. 104:
"I remember nothing but a rather curiously shaped gowai-tree."
# Goanna #, # Guana #, and # Guano #, _n._
popular corruptions for _Iguana_, the large Lace-lizard
(q.v.), _Varanus varius_, Shaw. In New Zealand, the word
_Guano_ is applied to the lizard-like reptile _Sphenodon
punctatum_. See _Tuatara_. In Tasmania, the name is
given to _Taliqua schincoides_, White, and throughout
Australia any lizard of a large size is popularly called a
_Guana_, or in the bush, more commonly, a _Goanna_.
See also _Lace-lizard_.
1802. G. Barrington, 'History of New South Wales,' c. viii.
p. 285:
"Among other reptiles were found . . . some brown guanoes."
1830. R. Dawson, 'Present state of Australia,' p. 118:
"At length an animal called a guana (a very large species of
lizard) jumped out of the grass, and with amazing rapidity ran,
as they always do when disturbed, up a high tree."
1864. J. Ropers, 'New Rush,' p. 6:
"The shy guana climbs a tree in fear."
1891. Rolf Boldrewood, 'A Sydney-side Saxon,' p. 99:
"A goanna startled him, and he set to and kicked the front of
the buggy in."
1896. H. Lawson, 'When the World was Wide,' p. 139:
"And the sinister 'gohanna,' and the lizard, and the snake."
# Go-ashore #, _n._ an iron pot or cauldron, with
three iron feet, and two ears, from which it was suspended by
a wire handle over the fire. It is a corruption of the Maori
word _Kohua_ (q.v.), by the law of Hobson-Jobson.
1849. W. Tyrone Power, 'Sketches in New Zealand with Pen and
Pencil,' p. 160:
"Engaged in the superintendence of a Maori oven, or a huge
gipsy-looking cauldron, called a 'go-ashore.'"
1877. An Old Colonist, 'Colonial Experiences,' p. 124:
"A large go-ashore, or three-legged pot, of the size and shape
of the cauldron usually introduced in the witch scene in
Macbeth."
1879. C. L. Innes, 'Canterbury Sketches,' p. 23:
"There was another pot, called by the euphonious name of a
'Go-ashore,' which used to hang by a chain over the fire.
This was used for boiling."
# Goborro #, _n._ aboriginal name for _Eucalyptus
microtheca_, F. v. M. See _Dwarf-box_, under _Box_.
# Goburra #, and # Gogobera #, _n._ variants
of _Kookaburra_ (q.v.).
# Goditcha #. See _Kurdaitcha_.
# Godwit #, _n._ the English name for birds of the
genus _Limosa_. The Australian species are--
Black-tailed G.,--
_Limosa melanuroides_, Gould;
Barred-rumped G.,--
_L. uropygialis_, Gould.
# Gogobera #, and # Goburra #, _n._ variants of
_Kookaburra_ (q.v.).
# Gold #-. The following words and phrases compounded
with "gold" are Australian in use, though probably some are
used elsewhere.
# Gold-bearing #, _verbal adj_. auriferous.
1890. 'Goldfields of Victoria,' p. 13:
"A new line of gold-bearing quartz."
# Gold-digging #, _verbal n._ mining or digging for
gold.
1880. G. Sutherland, 'Tales of Gold. fields,' p. 36:
"There were over forty miners thus playing at gold-digging
in Hiscock's Gully."
# Gold-digger #, _n._
1852. J. Bonwick [Title]:
"Notes of a Gold-digger."
# Gold-fever #, _n._ the desire to obtain gold by
digging. The word is more especially applied to the period
between 1851 and 1857, the early Australian discovery of gold.
The term had been previously applied in a similar way to the
Californian excitement in 1848-49. Called also _Yellow
fever_.
1888. A. J. Barbour, 'Clara,' c. ix. p. 13:
"The gold fever coursed through every vein."
# Gold-field #, _n._ district where mining for gold
is carried on.
1858. T. McCombie, 'History of Victoria, c. xv. p. 215:
"All were anxious to get away for the gold fields."
1880. G. Sutherland, [Title] 'Tales of Goldfields,' p. 19:
"Edward Hargreaves, the discoverer of the Australian goldfields
. . . received L15,000 as his reward."
# Gold-founded #, _part. adj_. founded as the result
of the discovery of gold.
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Miner's Right,' c. ix. p. 91:
"I rode up the narrow street, serpentine in construction, as in
all gold-founded townships."
# Gold-hunter #, _n._ searcher after gold.
1852. G. S. Rutter [Title]:
"Hints to Gold-hunters."
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Miner's Right,' c. v. p. 48:
"I was not as one of the reckless gold-hunters with which
the camp was thronged."
# Gold-mining #, _verbal n._
1852. J. A.Phillips [Title]:
"Gold-mining; a Scientific Guide for Australian Emigrants."
1880. G. Sutherland, 'Tales of Goldfields,' p. 23:
"He had already had quite enough of gold-mining."
# Gold-seeking #, _adj_.
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Miner's Right,' c. xv. p. 150:
"The great gold-seeking multitude had swelled . . . to the
population of a province."
# Golden Bell-Frog #, _n._ name applied to a large
gold and green frog, _Hyla aurea_, Less., which, unlike
the great majority of the family _Hylidae_ to which it
belongs, is terrestrial and not arboreal in its habits, being
found in and about water-holes in many parts of Australia.
1881. F. McCoy, 'Prodromus of the Zoology of Victoria,'
Dec. 6, pl. 53:
"So completely alike was the sound of the Bell-frogs in an
adjoining pond at night to the noise of the men by day."
# Golden-chain #, _n._ another name for the
_Laburnum_
(q.v.).
# Golden-eye #, _n._ the bird _Certhia
lunulatu_, Shaw; now called _Melithreptus lunulatus_,
Shaw, and classed as _White-naped Honey-eater_ (q.v.).
1827. Vigors and Horsfield, 'Transactions of Linnaean Society,'
vol. xv. p. 315:
"'This bird,' Mr. Caley says, 'is called Golden-eye by the
settlers. I shot it at Iron Cove, seven miles from Sydney,
on the Paramatta road.'"
# Golden-Perch #, _n._ a fresh-water fish of
Australia, _Ctenolates ambiguus_, Richards., family
_Percidae_, and _C. christyi_, Castln.; also called
the _Yellow-belly_. _C. ambiguus_ is common in the
rivers and lagoons of the Murray system.
# Golden-Rosemary #, _n._ See _Rosemary_.
# Golden-Wattle #, _n._ See _Wattle_.
1896. 'The Argus,' July 20, p. 5, col. 8:
"Many persons who had been lured into gathering armfuls
of early wattle had cause to regret their devotion to the
Australian national bloom, for the golden wattle blossoms
produced unpleasant associations in the minds of the wearers
of the green, and there were blows and curses in plenty.
In political botany the wattle and blackthorn cannot grow
side by side."
1896. 'The Melburnian,' Aug. 28, p. 53:
"The last two weeks have been alive with signs and tokens,
saying 'Spring is coming, Spring is here.' And though this
may not be the 'merry month of May,' yet it is the time of
glorious Golden Wattle,--wattle waving by the river's bank,
nodding aloft its soft plumes of yellow and its gleaming golden
oriflamme, or bending low to kiss its own image in the brown
waters which it loves."
# Goodenia #, _n._ the scientific and popular name of
a genus of Australian plants, closely resembling the
_Gentians_; there are many species. The name was given by
Sir James Smith, president of the Linnaean Society, in 1793.
See quotation.
1793. 'Transactions of the Linn.can Society,' vol. ii. p. 346:
"I [Smith] have given to this . . . genus the name of Goodenia,
in honour of . . . Rev. Dr. _Goodenough_, treasurer of
this Society, of whose botanical merits . . . example of
Tournefort, who formed Gundelia from Gundelscheimer."
[Dr. Goodenough became Bishop of Carlisle; he was the
grandfather of Commodore Goodenough.]
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 188:
"A species of _Goodenia_ is supposed to be used by the
native gins to cause their children to sleep on long journeys,
but it is not clear which is used."
# Goodletite #, _n._ scientific name for a matrix in
which rubies are found. So named by Professor Black of
Dunedin, in honour of his assistant, William Goodlet, who was
the first to discover the rubies in the matrix, on the west
coast.
1894. 'Grey River Argus,' September:
"Several sapphires of good size and colour have been found,
also rubies in the matrix--Goodletite."
# Goondie #, _n._ a native hut. _Gundai_ = a
shelter in the Wiradhuri dialect. It is the same word as
_Gunyah_ (q.v.).
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Colonial Reformer,' c. xvii. p. 204:
"There were a dozen 'goondies' to be visited, and the inmates
started to their work."
# Goose #, _n._ English bird-name. The Australian
species are--
Cape Barren Goose--
_Cereopsis novae-hollandiae_, Lath. [Gould ('Birds of
Australia,' vol. vii. pl. 1) calls it the Cereopsis Goose, or
Cape Barren Goose of the Colonists.]
Maned G. (or Wood-duck, q.v.)--
_Branta jubata_, Lath.
Pied G.--
_Anseranus melanoleuca_, Lath.
Called also Magpie-Goose and Swan-Goose.
1843. J. Backhouse, 'Narrative of a Visit to the Australian
Colonies,' p. 75:
"Five pelicans and some Cape Barren Geese were upon the beach
of Preservation Island [Bass Strait]."
# Goose-teal #, _n._ the English name for a very
small goose of the genus _Nettapus_. The Australian
species are--
Green,--
_ Nettapus pulchellus_, Gould;
White-quilled,--
_N. albipennis_, Gould.
# Gooseberry-tree #, Little, _n._ name given to the
Australian tree _Buchanania mangoides_, F. v. M., _N.O.
Anacardiaceae_.
1847. L. Leichhardt, 'Overland Expedition, p. 479:
"My companions had, for several days past, gathered the unripe
fruits of _Coniogeton arborescens_, R. Br., which, when
boiled, imparted an agreeable acidity to the water. . . . When
ripe, they became sweet and pulpy, like gooseberries. . . .
This resemblance induced us to call the tree 'the little
gooseberry-tree.' "
# Gordon Lily #, _n._ See under _Lily_.
# Gouty-stem #, _n._ the Australian
_Baobab-tree_ (q.v.), _Adansonia gregori_, F. v. M.
According to Maiden (p. 60), _Sterculia rupestris_,
Benth., is also called Gouty-stem, on account of the
extraordinary shape of the trunk. Other names of this tree are
the _Sour-gourd_, and the _Cream-of-tartar_ tree.
1846. J. L. Stokes, 'Discovery in Australia,' vol. II. c. iii.
p. 115:
"The gouty-stem tree . . . bears a very fragrant white flower, not
unlike the jasmine." [Illustration given at p. 116.]
1865. Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, 'History of the Discovery and
Exploration of Australia,' vol. i. p. 2S9 [Note]:
"This tree is distinguished by the extraordinary swollen
appearance of the stem, which looks as though the tree were
diseased or the result of a freak of nature. The youngest as
well as the oldest trees have the same deformed appearance, and
inside the bark is a soft juicy pulp instead of wood, which is
said to be serviceable as an article of food. The stem of the
largest tree at Careening Bay was twenty-nine feet in girth; it
is named the _Adansonia digitata_. A species is found in
Africa. In Australia it occurs only on the north coast."
# Government #, _n._ a not unusual contraction of
"Government service," used by contractors and working men.
# Government men #, _n._ an obsolete euphemistic name
for convicts, especially for assigned servants (q.v.).
1846. G. H. Haydon, 'Five Years in Australia Felix,' p. 122:
"Three government men or convicts."
1852. J. West, 'History of Tasmania,' vol. ii. p. 127:
"Government men, as assigned servants were called."
# Government stroke #, _n._ a lazy style of doing
work, explained in quotations. The phrase is not dead.
1856. W. W. Dobie, 'Recollections of a Visit to Port Phillip,'
p. 47:
"Government labourers, at ten shillings a-day, were breaking
stones with what is called 'the Government stroke,' which is a
slow-going, anti-sweating kind of motion. . . ."
1873. A. Trollope, 'Australia and New Zealand,' c. ix. [near
end] p. 163:
"In colonial parlance the government stroke is that light and
easy mode of labour--perhaps that semblance of labour--which no
other master will endure, though government is forced to put up
with it."
1893. 'Otago Witness,' December 2r, p. 9, col. 1:
"The government stroke is good enough for this kind of job."
1897. 'The Argus,' Feb. 22, p. 4, col. 9:
"Like the poor the unemployed are always with us, but they have
a penchant for public works in Melbourne, with a good daily pay
and the 'Government stroke' combined."
# Grab-all #, _n._ a kind of net used for marine
fishing near the shore. It is moored to a piece of floating
wood, and by the Tasmanian Government regulations must have a
mesh of 2 1/4 inches.
1883. Edward O. Cotton, 'Evidence before Royal Commission on
the Fisheries of Tasmania,' p. 82:
"Put a graball down where you will in 'bell-rope' kelp, more
silver trumpeter will get in than any other fish."
1883. Ibid. p. xvii:
"Between sunrise and sunset, nets, known as 'graballs,' may be
used."
# Grammatophore #, _n._ scientific name for "an
Australian agamoid lizard, genus _Grammatophora_."
('Standard.')
# Grape, Gippsland #, _n._ called also _Native
Grape_. An Australian fruit tree, _Vitis hypoglauca_,
F. v. M., _N.O. Viniferae_; called Gippsland Grape in
Victoria.
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 66:
"Native grape; Gippsland grape. This evergreen climber yields
black edible fruits of the size of cherries. This grape would
perhaps be greatly improved by culture. (Mueller.)"
# Grape, Macquarie Harbour #, or # Macquarie Harbour
Vine # (q.v.), _n_. name given to the climbing shrub
_Muehlenbeckia adpressra_, Meissn. _N.O. Polygonaceae_.
Called _Native Ivy_ in Australia. See under _Ivy_.
# Grape-eater #, _n._ a bird, called formerly
_Fig-eater_, now known as the _Green-backed
White-eye_ (q.v.), _Zosterops gouldi_, Bp.
1848. J. Gould, 'Birds of Australia,' vol. iv. pl. 82:
"_Zosterops chloronotus_, Gould, Green-backed Z.;
Grape and Fig-eater, Colonists of Swan River."
# Grass #, _n._ In Australia, as elsewhere, the name
_Grass_ is sometimes given to plants which are not of the
natural order _Gramineae_, yet everywhere it is chiefly to
this natural order that the name is applied. A fair proportion
of the true _Grasses_ common to many other countries in
the world, or confined, on the one hand to temperate zones, or
on the other to tropical or sub-tropical regions, are also
indigenous to Australia, or Tasmania, or New Zealand, or
sometimes to all three countries. In most cases such grasses
retain their Old World names, as, for instance,
_Barnyard_- or _Cock-spur Grass_ (_Panicum
crus-galli_, Linn.); in others they receive new Australian
names, as _Ditch Millet_ (_Paspalum scrobitulatum_,
F. v. M.), the 'Koda Millet' of India; and still again certain
grasses named in Latin by scientific botanists have been
distinguished by a vernacular English name for the first time
in Australia, as _Kangaroo Grass_ (_Anhistiria
ciliata_, Linn.), which was "long known before Australia
became colonized, in South Asia and all Africa" (von Muller),
but not by the name of the _Kangaroo_.
Beyond these considerations, the settlers of Australia, whose
wealth depends chiefly on its pastoral occupation, have
introduced many of the best Old-World pasture grasses (chiefly
of the genera _Poa_ and _Festuca_), and many
thousands of acres are said to be "laid down with English
grass." Some of these are now so wide-spread in their
acclimatization, that the botanists are at variance as to
whether they are indigenous to Australia or not; the _Couch
Grass_, for instance (_Cynodon dactylon_, Pers.), or
_Indian Doub Grass_, is generally considered to be an
introduced grass, yet Maiden regards it as indigenous.
There remain, "from the vast assemblage of our grasses, even
some hundred indigenous to Australia" (von Muller), and a like
number indigenous to New Zealand, the greater proportion of
which are endemic. Many of these, accurately named in Latin
and described by the botanists, have not yet found their
vernacular equivalents; for the bushman and the settler do not
draw fine botanical distinctions. Maiden has classified and
fully described 158 species as "Forage Plants," of which over
ninety have never been christened in English. Mr. John
Buchanan, the botanist and draughtsman to the Geographical
Survey of New Zealand, has prepared for his Government a
'Manual of the Indigenous Grasses of New Zealand,' which
enumerates eighty species, many of them unnamed in English, and
many of them common also to Australia and Tasmania. These two
descriptive works, with the assistance of Guilfoyle's Botany
and Travellers' notes, have been made the basis of the
following list of all the common Australian names applied to
the true _Grasses_ of the _N.O. Gramineae_. Some of
them of very special Australian character appear also elsewhere
in the Dictionary in their alphabetical places, while a few
other plants, which are grasses by name and not by nature,
stand in such alphabetical place alone, and not in this list.
For facility of comparison and reference the range and habitat
of each species is indicated in brackets after its name; the
more minute limitation of such ranges is not within the scope
of this work. The species of _Grass_ present in
Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand are--
1. Alpine Rice Grass--
_Ehrharta colensoi_, Cook. (N.Z.)
2. Alpine Whorl G.--
_Catabrosa antarctica_, Hook. f. (N.Z.)
3. Bamboo G.--
_Glyceria ramigera_, F. v. M. (A.)
Called also _Cane Grass_.
_Stipa verticillata_, Nees.(A.)
4. Barcoo G. (of Queensland)--
_Anthistiria membranacea_, Lindl. (A.)
Called also _Landsborough Grass_.
5. Barnyard G.--
_Panicum crus-galli_, Linn. (A., not endemic.)
Called also _Cockspur Grass_.
6. Bayonet G.--
_Aciphylla colensoi_.(N.Z.)
Called also _Spear-Grass_ (see 112), and
_Spaniard_ (q.v.).
7. Bent G.--Alpine--
_Agrostis muellerii_, Benth. (A., N.Z., not endemic.)
_Deyeuxia setifolia_, Hook. f. (N.Z.)
8. Bent G.--Australian--
_Deyeuxia scabra_, Benth. (A., T., N.Z.)
9. Bent G.--Billardiere's--
_D. billardierii_, R. Br. (A., T., N.Z.)
10. Bent G.--Brown--
_Agrostis carina_, Linn. (N.Z.)
11. Bent G.--Campbell Island--
_A. antarctica_, Hook. f. (N.Z.)
12. Bent G.--Dwarf Mountain--
_A. subululata_, Hook. f. (N.Z.)
13. Bent G.--Oat-like--
_Deyeuxia avenoides_, Hook. f. (N.Z.)
14. Bent G.--Pilose--
_D. pilosa_, Rich. (N.Z.)
15. Bent G.--Slender--
_Agrostis scabra_, Willd. (A., T., N.Z.)
16. Bent G.--Spiked--
_Deyeuxia quadriseta_, R. Br. (A., T., N.Z.)
Called also _Reed Grass_.
17. Bent G.--Toothea--
_D. forsteri_, Kunth. (A., T., N.Z.)
18. Bent G.--Young's--
_D. youngii_, Hook. f. (N.Z.)
19. Blady G.--
_Ipperata arundinacea_, Cyr. (A.)
20. Blue G.--
_Andropogon annulatus_, Forst. (A.)
_A. pertusus_, Willd. (A.)
_A. sericeus_, R. Br. (A.)
21. Brome G.--Seaside.--
_8romus arenarius_, Labill. (A., N.Z.)
Called also _Wild Oats_.
22. Canary G.--
_Phalaris canariensis_. (A.)
23. Cane G.--
(i.q. _Bamboo Grass_. See 3.)
24. Chilian G.--
(i.q. _Rat--tailed Grass_. See 97.)
25. Cockspur G.--
(i.q. _Barnyard Grass_. See 5.)
26. Couch G.--
_Cynodon dactylon_, Pers. (A., not endemic.)
Called also _Indian Doub Grass_.
27. Couch G.--Native--
_Distichlys maritima_, Raffinesque. (A.)
28. Couch G.--Water--
_(i.q_. Seaside Millet. See 50.)
29. Feather G.--
_(Several species_ of Stipa. See 101.)
30. Fescue G.--Hard--
_Festuca duriuscula_, Linn. (Australasia, not endemic.)
31. Fescue G.--Poa-like--
_F. scoparia_, Hook. f. (N.Z.)
32. Fescue G.--Sandhill--
_F. littoralis_, R. Br., var. _triticoides_,
Benth. (A., T., N.Z.)
33. Fescue G.--Sheeps'--
_F. ovina_, Linn. (A., T.)
34. Finger G.--Cocksfoot--
_Panicum sanguinale_, Linn. (A., not endemic.)
Called also _Hairy Finger Grass_, and _Reddish Panic
Grass_.
35. Finger G.--Egyptian--
_Eleusine aegyptica_, Pers. (A., not endemic.)
36. Finger G.--Hairy--
_(i.q_ .Cocksfoot Finger Grass. See 33.)
37. Foxtail G.--
_(i.q_. Knee jointed Foxtazl Grass. See 42.)
38. Hair G.--Crested--
_Koeleria cristata_, Pers. (A., T., N.Z.)
39. Hair G.--Turfy--
_Deschampia caespitosa_, Beavo. (N.Z., not endemic.)
40. Holy G.--
_Hierochloe alpina_, Roem. & Schult. (Australasia, not
endemic.)
41. Indian Doub G.--
(i.q. _Couch Grass_. See 26.)
42. Kangaroo G. (A., T., not endemic)--
_Andropogon refractus_, R. Br.
_Anthistiria avenacea_, F. v. M. (Called also _Oat
Grass_.)
_A. ciliata_, Linn. (Common K.G.)
_A. frondosa_, R. Br. (Broad-leaved K.G.)
43. Knee-jointed Fox-tail G.--
_Alopecurus geniculatus_, Linn. (Australasia, not
endemic.)
44. Landsborough G.--
(i.q. Barcoo Grass. See 4.)
45. Love G.--Australian--
_Eragrostis brownii_, Nees. (A.)
46. Manna G.--
_Glyceria fluitans_, R. Br. (A.,T.)
47. Millet--Australian--
_Panicum decompositum_, R. Br. (A., not endemic.)
Called also _Umbrella Grass_.
48. Millet--Ditch--
_Paspalum scrobitulatum_, F. v. M. (A., N.Z., not endemic.)
The _Koda Millet_ of India.
49. Millet--Equal-glumed--
_Isachne australis_, R. Br. (A., N.Z., not endemic.)
50. Millet-Seaside--
_Paspalum distichum_, Burmann. (A., N.Z., not endemic.)
Called also _Silt Grass_, and _Water Couch Grass_.
51. Mitchell G.--
_Astrebla elymoides_, F. v. M. (A., _True Mitchell
Grass_.)
_A. pectinata_, F. v. M. (A.)
_A. tritzcoides_, F. v. M. (A.)
52. Mouse G.--
(i.q.) _Longhaired Plume Grass_. See 72.)
53. Mulga G.--
_Danthonia racemosa_, R. Br. (A.)
_Neurachnea Mitchelliana_, Nees. (A.)
54. New Zealand Wind G.--
_Apera arundinacea_, Palisot. (N.Z., not endemic.)
55. Oat G.--
_Anthistiria avenacea_, F. v. M. (Called also _Kangaroo
Grass_. See 41.)
56. Oat G.--Alpine--
_Danthonia semi_-annularis, R. Br., var. _alpina_.
(N.Z.)
57. Oat G.--Buchanan's--
_D. buchanii_; Hook. f. (N.Z.)
58. Oat G.--Few-flowered--
_D. pauciflora_, R. Br. (A., T., N.Z.)
59. Oat G.--Hard--
_D. pilosa_, R. Br., var. stricta. (N.Z.)
60. Oat G.--Naked--
_D. nuda_, Hook. f. (N.Z.)
61. Oat G.--New Zealand--
_D. semi_-annularis, R. Br. (A., T., N.Z.)
62. Oat G.--Purple-awned--
_D. pilosa_, R. Br. (A., T., N.Z.)
63. Oat G.--Racemed--
_D. pilosa_, R. Br., var. racemosa. (N.Z.)
64. Oat G.--Shining--
_Trisetum antarcticum_, Hook. f. (N.Z.)
65. Oat G.--Sheep--
_Danthonia semi_-annularis, R. Br., var. gracilis.(N.Z.)
66. Oat G.--Spiked--
_Trisetum subspicatum_, Beauv. (Australasia, not
endemic.)
67. Oat G.--Thompson's Naked--
_Danthonia thomsonii_ (new species).
68. Oat G.--Wiry-leaved--
_D. raoulii_, Steud, var. Australis, Buchanan. (N.Z.)
69. Oat G.--Young's--
_ Trisetum youngii_, Hook. f. (N.Z.)
_70. Panic_ G.--Reddish--
(i.q. _Cocksfoot Finger-Grass_. See 34.)
71. Panic G.--Slender--
_Oplismenus salarius_, var. Roem. and Schult. (A., N.Z.,
not endemic.)
72. Paper G.--Native--
_Poa caespitosa_, Forst. (A., T., N.Z.)
Called also _Wiry Grass_, _Weeping Polly_,
and _Tussock Poa Grass_; and, in New Zealand,
_Snow Grass_.
73. Plume G.--Long-haired--
_Dichelachne crinita_, Hook. f. (A., T., N.Z.)
74. Plume G.--Short-haired--
_D. sciurea_, Hook. f. (A., T., N.Z.)
75. Poa G.--Auckland Island--
_Poa foliosa_, Hook. f., var. _a_. (N.Z.)
76. Poa G.--Brown-flowered--
_P. lindsayi_, Hook. f. (N.Z.)
77. Poa G.--Brown Mountain
_P. mackayi_ (new species). (N.Z.)
78. Poa G.--Colenso's--
_P. colensoi_, Hook. f.(N.Z.) 79.
79. Poa G.--Common Field--
_P. anceps_, Forst., var. _b_, foliosa, Hook. f.
(N.Z.)
80. Pea G.--Dense-flowered
_P. anceps_, Forst., var. _d, densiflora_,
Hook. f. (N.Z.)
81. Poa G.--Dwarf--
_P. pigmaea_ (new species). (N.Z.)
82. Pea G.--Hard short-stemmed--
_P. anceps_, Forst., var. _c, brevicalmis_,
Hook. f. (N.Z.)
83. Poa G.--Kirk's--
_P. kirkii_ (new species). (N.Z.)
84. Poa G.--Large-flowered--
_P. foliosa_, Hook. f., var. _B_. (N.Z.)
85. Poa G.--Little--
_P. exigua_, Hook. f. (N.Z.)
86. Poa G.--Minute--
_P, foliosa_, Hook. f., var. _C_. (N.Z.)
87. Poa G.--Minute Creeping--
_P. pusilla_, Berggren. (N.Z.)
88. Pea G.--Nodding Plumed--
_P. anceps_, Forst., var. _A, elata_,
Hook. f. (N.Z.)
89. Poa G.--One-flowered--
_P. unifora_ (new species). (N.Z.)
90. Poa G.--Short-glumed--
_P. breviglumus_, Hook. f.(N.Z.)
91. Poa G.--Slender--
_P. anceps_, Forst., var. _E, debilis_, Kirk,
Ms. (N.Z.)
92. Poa G.--Small Tussock--
_P. intemedia_ (new species). (N.Z.)
93. Poa G.--Tussock--
_P. caespitosa_, Forst. (A., T., N.Z. See 71.)
94. Poa G.--Weak-stemmed--
_Eragrostis imbebecilla_, Benth. (A., N.Z.)
95. Poa G.--White-flowered--
_Poa sclerophylla_, Berggren. (N.Z.)
96. Porcupine G. (q.v.)--
_Triodia (various_ species).
97. Rat-tailed G.--
_Sporobulus indicus_, R. Br. (A., N.Z., not endemic.)
Called also _Chilian Grass_.
_Ischaeum laxum_, R. Br. (A.)
98. Reed G.--
_Pragmites communis_, Trin. (N.Z. See 16.)
99. Rice G.--
_Leersia hexandria_, Swartz. (A.)
100. Rice G.--Bush--
_Microtaena avenacea_, Hook. f. (N.Z.)
101. Rice G.--Knot-jointed--
_M. polynoda_, Hook. f. (N.Z.)
102. Rice G.--Meadow--
_M. stipoides_, R. Br. (A.,T., N.Z.)
Called also _Weeping Grass_.
103. Roly-Poly G.--
_Panicum macractinum_, Benth. (A.)
104. Rough-bearded G.--
_Echinopogon ovatus_, Palisot. (A., T., N.Z.)
105. Sacred G.--
_Hierochloe redolens_, R. Br. (Australasia, not endemic.)
Called also _Scented Grass_, and _Sweet-scented_
Grass.
106. Scented G.--
_Chrysopogon parviforus_, Benth. (A.) See also 105.
107. Seaside Brome G.--
_(i.q_. Brome Grass. See 21.)
108. Silt G.--
_(i.q_. Seaside Millet. See 50.)
109. Seaside Glumeless G.--
_Gymnostychum gracile_, Hook. f. (N.Z.)
110. Snow G. (q.v.)--
_(i.q_. Paper Grass. See 72.) (N.Z.)
111. Spear G. (q.v.)--
_Aciphylla colensoi_. (N.Z.)
Called also _Spaniard_ (q.v.).
_Heteropogon contortus_, Roem. and Shult. (N.Z.),
and all species of _Stipa_ (A., T.).
112. Spider G.--
_Panicum divaricatissimum_, R. Br. (A.)
113. Spinifex G. (q.v.)--
_Spinifex hirsutus_, Labill. (A., T., N.Z., not endemic.)
Called also _Spiny Rolling Grass_.
114. Star G.--Blue--
_Chloris ventricosa_, R. Br. (A.)
115. Star G.--Dog's Tooth--
_C. divaricata_, R. Br. (A.)
116. Star G.--Lesser--
_C. acicularis_, Lindl. (A.)
117. Sugar G.--
_Pollinia fulva_, Benth.(A.)
118. Summer G.--
(i.q. _Hairy-Finger Grass_. See 36.)
119. Sweet G.--
_Glyceria stricta_, Hook. f. (A., T., N.Z.)
120. Sweet-scented G.--
(i.q. _Sacred Grass_. See 105.)
121. Traveller's G. (_N.O. Aroideae_).--
(i.q. _Settlers' Twine_, q.v.)
122. Tussock G.--
(See 93 and 72.)
123. Tussock G.-- Broad-leaved Oat--
_Danthonia flavescens_, Hook. f. (N.Z.)
124. Tussock G.--Erect Plumed--
_Arundo fulvida_, Buchanan. (N.Z.) Maori name,
_Tot-toi_ (q.v.).
125. Tussock G.--Narrow-leaved Oat--
_Danthonia raoulii_, Steud. (N.Z.)
126. Tussock G.--Plumed--
_Arundo conspicua_, A. Cunn. (N.Z.) Maori name,
_Toi-toi_ (q.v.).
127. Tussock G.--Small-flowered Oat--
_Danthonia cunninghamii_, Hook. f. (N.Z.)
128. Petrie's Stipa G.--
_Stipa petriei_ (new species). See 101. /?111?/ (N.Z.)
129. Umbrella G.--
(i.q. _Australian Millet_. See 47.)
130. Wallaby G.--
_Danthonia penicileata_, F. v. M. (A., N.Z.)
131. Weeping G.--
(i.q. _Meadow Rice_ Grass. See 102.)
132. Weeping Polly G.--
(i.q. _Paper Grass_. See 72.)
133. Wheat G.--Blue--
_Agropyrum scabrum_, Beauv. (A., T., N.Z.)
134. Wheat G.--Short-awned--
_Triticum multiflorum_, Banks and Sol. (N.Z.)
135. White-topped G.--
_Danthonia longifolia_, R. Br. (A.)
136. Windmill G.--
_Chloris truncata_, R. Br. (A.)
137. Wire G.--
_Ehrharta juncea_, Sprengel; a rush-like grass of hilly
country. (A., T., N.Z.)
_Cynodon dactylum_, Pers.; so called from its knotted,
creeping, wiry roots, so difficult to eradicate in gardens
and other cultivated land. (Not endemic.) See 26.
138. Wiry G.--.
(i.q. _Paper Grass_. See 72.)
139. Wiry Dichelachne G.--
_Stipa teretefolia_, Steud. (A., T., N.Z.)
140. Woolly-headed G.--
_Andropogon bombycinus_, R. Br. (A.)
141. Vandyke G.--
_Panicum flavidum_, Retz. (A.)
# Grass-bird #, _n._ In New Zealand, _Sphenoeacus
//sic. otherwhere Sphenaeacus GJC// punctatus_, Gray, the
same as _Fern-bird_ (q.v.); in Australia, _Megalurus
(Sphenaeacus) gramineus_, Gould.
# Grass-leaved Fern #, _n. Vittaria elongata_,
Swartz, _N.O. Filices_.
1883. F. M. Bailey, 'Synopsis of Queensland Flora,' p. 693:
"Grass-leaved fern. . . . Frond varying in length from a few
inches to several feet, and with a breadth of from one to five
lines. . . . This curious grass-like fern may be frequently
seen fringing the stems of the trees in the scrubs of tropical
Queensland, in which situation the fronds are usually very
long."
# Grass-Parrakeet #, _n._ a bird of the genus
_Euphema_. The Australian species are--
Blue-winged Parrakeet
_Euphema aurantia_, Gould.
Bourke's P.--
_E. bourkii_, Gould.
Grass-P.--
_E. elegans_, Gould.
Orange-bellied P.--
_E. chrysogastra_, Lath.
Orange-throated P.--
_E. splendida_, Gould.
Red-shouldered P.--
_E. pulchella_, Shaw.
Warbling Grass-P.--
Gould's name for _Budgerigar_ (q.v.).
See also _Rock-Parrakeet (Euphema petrophila_, Gould),
which is sometimes classed as a _Grass-Parrakeet_.
# Grass-tree #, _n._ (2) The name applied to trees
of the genus _Xanthorrhoea, N.O. Liliaceae_, of which
thirteen species are known in Australia. See also
_Richea_.
(2) In New Zealand _Pseudopanax crassifolium_, Seemann,
_N.O. Araleaceae_. When young, this is the same as
_Umbrella-tree_, so called from its appearance like the
ribs of an umbrella. When older, it grows more straight and
is called _Lancewood_ (q.v.).
(3) In Tasmania, besides two species of _Xanthorrhoea_
the _Grass-tree_ of the mainland, the _Richea
dracophylla_, R. Br., _N.O. Epacrideae_, found on Mount
Wellington, near Hobart, is also known by that name, whilst
the _Richea pandanifolia_, Hook., found in the South-west
forests, is called the _Giant Grass-tree_. Both these are
peculiar to the island.
(4) An obsolete name for _Cordyline australis_, Hook.,
_N.O. Liliaceae_, now more usually called _Cabbage-
tree_ (q.v.).
1802. D. Collins, 'Account of New South Wales,'
vol. ii. p. 153:
"A grass tree grows here, similar in every respect to that
about Port Jackson."
1830. R. Dawson, 'Present State of Australia,' p. 347:
"Yielding frequently a very weak and sour kind of grass,
interspersed with a species of bulrush called grass-trees,
which are universal signs of poverty.":
1833. C. Sturt, 'Southern Australia,' Vol II. c. iii. p. 54:
"The grass-tree is not found westward of the mountains."
1839. T. L. Mitchell, 'Three Expeditions,' vol. ii. p. 303:
"We approached a range of barren hills of clay slate, on which
grew the grass-tree (_Xanthorhoea_) and stunted eucalypti."
1862. H. C. Kendall, 'Poems,' p. 74:
"The shimmering sunlight fell and kissed
The grass-tree's golden sheaves."
1867. F. Hochstetter, 'New Zealand,' p. 132:
"Here and there, in moist places, arises isolated the
'grass-tree' or 'cabbage-tree' (Ti of the natives; _Cordyline
Australis_)."
1874. Garnet Walch, 'Head over Heels,' p. 80:
"The grass-trees in front, blame my eyes,
Seemed like plumes on the top of a hearse."
1877. F. v. Mueller, 'Botanic Teachings,' p. 119:
"How strikingly different the external features of plants may
be, though floral structure may draw them into congruity, is
well demonstrated by our so-called grass-trees, which pertain
truly to the liliaceous order. These scientifically defined
as Xanthorhoeas from the exudation of yellowish sap, which
indurates into resinous masses, have all the essential notes
of the order, so far as structure of flowers and fruits is
concerned, but their palm-like habit, together with cylindric
spikes on long and simple stalks, is quite peculiar, and
impresses on landscapes, when these plants in masses are
occuring, a singular feature."
1879. A. R. Wallace, 'Australasia' (ed. 1893), p. 52:
"The grass trees (_Xanthorrhoea_) are a peculiar feature
to the Australian landscape. From a rugged stem, varying from
two to ten or twelve feet in height, springs a tuft of drooping
wiry foliage, from the centre of which rises a spike not unlike
a huge bulrush. When it flowers in winter, this spike becomes
covered with white stars, and a heath covered with grass trees
then has an appearance at once singular and beautiful."
1882. A. Tolmer, 'Reminiscences,' vol, ii. p. 102:
"The root of the grass-tree is pleasant enough to eat, and
tastes something like the meat of the almond-tree; but being
unaccustomed to the kind of fare, and probably owing to the
empty state of our stomachs, we suffered severely from
diarrhoea."
1885. H. Finch-Hatton, 'Advance Australia,' p. 43:
"Grass-trees are most comical-looking objects. They have a
black bare stem, from one to eight feet high, surmounted by a
tuft of half rushes and half grass, out of which, again, grows
a long thing exactly like a huge bullrush. A lot of them
always grow together, and a little way off they are not unlike
the illustrations of Red-Indian chiefs in Fenimore Cooper's
novels."
1889. T. Kirk, 'Forest Flora of New Zealand,' p. 59:
"It [_Pseudopanax crassifolium_, the _Horoeka_] is
commonly called lance-wood by the settlers in the North Island,
and grass-tree by those in the South. This species was
discovered during Cook's first voyage, and it need cause no
surprise to learn that the remarkable difference between the
young and mature states led so able a botanist as Dr. Solander
to consider them distinct plants."
1896. Baldwin Spencer. 'Horne Expedition in Central
Australia,' Narrative, p. 98:
"As soon as the came upon the Plains we found ourselves in a
belt of grass trees belonging to a species not hitherto
described (_X. Thorntoni_). . . . The larger specimens
have a stem some five or six feet high, with a crown of long
wiry leaves and a flowering stalk, the top of which is fully
twelve feet above the ground."
[Compare _Blackboy_ and _Maori-head_.
# Grayling #, _n._ The Australian fish of that name
is _Prototroctes maroena_, Gunth. It is called also the
_Fresh-water Herring_, _Yarra Herring_ (in
Melbourne), _Cucumber-Fish_, and _Cucumber-Mullet_.
The last two names are given to it from its smell. It closely
resembles the English Grayling.
1880. W. Senior, 'Travel and Trout,' p. 93:
"These must be the long-looked-for cucumber mullet, or fresh-
water herring. . . . 'The cucumber mullet,' I explain,
'I have long suspected to be a grayling.'"
1882. Rev._I. E. Tenison-Woods, 'Fish of New South Wales,'
p. 109:
"Though not a fish of New South Wales, it may be as well
to mention here the Australian grayling, which in character,
habits, and the manner of its capture is almost identical with
the English fish of that name. In shape there is some
difference between the two fish. . . . A newly caught fish
smells exactly like a dish of fresh-sliced cucumber. It is
widely distributed in Victoria, and very abundant in all the
fresh-water streams of Tasmania. . . . In Melbourne it goes by
the name of the Yarra herring. There is another species in New
Zealand."
1889. Cassell's 'Picturesque Australasia,' vol. iv. p. 206:
"The river abounds in delicious grayling or cucumber fish,
rather absurdly designated the 'herring' in this [Deloraine]
and some other parts of the colony [Tasmania]."
# Grebe #, _n._ common English bird-name, of the
genus _Podiceps_. The species known in Australia are--
Black-throated Grebe--
_Podiceps novae-hollandiae_, Gould.
Hoary-headed G.--
_P. nestor_, Gould.
Tippet G.--
_P. cristataes_, Linn.
But Buller sees no reason for separating _P. cristatus_
from the well-known _P. cristatus_ of Europe. Some of
the _Grebes_ are sometimes called _Dabchicks_ (q.v.).
1888. W. L. Buller, 'Birds of New Zealand,' vol. ii. p. 285:
"The Crested Grebe is generally-speaking a rare bird in both
islands."
# Greenhide #, _n._ See quotation. _Greenhide_
is an English tannery term for the hide with the hair on before
scouring.
1881. A. C. Grant, 'Bush Life in Queensland,' vol. i. p. 27:
"Drivers, who walked beside their teams carrying over their
shoulders a long-handled whip with thong of raw salted hide,
called in the colony 'greenhide.'"
# Greenie #, _n._ a school-boys' name for _Ptilotis
penicillata_, Gould, the White-plumed Honey-eater.
1896. 'The Australasian,' Jan. 11, p. 73, col. 1:
"A bird smaller than the Australian minah, and of a greenish
yellowish hue, larger, but similar to the members of the
feathered tribe known to young city 'knights of the catapult'
as greenies."
1897. A. J. Campbell (in 'The Australasian,'Jan. 23), p. 180,
col. 5:
"Every schoolboy about Melbourne knows what the 'greenie'
is--the white-plumed honey-eater (P. penicillata). The
upper-surface is yellowish-grey, and the under-surface brownish
in tone. The white-plumed honey-eater is common in Victoria,
where it appears to be one of the few native birds that is not
driven back by civilisation. In fact, its numbers have
increased in the parks and gardens in the vicinity of
Melbourne."
# Green-leek #, _n._ an Australian Parrakeet. See
quotation.
1848. J. Gould, 'Birds of Australia,' vol. v. pl. 15:
"_Polytelis Barrabandi_, Wagl., Barraband's Parrakeet;
Green-leek of the colonists of New South Wales."
1855. R. Howitt, 'Two Years in Victoria,' vol. i. p. 123:
"We observed m the hollow trees several nests of the little
green paroquet,--here, from its colour, called the leek."
# Green Lizard #, _n._ sometimes called the
_Spotted Green Lizard_, a New Zealand reptile,
_Naultinus elegans_, Gray.
# Green Oyster #, _n._ name given in Queensland to
the sea-weed _Ulva lactuca_, Linn., _N.O. Algae_.
From being frequently found attached to oysters, this is
sometimes called "Green Oyster." (Bailey.) See _Oyster_.
# Greenstone #, _n._ popular name of _Nephrite_
(q.v.). Maori name, _Pounamu_ (q.v.).
1859. A.S. Thomson, 'Story of New Zealand,' p. 140:
"The greenstone composing these implements of war is called
nephrite by mineralogists, and is found in the Middle Island of
New Zealand, in the Hartz, Corsica, China and Egypt. The most
valuable kind is clear as glass with a slight green tinge."
1889. Dr. Hocken, 'Catalogue of New Zealand Exhibition,'
p. 181:
"This valued stone--pounamu of the natives--nephrite, is found
on the west coast of the South Island. Indeed, on Captain
Cook's chart this island is called 'T'Avai Poenammoo'--Te wai
pounamu, the water of the greenstone."
1892. F. R. Chapman, 'The Working of Greenstone by the Maoris'
(New Zealand Institute), p. 4:
"In the title of this paper the word 'greenstone' occurs, and
this word is used throughout the text. I am quite conscious
that the term is not geologically or mineralogically correct;
but the stone of which I am writing is known by that name
throughout New Zealand, and, though here as elsewhere the
scientific man employs that word to describe a totally
different class of rock, I should run the risk of being
misunderstood were I to use any other word for what is under
that name an article of commerce and manufacture in New
Zealand. It is called 'pounamu' or 'poenamu' by the Maoris,
and 'jade,' 'jadeite,' or 'nephrite' by various writers,
while old books refer to the 'green talc' of the Maoris."
# Green-tops #, _n._ Tasmanian name for the Orchid,
_Pterostylis pedunculata_, R. Br.
# Green-tree Ant #, _n._ common Queensland Ant.
1847. L. Leichhardt, 'Overland Expedition,' p. 294:
"It was at the lower part of the Lynd that we first saw the
green-tree ant; which seemed to live in small societies in rude
nests between the green leaves of shady trees."
# Green Tree-snake #, _n._ See under _Snake_.
# Grevillea #, _n._ a large genus of trees of
Australia and Tasmania, _N.O. Proteaceae_, named in honour
of the Right Hon. Charles Francis Greville, Vice-President
of the Royal Society of London. The name was given by Robert
Brown in 1809. The 'Century' Dictionary gives Professor
Greville as the origin of the name but "Professor Robert
K. Greville of Edinburgh was born on the 14th Dec., 1794,
he was therefore only just fourteen years old when the genus
_Grevillea_ was established." ('Private letter from Baron
F. von Mueller.')
1851. 'Quarterly Review,' Dec., p. 40:
"Whether _Dryandra, Grevillea, Hakea_, or the other
_Proteaceae_, all may take part in the same glee--
"It was a shrub of orders grey
Stretched forth to show his leaves."
1888. Cassell's 'Picturesque Australasia, vol. iii. p. 138:
"Graceful grevilleas, which in the spring are gorgeous with
orange-coloured blossoms."
# Grey-jumper #, _n._ name given to an Australian
genus of sparrow-like birds, of which the only species is
_Struthidea cinerea_, Gould; also called
_Brachystoma_ and _Brachyporus_.
# Grey Nurse #, _n._ a New South Wales name for a
species of Shark, _Odontaspis americanus_, Mitchell,
family _Lamnidae_, which is not confined to Australasia.
# Gridironing #, _v._ a term used in the province of
Canterbury, New Zealand. A man purchased land in the shape of
a gridiron, knowing that nobody would take the intermediate
strips, which later he could purchase at his leisure. In other
provinces free-selection (q.v.) was only allowed after survey.
# Grinder #, _n._ See _Razor-grinder_ and
_Dishwasher_.
# Groper #, _n._ a fish. In Queensland, _Oligorus
terrae-reginae_, Ramsay; in New Zealand, _O. gigas_,
"called by the Maoris and colonists '_Hapuku_,'"
(Guenther)--a large marine species. _Oligorus_ is a genus
of the family _Percidae_, and the _Murray-Cod_ (q.v.)
and _Murray Perch_ (q.v.) belong to it. There is a fish
called the Grouper or _Groper_ of warm seas quite distinct
from this one. See _Cod, Perch, Blue-Groper_ and
_Hapuku_.
# Ground-berry #, i.q. _Cranberry_ (q.v.).:
# Ground-bird #, _n._ name given in Australia to any
bird of the genus _Cinclosoma_. The species are--
Chestnut-backed Ground-bird--
_Cinclosoma castaneonotum_, Gould.
Chestnut-breasted G.-b.--
_C. castaneothorax_, Gould.
Cinnamon G.-b.--
_C. cinnamomeum_, Gould.
Northern, or Black-vented G.-b.--
_C. marginatum_, Sharpe.
Spotted G.-b.--
_C. punctatum_, Lath., called by Gould _Ground-Dove_
(q.v.).
# Ground-Dove #, _n._ (1) Tasmanian name
for the _Spotted Ground-bird_ (q.v.).
1848. J. Gould, 'Birds of Australia,' vol. iv. pl. 4:
"_Cinclosoma punctatum_, Vig. and Horsf., Spotted
Ground-thrush. In Hobart Town it is frequently exposed for
sale in the markets with bronze-wing pigeons and wattle-birds,
where it is known by the name of ground-dove . . . very
delicate eating."
(2) The name is given by Gould to three species of _Geopelia_.
1848. J. Gould, 'Birds of Australia,' vol. v. pls. 72, 73, 74:
"_Geopelia humeralis_, Barred-shouldered Ground-dove"
(pl. 72);
"_G. tranquilla_" (pl. 73);
"_G. cuneata_, Graceful Ground-dove" (pl. 74).
# Ground-Lark #, _n._ (1) In New Zealand, a bird also
called by the Maori names, _Pihoihoi_ and _Hioi_.
1888. W. L. Buller, 'Birds of New Zealand,' vol. i. p. 63:
"_Anthus Novae Zelandiae_, Gray, New Zealand Pipit;
Ground-Lark of the Colonists."
(2) In Australia, the Australian Pipit (_Anthus
australis_) is also called a _Ground-lark_.
1848. J. Gould, 'Birds of Australia,' vol. iii. pl. 73:
"_Anthus Australis_, Vig. and Horsf., Australian Pipit.
The Pipits, like many other of the Australian birds, are
exceedingly perplexing."
# Ground-Parrakeet #, _n._ See _Parrakeet_ and
_Pezoporus_.
# Ground-Parrot #, _n._ (1) The bird _Psittacus
pulchellus_, Shaw. For the Ground Parrot of New Zealand,
see _Kakapo_.
1793. G. Shaw, 'Zoology [and Botany] of New Holland,' p. 10:
"Long-tailed green Parrot, spotted with black and yellow,. . .
the Ground Parrot."
1827. Vigors and Horsfield, 'Transactions of Linnaean Society,'
vol. xv. p. 278:
"The settlers call it ground-parrot. It feeds upon the ground."
Ibid. p. 286:
"What is called the ground-parrot at Sydney inhabits the scrub
in that neighbourhood."
1859. H. Kingsley, 'Geoffrey Hamlyn,' p. 298:
"The ground-parrot, green, with mottlings of gold and black,
rose like a partridge from the heather, and flew low."
(2) Slang name for a small farmer. See _Cockatoo_,
_n._ (2).
# Ground-Thrush #, _n._ name of birds found all over
the world. The Australian species are--
_Geocincla lunulata_, Lath.
Broadbent Ground-Thrush--
_G. cuneata_.
Large-billed G.--
_G. macrorhyncha_, Gould.
Russet-tailed G.--
_G. heinii_, Cab.
# Grub #, _v_. to clear (ground) of the roots. To
grub has long been English for to dig up by the roots. It is
Australian to apply the word not to the tree but to the land.
1852. Mrs. Meredith, 'My Home in Tasmania,' vol. i. p. 185:
"Employed with others in 'grubbing' a piece of new land which
was heavily timbered."
1868. Mrs. Meredith, 'Tasmanian Memory of 1834,' p. 10:
"A bit of land all grubbed and clear'd too."
# Guana #, or # Guano #, _n._ i.q. _Goanna_
(q.v.).
# Guard-fish #, _n._ Erroneous spelling of
_Garfish_ (q.v.).
# Gudgeon #, _n._ The name is given in New South
Wales to the fish _Eleotris coxii_, Krefft, of the family
of the Gobies.
# Guitar Plant #, a Tasmanian shrub, _Lomatia
tinctoria_, R. Br., _N.O. Proteaceae_.
# Gull #, _n._ common English name for a sea-bird.
The Australian species are--
Long-billed Gull--
_Larus longirostris_, Masters.
Pacific G.--
_L. pacificus_, Lath.
Silver G.--
_L. novae-hollandiae_, Steph.
Torres-straits G.--
_L. gouldi_, Bp.
# Gully #, _n._ a narrow valley. The word is very
common in Australia, and is frequently used as a place name.
It is not, however, Australian. Dr.Skeat ('Etymological
Dictionary') says, "a channel worn by water." Curiously
enough, his first quotation is from 'Capt. Cook's Third
Voyage,' b. iv. c. 4. Skeat adds, "formerly written
_gullet_: 'It meeteth afterward with another gullet,'
i.e. small stream. Holinshed, 'Description of Britain,' c. 11:
F. goulet, 'a gullet . . . a narrow brook or deep gutter of
water.' (Cotgrave.) Thus the word is the same as gullet."
F. _goulet_ is from Latin _gula. Gulch_ is the word
used in the Pacific States, especially in California.
1773. 'Hawkesworth's Voyages,' vol. iii. p. 532--Captain Cook's
First Voyage, May 30, 1770:
"The deep gullies, which were worn by torrents from the hills."
1802. D. Collins, 'Account of New South Wales,' vol. ii.
p. 214:
"A man, in crossing a gully between Sydney and Parramatta, was,
in attempting to ford it, carried away by the violence of the
torrent, and drowned."
1862. H. C. Kendall, 'Poems,' p. 17:
"The gums in the gully stand gloomy and stark."
1867. A.L. Gordon, 'Sea-spray, etc.,' p. 134:
"The gullies are deep and the uplands are steep."
1875. Wood and Lapham, 'Waiting for the Mail,' p. 16:
"The terrible blasts that rushed down the narrow gully, as if
through a funnel."
# Gully-raker #, _n._ a long whip.
1881. A. C. Grant, 'Bush Life in Queensland,' vol. i. p. 40:
"The driver appealing occasionally to some bullock or other by
name, following up his admonition by a sweeping cut of his
'gully-raker,' and a report like a musket-shot."
# Gum #, or # Gum-tree #, _n._ the popular name
for any tree of the various species of _Eucalyptus_. The
word _Gum_ is also used in its ordinary English sense of
exuded sap of certain trees and shrubs, as
e.g. _Wattle-gum_ (q.v.) in Australia, and
_Kauri-gum_ (q.v.) in New Zealand. In America, the
gum-tree usually means "the _Liquidambar styraciflua_,
favourite haunt of the opossum and the racoon, whence the
proverbial _possum up a gum-tree_." ('Current
Americanisms,' s.v. _Gum_)
The names of the various Australian Gum-trees are as follows--
Apple Gum, or Apple-scented Gum--
_Eucalyptus stuartiana_, F. v. M.
Bastard G.--
_Eucalyptus gunnii_, Hook.
Bastard Blue G.--
_E. leucoxylon_, F. v. M. (South Australia).
Bastard White G.--
_E. gunnii_, Hook. (South Australia);
_E. radiata_ (Tasmania).
Black G.--
_E. stellulata_, Sieb.
Black-butted G.--
_E. pillularis_, Smith (Victoria);
_E. regnans_, F. v. M. (New South Wales).
See _Blackbutt_.
Blue G. [see also Blue-Gum]
_E. botryoides_, Smith (New South Wales);
_E. diversicolor_, F. v. M. [Karri];
_E. globulus_, Labill.;
_E. goniocalyx_, F. v. M.;
_E. leucoxylon_, F. v. M. (South Australia) [Ironbark];
_E. saligna_, Smith;
_E. tereticornis_, Smith;
_E. viminalis_, Labill. (West New South Wales).
Botany Bay G,--
_E. resinifera_, Smith.
Brittle G.--
_E. haemastonza_, Smith;
_E. micrantha_, Smith.
Brown G.--
_E. robusta_, Smith.
Cabbage G.--
_E. sieberiana_, F. v. M. (Braidwood, New South Wales).
Cider G.--
_E. gunnii_, Hook. (Tasmania).
Citron-scented G.--
_E. maculata_, Hook.
Creek G.--
_E. rostrata_, Schlecht (West New South Wales).
Curly White G.--
_E. radiata_ (Tasmania).
Dark Red G.--
_E. rostrata_, Schlecht.
Desert G.--
_E. eudesmoides_, F. v. M. (Central Australia);
_E. gracilis_, F. v. M.
Drooping G.--
_E. pauciflora_, Sieb. (Drooping Gum in Tasmania is
_E. risdoni_, Hook., _N.O. Myrtaceae_; the tree is
peculiar to Tasmania);
_E. viminalis_, Labill. (New South Wales).
Flood, or Flooded G.--
_E. gunnii_, Hook. (Bombala, New South Wales);
_E. microtheca_, F. v. M. (Carpentaria and Central
Australia);
_E. rostrata_, Schlecht;
_E. saligna_, Smith;
_E. tereticornis_, Smith (New South Wales).
Fluted G.-
_E. salubris_, F. v. M.
Forest G.--
_E. rostrata_, Schlecht (South Australia).
Giant G.--
_E. amygdalina_, Labill.
Gimlet G.--
_E. salubris_, F. v. M.
Green G.--
_E. stellulata_, Sieb. (East Gippsland).
Grey G.--
_E. crebra_, F. v. M.;
_E. goniocalyx_, F. v. M. (New South Wales, east of
Dividing range);
_E. punctata_, De C. (South Coast of New South Wales);
_E. raveretiana_, F.v.M;
_E. resinifera_, Smith;
_E. saligna_, Smith (New South Wales);
_E. tereticornis_, Smith (New South Wales);
_E. viminalis_, Labill (Sydney);
Honey-scented G.--
_E. melliodora_, Cunn.
Iron G.--
_E. raveretiana_, F. v. M.
Lemon-scented, or Lemon G.--
_E. citriodora_, Hook. f.
Lead G.--
_E. stellulata_, Cunn.
Mallee G.--
_E. dumosa_ (generally called simply Mallee, q.v.).
Mountain G.--
_E. tereticornis_, Smith (South New South Wales).
Mountain White G.--
_E. pauciflora_, Sieb. (Blue Mountains).
Nankeen G.--
_E. populifolia_, Hook. (Northern Australia).
Olive Green G.--
_E. stellulata_, Cunn. (Leichhardt's name).
Pale Red G.--
_E. rostrata_, Schlecht.
Peppermint G.--
_E. viminalis_, Labill.
Poplar-leaved G.--
_E. polyanthema_, Schau.
Red G.--
_E. amygdalina_, Labill. (Victoria);
_E. calophylla_, R. Br.;
_E. gunnii_, Hook. (Bombala);
_E. melliodora_, Cunn. (Victoria);
_E. odorata_, Behr (South Australia);
_E. punctata_, De C.;
_E. resinifera_, Smith;
_E. rostrata_, Schlecht;
_E. stuartiana_, F. v. M. (Tasmania);
_E. tereticornis_, Smith (New South Wales).
Ribbon G.--
_E. amygdalina_, Labill. Ribbony G.
_E. viminalis_, Labill.
Risdon G.--
_E. amygdalina_, Labill.
River G.--
_E. rostrata_, Schlecht (New South Wales, Queensland,
and Central Australia).
River White G.--
_E. radiata_.
Rough-barked, or Rough G.--
_E. botryoides_, Smith (Illawarra).
Rusty G.--
_E. eximia_, Schau.
Scribbly G.--
_E. haemastoma_, Smith.
Scribbly Blue G.--
_E. leucoxylon_, F. v. M. (South Australia).
Scrub G.--
_E. cosmophylla_, F. v. M.
Slaty G.--
_E. saligna_, Smith (New South Wales);
_E. tereticornis_, Smith (New South Wales and
Queensland);
_E. largiflorens_, F. v. M.
Spotted G.--
_E. capitellata_, Smith (New England);
_E. goniocalyx_, F. v. M.;
_E. haemastonza_, Smith;
_E. maculata_, Hook.
Sugar G.--
_E. corynocalyx_, F. v. M.;
_E. gunnii_, Hook.
Swamp G.--
_E. gunnii_, Hook.;
_E. microtheca_, F. v. M.;
_E. pauciflora_, Sieb.;
_E. viminalis_, Labill. (Tasmania).
Weeping G.--
_E. pauciflora_, Sieb. (Tasmania);
_E. viminalis_, Labill. (New South Wales).
White G.--
_E. amygdalina_, Labill.;
_E. gomphocephala_, De C. (Western Australia);
_E. goniocalyx_, F. v. M. ; E. haemastoma, Smith;
_E. hemiphloia_, F. v. M. (Sydney);
_E. leucoxylon_, F. v. M. (South Australia);
_E. pauciflora_, Sieb.;
_E. populifolia_, Hook. (Queensland);
_E. radiata_ (New South Wales);
_E. redunca_, Schau. (Western Australia);
_E. robusta_, Schlecht. (South Australia);
_E. saligna_, Smith (New South Wales);
_E. stellulata_, Cunn.;
_E. stuartiana_, F. v. M. (Victoria);
_E. viminalis_, Labill.
White Swamp G.--
_E. gunnii_, Hook. (South Australia).
Yellow G.--
_E. punctata_, De C.
York G.--
_E. foecunda_, Schau. (Western Australia).
This list has been compiled by collating many authorities. But
the following note on _Eucalyptus amygdalina_ (from
Maiden's 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 429) will illustrate the
difficulty of assigning the vernacular names with absolute
accuracy to the multitudinous species of _Eucalyptus_--
"_Eucalyptus amygdalina_, Labill.,
Syn. _E. fissilis_, F. v. M.; _E. radiata_, Sieb.;
_E. elata_, Dehn.; _E. tenuiramis_, Miq.;
_E. nitida_, Hook, f.; _E. longifolia_, Lindl. ;
_E. Lindleyana_, DC.; and perhaps _E. Risdoni_, Hook,
f.; _E. dives_, Schauer.--This Eucalypt has even more
vernacular names than botanical synonyms. It is one of the
'Peppermint Trees' (and variously 'Narrow-leaved Peppermint,'
'Brown Peppermint,' 'White Peppermint,' and sometimes
'Dandenong Peppermint'), and 'Mountain Ashes' of the Dandenong
Ranges of Victoria, and also of Tasmania and Southern New South
Wales. It is also called 'Giant Gum' and 'White Gum.' In
Victoria it is one of the 'Red Gums.' It is one of the New
South Wales 'Stringybarks,' and a 'Manna Gum.' Because it is
allied to, or associated with, 'Stringybark,' it is also known
by the name of 'Messmate.' . . . A variety of this gum
(_E. radiata_) is called in New South Wales 'White Gum' or
'River White Gum.' . . . A variety of _E. amygdalina_
growing in the south coast district of New South Wales, goes by
the name of 'Ribbon Gum,' in allusion to the very thin, easily
detachable, smooth bark. This is also E. radiata probably. A
further New South Wales variety goes by the name of 'Cut-tail'
in the Braidwood district. The author has been unable to
ascertain the meaning of this absurd designation. These
varieties are, several of them, quite different in leaves,
bark, and timber, and there is no species better than the
present one to illustrate the danger in attempting to fit
botanical names on Eucalypts when only the vernacular names are
known."
Various other trees not of the genus Eucalyptus are also
sometimes popularly called _Gums_, such as, for instance--
Broad-leaved Water Gum--
_Tristania suavolens_, Smith.
Orange G.--
_Angophora lanceolata_, Cave.
Water G.--
_Callistemon lanceolatus_, DeC.
_Tristania laurina_, R. Br.
_T. neriifolia_, R. Br.
And others.
In addition to this, poets and descriptive writers sometimes
apply epithets, chiefly denoting colour or other outward
appearance, which are not names of distinct species, such as
_Cinnamon, Morrell, Salmon, Cable, Silver_,
etc. [See quotation under _Silver Gum_.]
1642. Abel Tasman, 'Journal of the Voyage to the Unknown
Southland' (Translation by J. B. Walker in 'Abel J. Tasman: His
Life, etc.' 1896)
[Under date Dec. 2, 1642, after describing the trees at Fredrik
Hendrik's Bay (now Blackman's Bay, Forestier's Peninsula,
Tasmania) 2 to 21/2 fathoms thick, 60 to 65 feet to the first
branch, and with steps 5 feet apart cut in them, Tasman says
that they found] "a little gum, fine in appearance, which drops
out of the trees, and has a resemblance to gum lac (gomma
lacca)."
1770. 'Captain Cook's Journal' (ed. Wharton, 1893), p. 245:
"May 1st.--We found two sorts of gum, one sort of which is like
gum dragon, and is the same, I suppose, Tasman took for gum
lac; it is extracted from the largest tree in the woods.
"May 6th.--The biggest trees are as large or larger than our
oaks in England, and grow a good deal like them, and yield a
reddish gum; the wood itself is heavy, hard, and black like
_Lignum vitae_."
1788. Governor Phillip (Despatch, May 15) in 'Historical
Records of New South Wales', vol. i. pt. ii. p. 128:
"What seeds could be collected are sent to Sir Joseph Banks, as
likewise the red gum taken from the large gum-tree by tapping,
and the yellow gum which is found on the dwarf palm-tree."
1789. Captain Watkin Tench, 'Narrative of the Expedition to
Botany Bay,' p. 119:
"The species of trees are few, and . . . the wood universally
of so bad a grain, as almost to preclude the possibility of
using it. . . . These trees yield a profusion of thick red gum
(not unlike the _Sanguis draconis_)."
1790. J. White, 'Voyage to New South Wales,' p. 231:
"The red gum-tree, _Eucalyptus resinifera_. This is a
very large and lofty tree, much exceeding the English oak in
size."
1793. Governor Hunter, 'Voyage,' p. 69:
"I have likewise seen trees bearing three different kinds of
leaves, and frequently have found others, bearing the leaf of
the gum-tree, with the gum exuding from it, and covered with
bark of a very different kind."
1820. W. C. Wentworth, 'Description of New South Wales,' p. 66:
"Full-sized gums and iron barks, alongside of which the
loftiest trees in this country would appear as pigmies, with
the beefwood tree, or, as it is generally termed, the forest
oak, which is of much humbler growth, are the usual timber."
1827. P. Cunningham, 'Two Years in New South Wales,' vol. i.
p. 200:
"The gum-trees are so designated as a body from producing a
gummy resinous matter, while the peculiarities of the bark
usually fix the particular names of the species--thus the blue,
spotted, black-butted, and woolly gums are so nominated from
the corresponding appearance of their respective barks; the red
and white gums, from their wood; and the flooded gums from
growing in flooded land."
1846. J. L. Stokes, 'Discoveries in Australia,'
vol. II. c. iii. p. 108:
"The silvery stems of the never-failing gum-trees."
1857. H. Parkes, 'Murmurs of Stream,' p. 56:
"Where now the hermit gum-tree stands on the plain's heart."
1864. J. S. Moore, 'Spring Life Lyrics,' p. 114:
"Amid grand old gums, dark cedars and pines."
1873. A.Trollope, 'Australia and New Zealand,' c. xiii. p. 209:
"The eternal gum-tree has become to me an Australian crest,
giving evidence of Australian ugliness. The gum-tree is
ubiquitous, and is not the loveliest, though neither is it by
any means the ugliest, of trees."
1877. F. v. Muller, 'Botanic Teachings,' p. 7:
"The vernacular name of gum-trees for the eucalypts is as
unaptly given as that of most others of our native plants,
on which popular appellations have been bestowed. Indeed our
wattles might far more appropriately be called gum-trees than
the eucalypts, because the former exude a real gum (in the
chemical meaning of the word); whereas the main exudation from
the stems and branches of all eucalypts hardens to a kino-like
substance, contains a large proportion of a particular tannin
(kino-tannic acid), and is to a great extent or entirely
soluble in alcohol, thus very different from genuine gum."
1884. R. L. A. Davies, 'Poems and Literary Remains,' p. 176:
"Golden, 'mid a sunlit forest,
Stood the grand Titanic forms
Of the conquerors of storms;
Stood the gums, as if inspired,
Every branch and leaflet fired
With the glory of the sun,
In golden robes attired,
A grand priesthood of the sun."
1889. P. Beveridge, 'Aborigines of Victoria and Riverina,'
p. 61:
"Nearly all the eucalyptus species exude gum, which the natives
utilise in the fabrication of their various weapons as
Europeans do glue. The myall and mimosa also exude gum; these
the natives prefer before all other kinds when obtainable, they
being less brittle and more adhesive than any of the others."
i891. 'Guide to Zoological Gardens, Melbourne':
"This is an exact representation of the camps which were
scattered over the country not more than fifty years ago, and
inhabited by the original lords of the soil. The beautiful
she-oak and red-gum forest that used to clothe the slopes of
Royal Park was a very favourite camping-ground of theirs, as
the gum-tree was their most regular source of food supply. The
hollows of this tree contained the sleek and sleepy opossum,
waiting to be dragged forth to the light of day and despatched
by a blow on the head. It was to the honey-laden blossoms of
this tree that the noisy cockatoos and parrots used to flock.
Let the kangaroo be wary and waterfowl shy, but whilst he had
his beloved gum-tree, little cared the light-hearted black."
1892. 'The Times,' [Reprint] 'Letters from Queensland,' p. 2:
"The immense extent of gum-trees stretches indefinitely,
blotting out the conception of anything but its own
lightly-timbered pasture. It has not even the gloom and
impressiveness which we associate in England with the name
of forest land, for the trees are thinly scattered, their long
leaves hang vertically from the branches, and sunlight filters
through with sufficient force to promote the growth of the
tussocked grass beneath. The whole would be indescribably
commonplace, but that the vastness becomes at last by its own
force impressive."
The following quotations illustrate special uses of the word in
composition.
_Apple Gum_--
1847. L. Leichhardt, 'Overland Expedition,' p. 283:
"On the small flats the apple-gum grew."
Ibid. c. viii. p. 264:
"Another Eucalyptus with a scaly butt . . . but with smooth
upper trunk and cordate ovate leaves, which was also new to me;
we called it the Apple-gum."
_Blue Gum_--
1802. D.Collins, 'Account of New South Wales,' vol. ii. p. 235:
"The blue gum, she-oak, and cherry-tree of Port Jackson were
common here."
1832. J. Bischoff, 'Van Diemen's Land,' p. 22:
"The Blue Gum is found in greater abundance; it is a
loose-grained heavy wood."
1851. James Mitchell, 'Proceedings of the Royal Society of Van
Diemen's Land,' p. 125:
"The name blue gum appears to have been derived from the bluish
gray colour of the whole plant in the earliest stages of its
growth, which is occasioned by a covering of dust or bloom
similar to that upon the sloe or damson."
1884. R. L. A. Davies, 'Poems and Literary Remains,' p. 199:
"I love to see the blue gums stand Majestically tall;
The giants of our southern woods,
The loftiest of all."
_Black-butted Gum_--
1833. C. Sturt, 'Southern Australia,' vol. II. c. viii. p. 236:
"One species . . . resembling strongly the black-butted gum."
_Cable Gum_--
1846. J. L. Stokes, 'Discoveries in Australia,' vol. II. c. iv.
p. 132:
"Cable-gum . . . like several stems twisted together, abundant
in interior."
_Cider Gum_ (or _Cider Tree_)--
1830. Ross, 'Hobart Town Almanack,' p. 119:
"That species of eucalyptus called the _cider tree_, from
its exuding a quantity of saccharine liquid resembling
molasses. Streaks of it were to be seen dripping down the bark
in various parts, which we tasted, and found very palatable.
The natives have a method at the proper season of grinding
holes in the tree, from which the sweet juice flows
plentifully, and is collected in a hole at the root. We saw
some of these covered up with a flat stone, doubtless to
prevent the wild animals from coming to drink it. When allowed
to remain some time, and to ferment, it settles into a coarse
sort of wine or cider, rather intoxicating."
_Cinnamon Gum_--
1893. 'Sydney Morning Herald,' Aug. 19, p. 7, col. 1:
"A forest only fit for urban gnomes these twisted trunks. Here
are no straight and lofty trees, but sprawling cinnamon gums,
their skin an unpleasing livid red, pock-marked; saplings in
white and chilly grey, bleeding gum in ruddy stains, and
fire-black boles and stumps to throw the greenery into bright
relief."
_Drooping Gum_--
1846. J. L. Stokes, 'Discoveries in Australia,' vol. II. c. xii.
p. 387:
"The trees, which grew only in the valleys, were small kinds
of banksia, wattles and drooping gums."
_Flooded Gum_--
1847. L. Leichhardt, 'Overland Expedition,' p. 7:
"Large flooded gum-trees (but no casuarinas) at the low banks
of the lagoons."
_Lemon-scented Gum_--
1860. G. Bennett, 'Gatherings of a Naturalist,' p. 265:
"Among the _Eucalypti_ or gum-trees growing in New South
Wales, a species named the lemon-scented gum-tree,
_Eucalyptus citriodora_, is peculiar to the Wide Bay
district, in the northern part of the colony."
_Mountain Gum_--
1833. C. Sturt, 'Southern Australia,' vol. I. c. iii, p. 118:
"The cypresses became mixed with casuarina, box and
mountain-gum."
_Red Gum_ [see also _Red-gum_]--
1802. G. Barrington, 'History of New South Wales,'
c. xi. p. 461:
"The red gum-tree. This is a very large and lofty tree,
much exceeding the English oak in size."
1846. G. H. Haydon, 'Five Years in Australia Felix,' p. 33:
"Red gum, a wood which has of late years been exported to
England in great quantities; it has all the properties of
mahogany."
1868. W. Carleton, 'Australian Nights,' p. 14:
"While she, the younger, went to fill
Her red-gum pitcher at the rill."
1870. J. O. Tucker, 'The Mute,' etc., p. 85:
"Then the dark savage 'neath the red gum's shade
Told o'er his deeds."
1890. 'The Argus,' June 14, p. 4, col. I
"Those of the leaden hue are red gums."
_Rough Gum_--
1833. C. Sturt, 'Southern Australia,' vol. I. c. iii. p. 118:
"The rough-gum abounded near the creek."
_Rusty Gum_--
1847. L. Leichhardt, 'Overland Expedition,' p. 48:
"The range was openly timbered with white gum, spotted gum,
Iron-bark, rusty gum and the cypress pine."
_Salmon Gum_--
1893. 'The Australasian,' Aug. 3, p. 252, col. 4:
"The chief descriptions are salmon, morrel and white gums, and
gimlet-wood. The bark of the salmon gum approaches in colour
to a rich golden brown, but the satin-like sheen on it has the
effect of making it several shades lighter, and in the full
glare of the sun it is sufficiently near a rich salmon tint to
justify its name."
_Silver Gum_--
1888. D. Macdonald, 'Gum Boughs,' p. 113:
"When so many of our Australian trees were named 'gums,' a
distinguishing prefix for each variety was clearly necessary,
and so the words red, blue, yellow, white and scarlet, as
marking some particular trait in the tree, have come into
everyday use. Had the pioneer bush botanist seen at least one
of those trees at a certain stage in its growth, the term
'silver gum' would have found expression."
_Spotted Gum_--
1847. L. Leichhardt, 'Overland Expedition,' p. 11:
"Ironbark ridges here and there with spotted gum . . .
diversified the sameness."
_Swamp Gum_--
1853. 'Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Van
Diemen's Land,' vol. ii, p. 132 [James Mitchell, _On the
Strength of Timber_, etc., read Nov.12, 1851]:
"The Swamp Gum grows to the largest size of any of this family
in Van Diemen's Land. Its growth is nearly twice as rapid as
that of the Blue Gum: the annular layers are sometimes very
large; but the bark, and the whole tree indeed, is so like the
Blue Gum, as not to be easily distinguished from it in outward
appearance. It grows best in moist places, which may probably
have given rise to its name. Some extraordinary dimensions
have been recorded of trees of this species. I lately measured
an apparently sound one, and found it 21 feet in circumference
at 8 feet from the ground and 87 feet to the first branches.
Another was 18 1/2 feet in circumference at 10 feet from the
ground, and 213 feet to the highest branch or extreme top.
A third reached the height of 251 feet to the highest branch:
but I am told that these are pigmies compared to the giants of
even the Blue Gum species found in the southern districts."
1880. Garnet Watch, 'Victoria in 1880,' p. 100:
"Groups of native trees, including the black wattle, silver
box, messmate, stringy bark, and the picturesque but less
useful swamp gum."
_Water Gum_--
1847. L. Leichhhardt, 'Overland Expedition,' p. 387:
"Long hollows surrounded with drooping tea-trees and the white
watergums."
_Weeping Gum_--
1852. Mrs. Meredith, 'My Home in Tasmania,' vol. i. p. 169:
"A kind of _Eucalyptus_, with long drooping leaves, called
the 'Weeping Gum,' is the most elegant of the family."
_White Gum_--
1827. Vigors and Horsfield, 'Transactions of Linnaean
Society,' vol. xv. p, 278:
"The natives tell me that it [the ground-parrot] chiefly
breeds in a stump of a small White Gum-tree."
1847. L. Leichhardt, 'Overland Expedition,' p. 48:
"The range was openly timbered with white gum."
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 471:
"_E. leucoxylon_, F. v. M. The 'blue or white gum' of South
Australia and Victoria is a gum-tree with smooth bark and
light-coloured wood (hence the specific name). The flowers and
fruit of _E. leucoxylon_ are very similar to those of
_E. sideroxylon_, and in this way two trees have been
placed under one name which are really quite distinct. Baron
Mueller points out that there are two well-marked varieties of
_E. leucoxylon_ in Victoria. That known as 'white-gum'
has the greater portion of the stem pale and smooth through the
outer layers of the bark falling off. The variety known
chiefly as the 'Victorian Ironbark,' retains the whole bark on
the stem, thus becoming deeply fissured and furrowed, and very
hard and dark coloured."
_Yellow Gum_--
1848. T. L. Mitchell, 'Tropical Australia,' p. 107:
"We this day passed a small group of trees of the yellow gum,
a species of eucalyptus growing only on the poor sandy soil
near Botany Bay, and other parts of the sea-coast near Sydney."
_York Gum_--
1846. J. L. Stokes, 'Discoveries in Australia,' vol. II. c. iv.
p. 132:
"York gum . . . abundant in York on good soil."
# Gum- # (_In Composition_). See _Gum_.
1862. H. C. Kendall, 'Poems,' p. 134:
"I said to myself in the gum-shadowed glen."
1868. W. L. Carleton, 'Australian Nights,' p. 1:
"To see the gum-log flaming bright
Its welcome beacon through the night."
1890. 'The Argus,' August 2, p. 4, col. 3:
"Make a bit of a shelter also. You can always do it with
easily-got gum-boughs."
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Colonial Reformer,' c. xvii. p. 201:
"The edge of the long, black, gum-shrouded lagoon."
# Gummy #, _n._ name given to a shark of Victorian
and Tasmanian waters, _Mustelus antarcticus_, Gunth., and
called _Hound_ (q.v.) in New South Wales, Victoria, and
New Zealand. The word _Gummy_ is said to come from the
small numerous teeth, arranged like a pavement, so different
from the sharp erect teeth of most other sharks. The word
_Hound_ is the Old World name for all the species of the
genus _Mustelus_. This fish, says Hutton, is much eaten
by the Maoris.
# Gum-sucker #, _n._ slang for Victorian-born, not
now much used; but it is not always limited to Victorians.
1827. P. Cunningham, 'Two Years in New South Wales,'
vol. i. p. 201:
"The acacias are the common wattles of this country; from their
trunks and branches clear transparent beads of the purest
Arabian gum are seen suspended in the dry spring weather, which
our young currency bantlings eagerly search after and regale
themselves with."
[The practice of 'gum-sucking' is here noticed, though the word does
not occur.]
1855. W. Howitt, 'Two Years in Victoria,' vol. i. p. 24:
"If he had not been too 'cute to be bitten twice by the
over-'cute 'gumsuckers,' as the native Victorians are called."
1890. 'Quiz '(Adelaide), Dec. 26:
"Quiz will take good care that the innocent Australians are not
fooled without a warning. Really L. and his accomplices must
look upon gumsuckers as being pretty soft."
# Gunyah #, _n._ aboriginal name for a black-fellow's
hut, roughly constructed of boughs and bark; applied also to
other forms of shelter. The spelling varies greatly: in
Col. Mundy's book (1855) there are no fewer than four forms.
See _Humpy_ and _Gibber_. What Leichhardt saw (see
quotation 1847) was very remarkable.
1798. D. Collins, 'Account of English Colony in New South
Wales,' in an aboriginal vocabulary of Port Jackson, p. 610:
"Go-nie--a hut."
1830. R.Dawson, 'Present State of Australia,' p. 70:
"One of their gunyers (bark huts)."
Ibid. p. 171:
"A native encampment, consisting of eight or ten 'gunyers.'
This is the native term for small huts, which are supported
by three forked sticks (about three feet long) brought together
at the top in a triangular form: the two sides towards the wind
are covered by long sheets of bark, the third is always left
open to the wind."
1833. C. Sturt, 'Southern Australia,' vol. I. c. ii. p. 78:
"We observed a fresh-made gunneah (or native hut)."
1839. T. L. Mitchell, 'Three Expeditions into the Interior
of Eastern Australia,' c. ii. p. 35:
"Three huts, or gunyahs, consisted of a few green boughs, which
had just been put up for shelter from the rain then falling."
1845. J. O. Balfour, 'Sketch of New South Wales,' p. 10:
"Their only habitation . . . is formed by two sheets of bark
stripped from the nearest tree, at the first appearance of a
storm, and joined together at an angle of 45 degrees. This,
which they call a gunnya, is cut up for firewood when the
storm has passed."
1846. C. P. Hodgson, 'Reminiscences of Australia,' p. 238:
"Behind appears a large piece of wood hooded like a 'gunnya'
or 'umpee.'"
1847. L. Leichhardt, 'Overland Expedition,' p. 290:
"We saw a very interesting camping place of the natives,
containing several two-storied gunyas."
1852. 'Settlers and Convicts; or, Recollections of Sixteen
Years' Labour in the Australian Backwoods,' p. 211:
"I coincided in his opinion that it would be best for us to
camp for the night in one of the ghibber-gunyahs. These are
the hollows under overhanging rocks."
1852. G. C. Mundy, 'Our Antipodes,' ed. 1855, p. 164:
"A sloping sheet of bark turned from the wind--in bush lingo,
a break-weather--or in guneeahs of boughs thatched with grass."
[p. 200]: "Guneah." [p. 558]: "Gunneah." [p. 606]: "Gunyah."
1860. G.Bennett, 'Gatherings of a Naturalist,' p. 114
[Footnote]:
"The name given by the natives to the burrow or habitation of
any animals is 'guniar,' and the same word is applied to our
houses."
1880. P. J. Holdsworth, 'Station, Hunting':
"hunger clung
Beneath the bough-piled gunyah."
1885. R. M. Praed, 'Australian Life,' p. 19:
"The sleepy blacks came out of their gunyahs." [p. 52]:
"A gunya of branches."
1890. Lyth, 'Golden South,' c. ii. p. 16:
"Where this beautiful building now stands, there were only the
gunyahs or homes of the poor savages."
1890. A. J. Vogan, 'Black Police,' p. 98:
"One of the gunyahs on the hill. . . . The hut, which is
exactly like all the others in the group,--and for the matter of
that all within two or three hundred miles,--is built of sticks,
which have been stuck into the ground at the radius of a common
centre, and then bent over so as to form an egg-shaped cage,
which is substantially thatched on top and sides with herbage
and mud."
# Gunyang #, _n._ the aboriginal word for the
_Kangaroo Apple_ (q.v.), though the name is more
strictly applied not to _Solanum aviculare_, but to
_S. vescum_.
1877. F. von Muller, 'Botanic Teachings,' p. 106:
"The similarity of both [_S. vescum_ and _S.
aviculare_] to each other forbids to recommend
the fruit of the Gunyang as edible."
1878. W. R. Guilfoyle, 'Australian Botany,' p. 73:
"Kangaroo Apple, _Solanum aviculare_. . . . The Gunyang
(_Solanum vescum_) is another variety found in Victoria."
1888. D. Macdonald, 'Gum Boughs,' p. 222:
"A couple of tiny streams trickle across the plains to the sea,
a dwarfed ti-tree, clinging low about the ground, like the
gunyang or kangaroo apple, borders the banks."
# Gurnard #, _n._ i.q. _Gurnet_ (q.v.).
# Gurnet #, _n._ The species of _Trigla_ found
in British waters, called _Gurnards_ are of the family of
_Cottidae_. The word _Gurnet_ is an obsolete or
provincial form of Gurnard, revived in Australia, and applied
to the fish _Centropogon scorpoenoides_, Guich., family
_Scorpoenidae_. The original word _Gurnard_ is
retained in New Zealand, and applied to the new species
_Trigla kumu_ (_kumu_ being the Maori name), family
_Cottidae_. The _Flying Gurnet_ is _Trigla
polyommata_, Richards., found on all the Australian coasts
from New South Wales to Western Australia, family
_Cottidae_. It is a distinct species, not included in the
British species. They have large pectoral fins, but are not
known to possess the power of supporting themselves in the air
like the "flying fish" which belong to other genera. Sir
Fredk. McCoy says that _Sebastes Percoides_, Richards., is
called Gurnet, or Garnet-perch, by the fishermen and dealers,
as well as the more common _Neosebastes scorpoenoides_,
Guich., and _Scorpoena panda_, Richards.
# Gutter #, _n._ in Australian goldmining, "the lower
and auriferous part of the channel of an old river of the
Tertiary period " ('Century'). "The lowest portion of a lead.
A gutter is filled with auriferous drift or _washdirt_,
which rests on the palaeozoic bed-rock." (Brough
Smyth, 'Glossary of Mining Terms.')
1864. J. Rogers, 'New Rush,' p. 55:
"Duffers are so common And golden gutters rare."
1871. J. J. Simpson, 'Recitations,' p. 23:
"Privations and hardships you all have to suffer
Ere you can expect to get on to the gutter."
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Miner's Right,' c. viii. p. 81:
"If we happened to drop right down on the 'gutter' or main
course of the lead, we were all right."
1890. 'Goldfields of Victoria,' p.23:
"The Company . . . are putting in a drive to strike the old
Shakspeare gutter."
1891. 'The Australasian,' Nov. 21, p. 1015:
"Evidently both claims had been driving for a 'gutter.' One
of them had got to the end of its tether before reaching it."
# Gutter-flags #, _n._ Flags fixed on the surface to
denote where the course of a gutter or lead underground has
been discovered." (Brough Smyth, 'Glossary of Mining Terms.')
# Gweeon #, _n._ a stone tomahawk of the aborigines.
_Gweh-un_, in Mukthang language, Gippsland. Apparently a
remnant of a term occurring along the east side of Australia;
_Burgoin_, New South Wales; _bulgoon_ and
_balgon_, Burdekin River, Queensland; related to
_balgoungo_, to chop.
# Gymnobelideus #, _n._ the scientific name of the
genus confined to Australia of _Squirrel Phalangers_, or
_Squirrel Opossums_, as they have been called. See
_Opossum_. The name was given by Sir Frederick McCoy in
1867. Only two specimens have been found, and they are in the
Melbourne Museum of Natural History. There is only one
species, _G. leadbeateri_, M'Coy. In general form they
resemble the so-called _Australian Flying Squirrel_
(q.v.), save for the absence of the parachute. They have large
naked ears. (Grk. _gymnos_, naked, and Latin,
_belideus_, the Flying-Phalanger or Squirrel.)
# Gymnorrhina #, _n._ the scientific name of the
Australian genus of _Piping Crow-Shrikes_, called locally
by the vernacular name of _Magpies_ (q.v.). They have the
nostrils and beak unfeathered. (Grk. _gymnos_, naked, and
_rhis_, nose.) For the species see under _Magpie_.
H
# Haddock #, _n._ The New Zealand _Haddock_ is
_Gadus australis_, Hutton, _Pseudophycis barbatus_,
Gunth., and _Merlucius gayi_, Guich., or _australis_,
Hutton, all belonging to the family _Gadidae_ or
Cod-fishes. The European species of _Merlucius_ is known
as the "Hake."
# Haeremai #, _interj_. Maori term of welcome,
lit. come hither; _haere_ is the verb. It has been
colloquially adopted.
1769. J. Hawkesworth, 'Voyages,' vol. iii. p. 229 (ed. 1785):
"When they came near enough to be heard, they waved their
hands, and called out 'Horomai.' These ceremonies we were
told were certain signs of their friendly disposition."
1832. 'Henry Williams' Journal,' in H. Carleton's 'Life of
Henry Williams,' p. 112:
"After breakfast we went to them all; they were very glad to
see us, and gave us the usual welcome, 'Haeremai! Haeremai!'"
1845. E. J. Wakefield, 'Adventures in New Zealand,' p. 249:
"As I ascended the steep hill with my train, scarcely any
greeting was addressed to me, no shouts of haeremai, so
universal a welcome to the stranger, were to be heard."
1863. F. E. Maning (_The Pakeha-Maori_ ), 'Old New
Zealand,' p. 14:
"The boat nears the shore, and now arises from a hundred voices
the call of welcome, 'Haere mai! haere mai! hoe mai!' Mats,
hands, and certain ragged petticoats all waving in the air in
sign of welcome. Then a pause. Then, as the boat came nearer,
another burst of haere mai! But unaccustomed as I was then to
the Maori salute, I disliked the sound. There was a wailing,
melancholy cadence that did not strike me as being the
appropriate note of welcome."
1867. F. Hochstetter, 'New Zealand,' (English edition) p. 438:
"Rev. Mr. Chapman received me at his garden gate with a hearty
welcome, the natives shouted their friendly 'haeremai,' and ere
long we were all in comfortable shelter beneath the missionary's
roof."
1883. F. S. Renwick, 'Betrayed,' p. 34:
"Haire mai ho! 'tis the welcome song
Rings far on the summer air."
# Hair-trigger #, _n._ a Tasmanian name for any plant
of genus _Stylidium_. Called also _Trigger-plant_,
and _Jack in a Box_ (q.v.).
1852. Mrs. Meredith, 'My Home in Tasmania,' vol. ii. p. 71:
"The _Stylidium_, or as we named it, the 'Hair-trigger,'
is common all over the colony."
# Haka #, _n._ Maori word for a dance.
1845. E. J. Wakefield, 'Adventures in New Zealand,' p. 198:
"A haka was now performed by about one hundred and fifty men
and women. They seated themselves in ranks in one of the
courtyards of the pa, stripped to the waist. An old
chieftainess, who moved along the ranks with regular steps,
brandishing an ornamental spear in time to her movements, now
recited the first verse of a song in a monotonous, dirge-like
measure. This was joined in by the others, who also kept time
by quivering their hands and arms, nodding their heads and
bending their bodies in accordance with each emphasis and
pause."
1852. G. C. Mundy, 'Our Antipodes,' c. xvi. p. 409 (3rd ed.
1855):
"I witnessed a national spectacle which was new to me--a sort
of incantation performed by women alone--the haka, I think it
is called."
1872. A.Domett, 'Ranolf,' XV. c. vi. p. 242:
"The _haka_-dances, where she shone supreme."
1873. 'Appendix to Journal of House of Representatives,' G. I,
B., p. 8:
"Thursday was passed by them [the natives] in feasting and
hakas."
1883. F. S. Renwick, 'Betrayed,' p. 34:
"A rushing throng in the furious haka share."
1896. 'Otago Witness,' Jan. 23, p. 50, col. 5:
"He also received a visit from three or four hostile natives,
who, with blood-curdling yells, duly performed the indispensable
haka."
# Hakea #, _n._ the scientific name given, in honour
of Baron Hake of Hanover, to "a large Australian genus of
plants belonging to the follicular section of the
_Proteaceae_, tribe _Grevilleae_, and distinguished
from Grevillea by its axillary inflorescence and samaroid
seeds. The species, nearly 100 in number [Maiden's index to
'Useful Native Plants' gives sixteen], are all evergreen
shrubs, or small trees, with alternate coriaceous, variously
lobed, often spiny leaves. They are ornamental in cultivation,
and several have acquired special names--_H. ulicina_,
Native Furze; _H. laurina_, Cushion-flower;
_H. acicularis_ (_Lissosperma_), Native Pear;
_H. flexilis_, Twine-bush." ('Century.')
1877. F. v. Muller, 'Botanic Teachings,' p. 50:
"_Proteaceae_ are more extensively still represented in
Victoria by the well known genera Grevillea and Hakea, the
former dedicated to the Right Hon. C. F. Greville, of
Paddington, the latter genus named in honour of Baron Hake, of
Hanover, both having been alike patrons of horticulture at the
end of the last century."
1897. 'The Australasian,' Jan. 30, p. 226, col. 3:
"Recently, according to 'Nature,' Mr. G. M. Thomson, an eminent
authority on New Zealand botany, has shown that one of the
genera, namely Hakea, though absent at present from the islands
[of New Zealand], formerly existed there. Plant remains were
found at St. Bathans, in a bed of clay, which have been
identified by him as Hakea. The question of the identification
of fossil plants is always a difficult one, but as Mr. Thomson
announces that he has obtained fruit capsules and leaves there
can be but little doubt as to the correctness of his
determinations. Hitherto the genus has been regarded as
Australian only, and about 100 species are known, of which no
less than 65 are West Australian. It would seem then that the
Hakeas had obtained a footing in Eastern Australia before the
connection with New Zealand had disappeared, and that probably
the genus is a far older one than had been anticipated. Why,
after finding its way to New Zealand, it should have died out
there is a question to which no answer can as yet be supplied."
# Hand-fish #, _n._ a Tasmanian fish,
_Brachionichthys hirsutus_, Lacep., family
_Pediculati_. The name is used in the northern hemisphere
for a different fish, which is also called there the
_Frog-fish_ and _Toad-fish_. The name arises from a
fancied resemblance of the profile of the fish to a human hand.
It is also called _Frog-fish_ and _Tortoise-shell
fish_. Mrs. Meredith calls it _Tortoise-shell Fish_
from its colour, when figuring it in 'Tasmanian Friends and
Foes' under its former scientific name of _Cheironectes
Politus_. The surface of its skin is hirsute with minute
spines, and the lobe at the end of the detached filament of the
dorsal fin--called the fintacle--hangs loose. The scientific
names of the genus are derived from Grk. _brachiown_,
"the arm," and _cheir_, "the hand." The armlike
pectoral fins are used for holding on to stones or seaweed.
1850. 'Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Van
Diemen's Land,' Jan. 9, vol. i. p. 268:
"A little spotted fish belonging to the genus _Chironectes_
. . . Mr. Champ writes thus respecting the frog fish:--
'It was found in the sea at Port Arthur by a person
who was with me, and when caught had all the appearance of
having four legs, from the position and shape of the fins; the
two longest of which, from the sort of elbow in them, and the
division into (rays) what resemble fingers, seem to form a
connecting link between fins and legs or arms.'"
1880. Mrs.'Meredith, 'Tasmanian Friends and Foes,' p. 249:
"It has fins like feet; one small pair where pectoral fins
usually are, and a larger pair, with absolute elbows to them,
and apparently shoulder-blades too, only those do not belong to
the fore pair of feet! A very antipodean arrangement truly!
The markings on the body and on the delicate pellucid fins
are like tortoise-shell."
# Hand, Old #, _n._ one who has been a convict.
1861. T. McCombie, 'Australian Sketches,' p. 141:
"The men who have been convicts are termed 'old hands';
they are mostly rude, rough men, with no moral principle or
religious feeling, and who have little sympathy for humanity."
1865. J. O. Tucker, 'Australian Story,' c. i. p. 85:
"Reformed convicts, or, in the language of their proverbial
cant, 'old hands.'"
1865. F. H. Nixon, 'Peter Perfume,' p. 102:
"'Boshman' in the old-hand vernacular signifies a fiddler."
["Bosh in gypsy means music and also violin." -Barrere and
Leland.]
1885. J. Rae, 'Chirps by an Australian Sparrow,' p. 99:
"The old hands were quite tidy too
With hats of cabbage-tree."
# Hang up #, v. to tie up a horse.
1860. W. Kelly, 'Life in Victoria,' p. 49 [Footnote]:
"In Melbourne there are posts sunk in the ground almost
opposite every door. . . . Fastening your horse to one
of these posts is called 'hanging him up.'"
1885. H. Finch-Hatton, 'Advance Australia,' p. 32:
"We got off, hung our horses up to a tree."
1890. E. W. Hornung, 'Bride from the Bush,' p. 296:
"The mail-boy is waiting impatiently in the verandah,
with his horse 'hung up' to one of the posts."
# Hapalote #, _n._ Anglicized form of Hapalotis
(Grk. _hapalos_, soft, and _'ous, 'owtis_) ear),
a peculiar Australian genus of rodents of the mouse family.
They are called _Jumping Mice_, and have soft ears,
and enlarged hind limbs like the jerboa, but are not
marsupial like the kangaroo. There are many species.
# Hapu #, _n._ Maori word for sub-tribe; sometimes
even, family.
1857. C. Hursthouse, 'New Zealand, the Britain of the South,'
vol. i. p. 162:
"The 70,000 semi-civilised natives now in New Zealand are
divided into some dozen chief tribes, and into numerous
sub-tribes and 'harpu.'"
1873. 'Appendix to Journals of House of Representatives,'
vol. iii. G. 7, p. 87:
"Were not all your hapu present when the money was paid? My
hapu, through whom the land Nvas claimed, were present: we
filled the room."
1882. T. H. Potts, 'Out in the Open,' p. 171:
"An important structure that engaged the united labours of the
hapu."
1887. J. White, 'Ancient History of the Maori,' vol. i. p. 290:
"Each of which is subdivided again into _Hapu_, or smaller
communities."
1891. Rev. J. Stacks, 'Report of Australasian Association
for the Advancement of Science,' vol. iii. sect. G. p. 378:
"On arriving in New Zealand, or Ao-tea-roa, the crews of the
colonizing fleet dispersed themselves over the length and
breadth of these islands, and formed independent tribes or
nations, each of which was divided into hapus and the hapus
into families."
# Hapuku #, _n._ Maori name for a fish, _Oligorus
gigas_, Gunth., called later _Polyprion prognathus_
(see quotation, 1895), pronounced _hapuka_, frequently
corrupted into _habuka_, the _Groper_ (q.v.). It is
variously called a _Cod_, a _Perch_ and a
_Sea-Perch_. See quotations.
1845 (about). 'New Plymouth's National Song,' Hursthouse's
'New Zealand,' p 217:
"Lowing herds on every side,
Hapuka in every tide."
1855. Rev. R. Taylor, 'Te Ika a Maui, p. 411:
"Hapuku, or whapuku, commonly called the cod, but a much richer
fish in flavour: externally it more resembles the salmon, and
is known in New Holland as the dew or Jew-fish. It attains
a large size and is considered the best fish of New Zealand."
1862. Anon., 'From the Black Rocks on Friday,' 'All the Year
Round,' May 17, 1862, No. 160:
"A kind of codfish called by the natives whapuku or hahpuka."
1878. P. Thomson, 'Transactions of New Zealand Institute,'
vol. XI. art. lii. p. 383:
"The hapuka, or groper, was in pretty regular supply."
1880. Guenther, 'Study of Fishes,' p. 392:
"The second (Oligorus gigas) is found in the sea, on the coast
of New Zealand, and called by the Maoris and colonists 'Hapuku'
. . . Dr. Hector, who has had opportunities of examining it in
a fresh state, has pointed out anatomical differences from the
Murray Cod."
1880. W. Colenso, 'Transactions of the New Zealand Institute,'
vol. XIII. art. ii. p. 46:
"A feast of good things prepared--eels, and hapuku (codfish),
and taro."
1884. W. D. Hay, in the 'Field,' May 10, p. 637, col. 1:
"The pakirikiri(_Percis colias_) is the fish to which
settlers in the north of New Zealand generally give the name of
whapuka."
1895. 'Oxford English Dictionary' (s.v.Cod):
"In New Zealand, a serranoid fish _Polyprion prognathus_,
called by the Maories hapuku."
# Hardhead #, n, the English sportsman's name for the
ruddy duck _(Erismatura rubida_). Applied by sportsmen in
Australia to the White-eyed Duck, _Nyroca australis_,
Gould. See _Duck_.
# Hardwood #, _n._ The name is applied to many
Australian timbers something like teak, but especially to
_Backhousia bancroftii_, F. v. M. and Bailey,
N.O. Myrtaceae. In Tasmania, it means any gum-timber
(_Eucalyptus_). It is in constant and universal use for
building and fencing in Australia.
1888. Candish, 'Whispering Voices,' p. 108:
"Sitting on a block of hardwood . . . is the gray-haired
forest feller."
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Miner's Right,' c. iii. p. 24:
"It was a hammer-like piece of hardwood above a plate of tin."
1891. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Sydney-side Saxon,' p. 93:
"A hardwood slab-door weighs a goodish deal, as any one may
find out that has to hump it a hundred yards."
Hardyhead, _n._ name given in Sydney to the fish
_Atherina pinguis_, Lacep., family _Atherinidae_.
# Hare-Kangaroo #, _n._ a small Kangaroo, resembling
the British hare. Called also _Hare-Wallaby_. The
scientific name is _Lagorchestes_ (q.v.).
1871. G. Krefft, 'Mammals of Australia':
"The Hare-kangaroos, so called from their resemblance to that
well known rodent, are the fleetest of the whole tribe, and
though they do not exceed a common hare in bulk, they can make
clear jumps of eight and ten feet high."
# Hare-Wallaby #, _n._ See _Hare-Kangaroo,
Wallaby_, and _Lagorchestes_.
# Harlequin-Pigeon #, _n._ formerly referred to
the genus _Peristera_, but now to the genus _Phaps_.
It is commonly called in the interior the "flock" pigeon.
1847. L. Leichhardt, 'Overland Expedition,' p. 296:
"Large flocks of _Peristera histrionica_ (the harlequin-
pigeon) were lying on the patches of burnt grass on the plains."
# Harmonic Thrush #, _n._ See _Port Jackson
Thrush_.
# Harpagornis #, _n._ a scientific name for a partly
fossilised, huge raptorial bird of New Zealand. From Greek
HARPA? _harpax_ robbing, and _'ornis_, a bird.
1878. A. Newton, 'Encyclopaedia Britannica,' vol. iii. p. 731:
"There is a harpagornis, a bird of prey of stature sufficient
to have made the largest dinornis its quarry."
# Harrier #, _n._ English bird-name (that which
harries), assigned in New Zealand to _Circus gouldii_,
Bonap. (also called _Swamp-hawk_), and in Australia to
_C. assimilis_, Jard. and Selb., or _C. approximans_,
Bonap., called _Spotted Harrier_.
1888. W. L. Buller, 'Birds of New Zealand,' vol. i. p. 206:
"_Circus Gouldi_, Bonap., New Zealand harrier, or Gould's
harrier."
# Hat, Black #, _n._ slang for a new immigrant.
1887. R. M. Praed, 'Longleat of Kooralbyn,' c. xxviii. p. 277:
"Lord! if I were Mr. Dyson Maddox, I'd never let it be said
that a black hat had cut me out sweetheartin'."
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Colonial Reformer,' c. iii. p. 21:
"A 'black hat' in Australian parlance means a new arrival."
# Hat, Old #. See _Old-hat_.
# Hatter #. (1) A solitary miner--miner who works without
a mate partner: sc. one who has everything under his own hat.
1869. Brough Smyth, 'Goldfields of Victoria,' p. 613
('Glossary of Mining Terms'):
"One who works alone. He differs from the fossicker who rifles
old workings, or spends his time in trying abandoned washdirt.
The hatter leads an independent life, and nearly always holds a
claim under the bye-laws."
1884. R. L. A.Davies, 'Poems and Literary Remains,' p. 267:
"Oh, a regular rum old stick; . . . he mostly works a 'hatter.'
He has worked with mates at times, and leaves them when the
claim is done, and comes up a 'hatter' again. He's a regular
old miser."
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'The Miner's Right,' p. 37:
"Instead of having to take to fossicking like so many 'hatters'
--solitary miners."
(2) By extension to other professions.
1893. 'The Herald' (Melbourne), Aug. 28, p. i. col. 7:
"He had been a burglar of the kind known among the criminal
classes as 'a hatter.' That is to say, he burgled 'on his own
hook,' never in a gang. He had never, he told me, burgled with
a companion."
# Hatteria #, _n._ scientific name for a genus of
reptiles containing a Lizard peculiar to New Zealand, the only
living representative of the order _Rhynchocephalinae_.
See _Tuatara_.
# Hatting #, _quasi pres. partic_., solitary mining.
See _Hatter_.
1891. 'The Age,' Nov. 25, p. 6, col. 7:
"Two old miners have been hatting for gold amongst the old
alluvial gullies."
# Hat-tree #, _n._ name given to a species of
_Sterculia_, the Bottle-trees (q.v.).
# Hau-hau #, _n._ a Maori superstition. This
superstition arose in Taranaki in 1864, through the crazy
fancies of the chief Te Ua, who communed with angels and
interpreted the Bible. The meaning of the word is obscure, but
it probably referred to the wind which wafted the angels to the
worshippers whilst dancing round an erect pole. Pai Marire was
another name for the superstition, and signifies "good and
peaceful." (See Gudgeon's 'War in New Zealand,' p. 23 sq.;
also Colenso's pamphlet on 'Kereopa,' p. 4.)
# Hawk #, _n._ This common English bird-name is
applied in Australia to many species--
Brown-Hawk--
_Hieracadiea orientalis_, Sehl.
Crested-H.--
_Baza subcristata_, Gould.
Eagle-H.--
_Another name_ for Wedge-tailed Eagle. (See _Eagle_
and _Eagle-hawk_.)
Fish-H.--
Another name for _Osprey_. (See _Fish-hawk_.)
Gos-H.--
_Astur approximans_, V. and H.
Grey Gos-H.--
_A. cinereus_, Vieill.
Lesser Gos-H.--
_A. cruentus_, Gould.
Lesser White Gos-H.--
_A. leucosomus_, Sharpe.
Red Gos-H.--
_A. radiatus_, Lath.
Sparrow-H.--
_Accipiter cirrhocephalus_, Vieill.
Striped Brown-H.--
_Hieracidea berigora_, V. and H. [See _Berigora_.]
Swamp-H. [See _Harrier_.]
White Gos-H.--
_Astur novae-hollandiae_, Gm.
See also _Nankeen-Hawk_, and _Night-Hawk_.
In New Zealand, the varieties appear in the quotation,
1889.
1888. W. L. Buller, 'Birds of New Zealand,' vol. i. p. 206:
[A complete description.]
1889. Prof. Parker, 'Catalogue of New Zealand Exhibition,'
p. 117:
"Of the three species recognized, two, the quail-hawk (_Harpa
Novae Zealandiae_) and the bush-hawk (_H. ferox_) [or
sparrow-hawk], belong to a genus peculiar to New Zealand."
[The third is the New Zealand harrier, _Circus Gouldi_,
also found in Australia.]
# Hazel #, _n._ name applied in Victoria to the tree
_Pomaderris apetala_, Labill., _N.O. Rhamnaceae_.
1889. J. H. Maiden. 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 590:
"Called 'hazel' in 'Victoria. A tall shrub, or small tree.
The wood is excellent, of a beautiful satiny texture, and
adapted for carvers' and turners' work. [Grows in] all the
colonies except Western Australia and Queensland."
# Head #, _n._ the rammer for crushing quartz in
gold-mining.
1890. 'Goldfields of Victoria,' p.7:
"Forty additional heads will be shortly added to the crushing
power, bringing the battery up to sixty heads."
# Head-Station #, _n._ the principal buildings,
including the owner's or manager's house, the hut, store, etc.,
of a sheep or cattle run.
1885. Mrs. Campbell Praed [Title]:
"The Head Station."
# Heart-Pea #, _n._ i.q. _Balloon-Vine_ (q.v.).
# Heartsease #, _n._ i.q. _Brooklime_, (q.v.).
# Heartseed #, _n._ i.q. _Balloon-Vine_ (q.v.)
# Heartwood #. _n._ See _Ironwood_.
# Heath #, _n._ In Tasmania, where the Epacris is of
very beautiful colour, this name is popularly used for
_Epacris impressa_, Labill., _N.O. Epacrideae_. See
_Epacris_.
# Hedgehog-Fruit #, _n._ Popular name applied to the
fruit of _Echinocarpus australis_, Benth.,
_N.O. Tiliaceae_. The tree is also called _Maiden's
Blush_ (q.v.).
# Hedge-Laurel #, _n._ a name given to the tree
_Mapau_ (q.v.), an evergreen shrub of New Zealand, of the
genus _Pittosporum_ (q.v.). It has dark glossy foliage
and handsome flowers, and is planted and cultivated in the form
of tall garden hedges. See also _Laurel_.
# Hei-tiki #, _n._ Maori name for a neck ornament
made of greenstone (q.v.).
1835. W. Yate, 'Account of New Zealand,' p. 151:
"The latter idea [that they are representatives of gods] was
conceived from the hei-tiki being taken off the neck, laid down
. . . and then wept and sung over."
1889. Dr. Hocken, 'Catalogue of New Zealand Exhibition,'
p. 81:
"Hei means ornament for the neck. Tiki was the creator of man,
and these are the representations of him. By a sort of
license, they are occasionally taken to represent some renowned
ancestor of the possessor; but wooden Tikis, some of immense
size, usually represented the ancestors, and were supposed to
be visited by their spirits. These might be erected in various
parts of a pa, or to mark boundaries, etc. The Maories cling to
them as sacred heirlooms of past generations, and with some
superstitious reverence."
# Helmet-Orchis #, _n._ This English name is applied
in Australia to the orchid _Pterostylis cucullata_, R. Br.
1852. Mrs. Meredith, 'My Home in Tasmania,' vol. ii. p. 168:
"I also found three varieties of a singular green orchis,
of a helmet shape, growing singly, on rather tall slender
footstalks."
# Hemp, Queensland #, _n._ name given to the common
tropical weed _Sida rhombifolia_, Linn.,
_N.O. Malvaceae_. Called also _Paddy Lucerne_, and
in other colonies _Native Lucerne_, and _Jelly Leaf_.
It is not endemic in Australia.
# Hemp-bush, _n._ # the plant _Plagianthus
pulchellus_, A. Gray, N.O. Halvaceae, native of Australia
and New Zealand. Though not true hemp (_cannabis_), it
yields a fibre commercially resembling it.
# He-Oak #, _n._ See _Oak_ and _She-Oak_.
Heron, _n._ common English bird-name. The species present
in Australia are--
Ashy Reef H.--
_Demiegretta asha_, Sykes.
Great-billed H.--
_Ardea sumatrana_, Rafll.
Grey H.--
_A. cinerea_, Linn.
Night H.--
_Nycticorax caledonicus_, Lath.
Reef H.--
_Demiegretta sacra_, Gmel.
White-fronted H.--
_Ardea novae-hollandiae_, Lath.
White-necked H.--
A. pacifica, Lath.
The Cranes and the Herons are often popularly confused.
1884. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Melbourne Memories,' p. 11:
"There did I shoot . . . a blue crane--the Australian heron."
# Herring #, _n._ Various species of
_Clupeidae_, to which the European Herring belongs, are
known by this name in Australasia, and the word is also applied
to an entirely different fish, _Prototroctes maraena_,
Gunth., the _Yarra Herring_, _Freshwater Herring_,
_Grayling_ (q.v.), or _Cucumber-Mullet_, found in the
rivers of Victoria or Tasmania. The _Clupeidae_ are
_Clupea sagax_ (called also _Maray_, q.v., and
_Pilchard_), _C. sundaica_, _C. hypselosoma_
Bleek., _C. novae-hollandiae_, Cuv, and Val.,
_C. vittata_, Castln, (called the _Smelt_, q.v.), and
others. In Western Australia _Chatoessus erebi_,
Richards., is called the _Perth Herring_. See also
_Picton Herring_, _Aua_, and _Sardine_.
# Herring-cale #, _n._ name given in New South Wales
to the fish Olistherops brunneus, Macl., family Labridae, or
Wrasses.
# Hickory #, _n._ The name _Hickory_ is
originally American, and is derived from the North-American
Indian; its earliest form was _Pohickery_. The tree
belongs to the genus _Carya_. The wood is excellent for
gig-shafts, carriage-poles, fishing-rods, etc. The name is
applied in Australia to various trees whose wood is suitable
for similar purposes. In Tasmania, the name _Hickory_ is
given to _Eriostemon squameus_, Labill.,
_N.O. Rutacea_. _Native Hickory_, or Hickory-Acacia,
is _Acacia leprosa_, Sieb., _N.O. Leguminosae_, and
in the southern part of New South Wales, _Acacia
melanoxylon_. (Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 358.)
1884. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Melbourne Memories,' c. v. p. 35:
"The beautiful umbrageous blackwood, or native hickory, one of
the handsomest trees in Australia."
# Hickory-Eucalypt #, _n._ one of the names for the
tree _Eucalyptus punctata_, DeC., _N.O. Myrtaceae_.
Called also _Leather-jacket_ (q.v.).
# Hickory-Wattle #, _n._ a Queensland name for
_Acacia aulacocarpa_, Cunn., _N.O. Leguminosae_;
called _Hickory_ about Brisbane.
# Hielaman #, _n._ a word of Sydney and
neighbourhood. The initial _h_, now frequently used by
the natives, is not found in the earliest forms. The
termination _man_ is also English. Elimang (Hunter),
e-lee-mong (Collins), hilaman (Ridley). A narrow shield of an
aboriginal, made of bark or wood. Notice Mr. Grant's
remarkable plural (1881 quotation).
1798. D. Collins, 'Account of English Colony in New South
Wales,' p. 612:
"E-lee-mong-shield made of bark."
1834. L. E. Threlkeld, 'Australian Grammar,' p. 5:
"As an initial, _h_ occurs in only a few words,
such as hilaman, a 'shield.'"
Ibid. p. 10:
"As a barbarism, 'hillimung-a shield.'"
[A barbarism means with Mr. Threlkeld little more than "not
belonging to the Hunter district."]
1839. T. L. Mitchell, 'Three Expeditions into the Interior
of Eastern Australia,' vol. ii. p. 349:
"There is much originality in the shield or hieleman of these
people. It is merely a piece of wood, of little thickness, and
two feet, eight inches long, tapering to each end, cut to an
edge outwards, and having a handle or hole in the middle,
behind the thickest part."
1852. G. C. Mundy, 'Our Antipodes' (edition 1355), p. 102:
"The hieleman or shield is a piece of wood, about two and a
half feet long, tapering to the ends, with a bevelled face not
more than four inches wide at the broadest part, behind which
the left hand passing through a hole is perfectly guarded."
1865. S. Bennett, 'Australian Discovery,' p. 251:
"Hieleman, a shield. Saxon, heilan; English, helm or helmet
(a little shield for the head)."
[This is a remarkable contribution to philological lore. In no
dictionary is the Saxon "heilan" to be found, and a misprint
may charitably be suspected. There is no doubt that the
_h_ is an English Cockney addition to the aboriginal word.
It would need an ingenious fancy to connect "e-leemong" with
"helm."]
1873. J. B. Stephens, 'Black Gin, etc.,' p. 26:
"No faint far hearing of the waddies banging
Of club and heelaman together clanging,
War shouts and universal boomeranging."
1881. A. C. Grant, 'Bush Life in Queensland,' vol. i. p. 66:
"Nullah-nullahs, paddy-melon sticks, boomerangs, tomahawks,
and _heelimen_ or shields lay about in every direction."
# Hielaman-tree #, _n._ another name for the
_Bats-wing Coral_ (q.v.), _Erythrina vespertilio_,
Benth., _N.O. Leguminosae_.
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 426:
"'Heilaman [sic] tree.' The wood is soft, and used by
the aborigines for making their 'heilamans' or shields."
# Hinau #, _n._ Maori name for the New Zealand tree,
_Elaeocarpus dentatus_, Vahl., _N.O. Tiliaceae_.
1845. E. J. Wakefield, 'Adventures in New Zealand,'
vol. ii. p. 317:
"Another export was much talked of. This was the bark of the
hinau, a large forest tree which abounds all over the country
near Cook's Strait. The natives extract from this bark the
black dye for their mats."
1873. 'Catalogue of Vienna Exhibition':
"Hinau--a white wood used for turner's work."
Ibid.:
"The natives produce the black dye for their flax-work, for
which purpose the bark is first bruised and boiled for a short
time. When cold the flax is put into the mixture . . . it is
then steeped thoroughly for two days in red swamp mud, rich in
peroxide of iron."
1883. J. Hector, 'Handbook of New Zealand,' p. 130:
"Hinau, a small tree about fifty feet high and eighteen inches
thick in stem, with brown bark which yields a permanent
blue-black dye, used for tanning . . . used by Maoris for
colouring mats and baskets. Wood a yellowish brown colour and
close-grained; very durable for fencing and piles."
# Hoki #, _n._ a New Zealand fish, _Coryphaenoides
novae-zelandiae_. _Coryphaenoides_ belongs to the
family _Macruridae_, which are deep-sea Gadoids. See
_Tasmanian Whip-tail_.
# Holly, Native #, _n._ name given in Australia to
the tree _Lomatia ilicifolia_, R. Br., _N.O. Proteaceae_,
and in Tasmania to _Coprosma hirtella_, Labill., _N.O.
Rubiaceae_; called also _Coffee Plant_.
# Holly, Smooth #, _n._ name given to the tree
_Hedycarya angustifolia_, A. Cunn.,
_N.O. Monimiaceae_; called also _Native Mulberry_.
# Hollyhock-tree #, _n._ name given to _Hibiscus
splendens_, Fraser, _N.O. Malvaceae_.
# Holy City #, _n._ a nickname for Adelaide. See
_Farinaceous City_.
1875. R. and F. Hill, 'What we Saw in Australia,' p. 264:
". . . including so many churches that we are at a loss to
understand why Adelaide should, in virtue of her supposed
superabundance, be nicknamed by her neighbours the Holy City."
# Holy-cross Toad #, _n._ See _Catholic Frog_.
# Holy-Dollar #, _n._ punning name for a dollar out
of which a _Dump_ (q.v.) had been punched.
1822. 'Hobart Town Gazette,' Aug. 10 [Proclamation by Sir
Thomas Brisbane, Governor-in-Chief of New South Wales
and its dependencies, then including Van Diemen's Land]
"Whereas in the Year of our Lord 1813, it was deemed expedient
to send a Quantity of Spanish Dollars to the Colony. . . . And
whereas His Excellency, the then Governor, thought proper to
direct, that every such Dollar, with a small circular Piece of
Silver, struck out of its Centre, should be current within this
Territory, and every part thereof, for the Sum of Five
Shillings."
[These were called _holy (holey) dollars_, or ring
dollars, though the name does not occur in the above
quotation.]
1857. D. Bunce, 'Australasiatic Reminiscences,' p. 59:
"We were more particularly struck with the character and
various kinds of currency [in Tasmania in 1833]. Our first
change for a pound consisted of two dumps, two holy dollars,
one Spanish dollar, one French coin, one half-crown, one
shilling, and one sixpence."
# Honey-Ant #, n. name given to various species of Ants,
in which the body of certain individuals becomes enormously
distended by sweet food with which they are fed by the worker
ants, for whom this store of honey serves as a food supply.
When the side of the distended abdomen is tapped, the ant
passes the 'honey' out of its mouth, and it is then eaten.
Three species are known in Australia, _Camponotus
inflatus_, Lubbock; _C. cowlei_, Froggatt; and _C.
midas_, Froggatt. The aboriginal name of the first is
'Yarumpa.'
1896. W. W. Froggatt, 'Horne Expedition in Central Australia,'
pt. ii. p. 386:
"Our Australian honey ants belong to the genus Camponotus,
members of which are found to all parts of the world, and are
known as 'sugar-ants,' from their fondness for all kinds of
sweets."
# Honey-bird #, _n_. See next word.
# Honey-eater #, _n_. an Australian bird, with a
tongue specially adapted for being formed into a tube for the
absorption of honey from flowers. The name is applied to the
following species--
Banded Honey-eater--
_Myzomela pectoralis_, Gould.
Black H.--
_M. nigra_, Gould.
Black-chinned H.--
_Melithreptus gularis_, Gould.
Black-headed H.--
_M. melanocephalus_, Gould.
Blue-faced H.--
_Entomyza cyanotis_, Swain. [See Blue-eye.]
Bridled H.--
_Ptilotis frenata_, Ramsay.
Broadbent H.--
_Stigmatops alboauricularis_, Ramsay.
Brown H.--
_S. ocularis_, Gould.
Brown-backed H.--
_Glyciphila modesta_, Gray.
Brown-headed H.--
_Melithreptus brevirostrus_.
Cockerill H.-
_Ptilotis cockerelli_, Gould.
Crescent H.--
_Meliornis australasiana_, Shaw.
Dusky H.--
_Myzomela obscura_, Gould.
Fasciated H.--
_Ptilotis fasciogularis_, Gould.
Fuscous H.--
_P. fusca_, Gould.
Gay H.--
_Melithreptus vinitinatus_, Gould.
Golden-backed H.--
_M. latior_, Gould.
Helmeted H.--
_Ptilotis cassidix_, Jard.
Least H.--
_Stigmatops subocularis_,
Long-billed H.--
_Meliornis longirostris_, Gould.
Moustached H.--
_M. mystacalis_, Gould.
New Holland H.--
_M. novae_-hollandiae, Lath.
Painted H.--
_Entomophila picta_, Gould.
Pied H.--
_Certhionyx leucomelas_, Cuv.
Red-headed Honey-eater--
_Myzomela erythrocephala_, Gould.
Red-throated H.--
_Entomophila rufigularis_,
Rufous-breasted H.--
_E. albigularis_, Gould.
Sanguineous H.--
_Myzomela sanguineolenta_, Lath. [See Blood-bird.]
Singing H.--
_Ptilotis vittata_, Cuv.
Spiny-cheeked H.--
_Acanthochaea rufigularis_, Gould.
Streak-naped H.--
_Ptilotis filigera_, Gould.
Striped H.--
_Plectorhyncha lanceolata_, Gould.
Strong-billed H.--
_Melithreptus validirostris_, Gould. [See also Cherry
picker.]
Tawny-crowned H.--
_Glyciphila fulvifrons_, Lewin.
Varied H.--
_Ptilotis versicolor_, Gould.
Warty-faced H.--
_Meliphaga phrygia_, Lath. (Called also the Mock
Regent-bird, q.v.)
Wattle-cheeked H.--
_Ptilotis cratitia_, Gould.
White-breasted H.--
_Glyciphila fasciata_, Gould.
White-cheeked H.--
_Meliornis sericea_, Gould.
White-eared H.--
_Ptilotis leucotis_, Lath.
White-fronted H.--
_Glyciphila albifrons_, Gould.
White-gaped H.--
_Stomiopora unicolor_, Gould.
White-naped H.--
_Melithreptus lunulatus_, Shaw. [See also Golden-Eye.]
White-plumed H.--
_Ptilotis penicillata_, Gould.
White-quilled H.--
_Entomyza albipennis_, Gould.
White-throated H.--
_Melithreptus albogularis_, Gould.
Yellow H.--
_Ptilotis flavescens_, Gould.
Yellow-eared H.--
_P. lewini_, Swains.
Yellow-faced H.--
_P. chrysops_, Lath.
Yellow-fronted H.--
_P. plumula_, Gould.
Yellow-plumed H.--
_P. ornata_, Gould.
Yellow-spotted H.--
_P. gracilis_, Gould.
Yellow-streaked H.--
_P. macleayana_, Ramsay.
Yellow-throated H.--
_P. flavicollis_, Vieill.
Yellow-tinted H.--
_P. flava_, Gould.
Yellow-tufted H.--
_P. auricomis_, Lath.
Gould enumerated the species, nearly fifty years ago, in his
'_Birds of_ Australia' (vol. iv.) as follows:--
Plate
_Meliphaga Novae-Hollandiae_, Vig. and Horsf,
New Holland Honey-eater ... ... ... 23
_M. longirostris_, Gould, Long-billed H. ... 24
_M. sericea_, Gould, White-cheeked H. ... ... 25
_M. mystacalis_, Gould, Moustached H. ... ... 26
_M. Australasiana_, Vig. and Horsf, Tasmanian H. 27
_Glyciphila fulvifrons_, Swains., Fulvous-fronted H.
... 28
_G. albifrons_, Gould, White-fronted H. ... 29
_G. fasciata_, Gould, Fasciated H. ... ... 30
_G. ocularis_, Gould, Brown H. ... ... 31
_Ptilotis chrysotis_, Yellow-eared H.... ... 32
_P. sonorus_, Gould, Singing H. ... ... 33
_P. versicolor_, Gould, Varied H. ... ... 34
_P. flavigula_, Gould, Yellow-throated H. ... 35
_P. leucotis_, White-eared H. ... ... 36
_P. auricomis_, Yellow-tufted H. ... ... 37
_P. cratilius_, Gould, Wattle-cheeked H. ... 38
_P. ornatus_, Gould, Graceful Ptilotis ... 39
_P. plumulus_, Gould, Plumed P. ... ... 40
_P. flavescens_, Gould, Yellow-tinted H. ... 41
_P. flava_, Gould, Yellow H. ... ... 42
_P. penicillatus_, Gould, White-plumed H. ... 43
_P. fuscus_, Gould, Fuscous H. ... ... 44
_P. chrysops_, Yellow-faced H. ... ... 45
_P. unicolor_, Gould, Uniform H. ... ... 46
_Plectorhyncha lanceolata_, Gould, Lanceolate H. 47
_Zanthomyza Phrygia_, Swains., Warty-faced H. .. 48
_Melicophila picata_, Gould, Pied H. ... ... 49
_Entomophila pitta_, Gould, Painted H. ... 50
_E. albogularis_, Gould, White-throated H. ... 51
_E. rufogularis_, Gould, Red-throated H. ... 52
_Acanthogenys rufogularis_, Gould, Spiny-cheeked H.
53
_Anthochaera inauris_, Wattled H. ... ... 54
_A. Carunculata_, Wattled H. ... ... 55
[Buller, 'Birds of New Zealand,' vol. i. p. 106.]
_Myzomela sanguinolenta_, Sanguineous H. ... 63
_M. erythrocephala_, Gould, Red-headed H. ... 64
_M. pectoralis_, Gould, Banded H. ... ... 65
_M. nigra_, Gould, Black H. ... ... 66
_M. obscura_, Gould, Obscure H. ... ... 67
_Entomyza cyanotis_, Swains., Blue-faced Entomyza 68
_E. albipennis_, Gould, White-pinioned H. ... 69
_Melithreptus validirostris_, Gould, Strong-billed H.
... 70
_M. gularis_, Gould, Black-throated H. ... 71
_M. lunulatus_, Lunulated H. ... ... 72
_M. brevirostris_, Gould,
_M. chloropsis_, Gould, Swan River H. ... 73
_M. albogularis_, Gould, White-throated H.
(as well as pl. 51) ... 74
_M. melanocephalus_, Gould, Black-headed H. ... 75
_Myzantha garrula_, Vig. and Horsf, Garrulous H. 76
_M. obscura_, Gould, Sombre H. ... ... 77
_M. lutea_, Gould, Luteous H. ... ... 78
In the Supplement of 1869 Gould adds--
Plate
_Ptilotis cassidix_, Jard., Helmeted H. ... 39
_P. fasciogularis_, Gould, Fasciated H. ... 40
_P. notata_, Gould, Yellow-spotted H. ... 41
_P. filigera_, Gould, Streaked H. ... 42
_P. Cockerelli_, Gould, Cockerell's H. ... 43
_Tropidorhynchus buceroides_, Helmeted H. ... 44
[Note.--The Brush Wattle-birds, Friar-birds, Spine-bills,
and the Yellow-throated Minah, are known as Honey-eaters,
and the whole series are sometimes called Honey-birds.]
1897. A. J. Campbell (in 'The Australasian,' Jan. 23),
p. 180, col. i:
"The honey-eaters or meliphagous birds are a peculiar and
striking feature in Australian ornithology. As Gould points
out, they are to the fauna what the eucalypts, banksias, and
melaleucas are to the flora of Australia. They are closely
adapted to feeding on these trees. That great author asks:--
'What can be more plain than that the brushlike tongue is
especially formed for gathering the honey from the flower-cups
of the eucalypti, or that their diminutive stomachs are
especially formed for this kind of food, and the peculiar
insects which constitute a portion of it?'"
# Honey-Eucalypt #, _n_. See _Box-tree, Yellow_.
# Honey-flower #, _n_. _Lambertia formosa_, Smith,
_N.O. Proteaceae_.
1802. G. Barrington, 'History of New South Wales,' c. iv.
p. 101:
"They . . . returned . . . dreadfully exhausted, having
existed chiefly by sucking the wild honey-flower and shrubs."
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 37:
"'Honey-flower' or 'honeysuckle,' a plant as well known to
small boys about Sydney as to birds and insects. It obtains
its vernacular name on account of the large quantity of a clear
honey-like liquid the flowers contain. After sucking some
quantity the liquid generally produces nausea and headache."
# Honey-plant #, _n_. name given in Tasmania to
_Richea scoparia_ Hook., _N.O. Epacris_.
# Honeysuckle #, _n_. name given to the _Banksias_
(q.v.); also called _Bottle-brush_ (q.v.).
The species are--
Coast Honeysuckle--
_Banksia integrifolia_, Linn.
Common H.--
_B. marginata_, Cav.
Heath H.--
_B. serrata_, Linn.
New Zealand H.--
_Knightia excelsa_, R.Br.
Silvery H.--
_Grevillea striata_, R.Br.
Tasmanian H.--
_Banksia margirata_, Cav. /sic. Probably marginata/
1834. Ross, 'Van Diemen's Land Annual,' p. 125:
"Some scattered honeysuckles, as they, are called, but which,
being specimens of a ligneous evergreen shrub (_Banksia
Australis_), my English reader will please not to assimilate
in his mind's eye in any respect with the woodbine."
1846. G. H. Haydon, 'Five Years in Australia Felix,' p. 84:
"The honeysuckle (_Banksia integrifolia_) will greatly
disappoint those who, from its name, expect to see anything
similar to the sweet-scented climbers of English hedges and
gardens--this being a tree attaining to thirty or forty feet in
height, with spiral yellow flowers. The blossoms at the proper
seasons yield a great quantity of honey, which on a dewy
morning may be observed dropping from the flowers."
1848. Letter by Mrs. Perry, given in Goodman's 'Church
in Victoria during Episcopate of Bishop Perry,' p. 83:
"In the course of our journey today we passed through a thin
wood of honeysuckle trees, for, I should think, about three
miles. They take their name from the quantity of honey
contained in the yellow cone-shaped flower, which is much
prized and sucked by the natives--the aborigines, I mean."
1852. Mrs. Meredith, 'My Home in Tasmania,' vol. i. p. 164:
"The honeysuckle-tree (_Banksia latifolia_) is so
unreasonably named . . . so very unlike any sort or species of
the sweet old flower whose name it so unfittingly bears. . . .
The blossoms form cones, which when in full bloom, are much the
size and shape of a large English teazel, and are of a greenish
yellow. . . . The honeysuckle trees grow to about thirty feet
in height."
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 10:
"_Banksia_, spp., _N.O. Proteaceae_. The name
'honeysuckle' was applied to this genus by the early settlers,
from the fact that the flowers, when in full bloom, contain, in
a greater or lesser quantity, a sweet, honey-like liquid, which
is secreted in considerable quantities, especially after a dewy
night, and is eagerly sucked out by the aborigines."
1892. A. Sutherland, 'Elementary Geography of British
Colonies,' p. 271:
"It [banksia] is called the 'honeysuckle' by the people of
Australia, though it has no resemblance to an English
honeysuckle. Many of the banksias grow into stately trees."
# Honeywood #, _n_. name given in Tasmania to the tree
_Bedfordia salicina_, DeC., _N.O. Compositae_; also
there called _Dogwood_ (q.v.).
# Hoop-Pine #, _n_. another name for the tree
_Araucaria cunninghami_ or _Moreton-Bay Pine_.
See _Pine_.
# Hoot #, _n_. slang term for compensation, payment,
money; characteristic corruption of Maori _Utu_ (q.v.)
1896. 'Truth' (Sydney), Jan. 12:
"There are several specimens of bush slang transplanted from
the Maori language. 'Hoot' is a very frequent synonym for
money or wage. I have heard a shearer at the Pastoralist Union
office in Sydney when he sought to ascertain the scale of
remuneration, enquire of the gilt-edged clerk behind the
barrier, 'What's the hoot, mate?' The Maori equivalent for
money is _utu_, pronounced by the Ngapuhi and other
northern tribes with the last syllable clipped, and the word is
very largely used by the kauri-gum diggers and station hands in
the North Island. The original meaning of _utu_ in Maori
is 'revenge.' When the missionaries first settled in New
Zealand, they found that the savage inhabitants had no
conception of any recompense except the grim recompense of
blood. Under Christianizing influences the natives were
induced to forego the blood-revenge for injuries, on receiving
a solatium in goods or land, and so _utu_ came to have the
double meaning of revenge and recompense, and eventually became
recognized as the Maori word for money."
# Hop-bush #, _n_. "the name for all species of
_Dodonaea_" (Maiden, p. 417), _N.O. Sapindaceae_.
1883. F. M. Bailey, 'Queensland Flora,' Synopsis, p. 82:
"The capsules of many _Dodonaeas_ are used for hops,
and thus the shrubs are known as hop-bushes in Queensland."
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 621:
"'Hop-bush,' called 'switch-sorrel' in Jamaica, and according
to Dr. Bennett, 'apiri' in Tahiti. Found in all the colonies."
# Hopping-fish #, or # Climbing-fish #, _n_.
a fish of the north of New South Wales and of Queensland,
P_eriophthalmus australis_, Castln., family
_Gobiidae_. Called also _Skipper_.
1882. Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, 'Fish of New South Wales,'
p. 27:
"On the confines of the northern boundaries of New South Wales
may be seen a very remarkable Goby called the 'Hopping-fish.'
The pectoral fins are developed into regular legs, with which
the fish hops or leaps along the mud flats . . . The eyes are
on the top of the head, and very prominent, and moreover they
can be thrust very far out of their sockets, and moved
independently of one another, thus the fish can see long
distances around, and overtake the small crabs in spite of the
long stalks to their optics. It is a tropical form, yet it is
said to be found on the mud-flats of the Richmond River."
# Hops, Native #, or # Wild #, _n_. In
Australia, the fruit of the _Hop-bush_ (see above),
_Dodonaea_ spp. In Tasmania, _Daviesia latifolia_,
R.Br., _N.O. Leguminosae_, and called also there
_Bitter-Leaf_.
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 23:
"'Native hops,' on account of the capsules bearing some
resemblance to hops, both in appearance and taste. In the
early days of settlement the fruits of these trees were
extensively used, yeast and beer of excellent quality being
prepared from them. They are still so used to a small extent.
_D. attenuata_, A. Cunn., for instance, was largely used
in the Western District. In times of drought cattle and sheep
eat them."
1896. A. B. Paterson, 'Man from Snowy River,' p. 7:
"The wild-hop scrub grew thickly, and the hidden ground was full
Of wombat-holes, and any slip was death."
# Horizontal #, _n_. a Tasmanian shrub, _Anodopetalum
biglandulosum_, Cunn., _N.O. Saxifrageae_. Horizontal
Scrub, peculiar to the island, occurs in the western forests;
it derives its name from the direction of the growth of its
lower stems, and constitutes a tedious obstacle to the progress
of the traveller.
1888. R. M. Johnston, 'Geology of Tasmania' [Introd. p. vii:
"The Horizontal is a tall shrub or tree. . . . Its peculiar
habit--to which it owes its name and fame--is for the main stem
to assume a horizontal and drooping position after attaining a
considerable height, from which ascend secondary branches which
in turn assume the same horizontal habit. From these spring
tertiary branchlets, all of which interlock, and form . . .
an almost impenetrable mass of vegetation."
1891. 'The Australasian,' April 4: "That stuff as they calls
horizontal, a mess of branches and root."
# Hornerah #, _n_. aboriginal name for a throwing-stick;
a dialectic variation of Woomera (q.v.). a nonce-use.
1830. R. Dawson, 'Present State of Australia,' p. 20:
"I observed, too, that they used a stick, shaped thus __,
\
called the hornerah (which assists them in throwing the
spear)."
# Horn-Ray #, _n_. a New Zealand and Australian
_Ray_, the fish _Rhinobatus banksii_, Mull and Heule.
In this genus of Rays the cranial cartilage is produced into a
long rostral process (Guenther): hence the name.
# Horopito #, _n_. Maori name for the New Zealand
shrub, _Drimys axillaris_, Forst., _N.O. Magnoliaceae_;
called also _Pepper-tree_ (q.v.).
1847. G. F. Angas, 'Savage Life and Scenes in Australia and
New Zealand,' vol. ii. p. 17:
A delicious fragrance, like that of hyacinth and jessamine
mingled, filled the warm still air with its perfume. It arose
from the petals of a straggling shrub, with bright green
shining leaves resembling those of the nutmeg-tree; and a
profusion of rich and delicate blossoms, looking like waxwork,
and hanging in clusters of trumpet-shaped bells: I observed
every shade of colour amongst them, from pinkish white to the
deepest crimson, and the edges of the petals were irregularly
jagged all round. The natives call this plant horopito."
Ibid. p. 75:
"The fuchsia and the _horopito_ were also abundant."
1883. J. Hector, 'Handbook of New Zealand, p. 129:
"Horopito, pepper-tree, winter's bark. A small slender evergreen
tree, very handsome. Whole plant aromatic and stimulant; used
by the Maoris for various diseases. Wood very ornamental in
cabinet-work."
1889. T. Kirk, 'Forest Flora of New Zealand,' p. 1:
"The Horopito, or pepper-tree of the settlers, is an
ornamental shrub or small tree occurring in woods, on the
margin of which it is sometimes found in great abundance."
# Horse-Mackerel #, _n_. The name is applied in
Sydney to the fish _Auxis ramsayi_, Castln., family
_Scombridae_. In New Zealand it is _Caranx_ (or
_Trachurus) trachurus_, Cuv. and Val., which is the same
fish as the Horse-Mackerel of England. This is called
_Yellow-tail_ on the Australian coasts. See _Trevally_.
# Horseradish-tree #, _n_. name given to _Codonocarpus
cotinifolius_, F. v. M., _N.O. Phytolaceae_.
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 164:
"'Quinine-tree,' 'medicine-tree' of the interior. Called also
'horse-radish tree' owing to the taste of the leaves. The bark
contains a peculiar bitter, and no doubt possesses medicinal
properties. The taste is, however, quite distinct from
quinine."
# Horseshoe-Fern #, _n_. name given in New Zealand to
the fern _Marattia fraxinia_, Sm., called in Australia the
_Potato-Fern_. See under _Fern_.
# Hot Wind #, _n_. an Australian meteorological
phenomenon. See quotations, especially 1879, A. R. Wallace.
The phrase is of course used elsewhere, but its Australian use
is peculiar. The hot wind blows from the North.
Mr. H. C. Russell, the Government Astronomer of New South
Wales, writes--"The hot wind of Australia is a circulation of
wind about the anticyclone in the rear of which, as it moves to
the east, there is a strong force of wind from north to north-
west, which blowing over the heated plains of the interior
gathers up its excessive temperature and carries it to the
southern colonies. They seldom last more than two or three
days in Sydney, and the great heat by which they are remembered
never lasts more than a few hours of one day, and is always a
sign of the end, which is an inrush of southerly wind, the
circulation forming the front of the new incoming anticyclone."
1833. C. Sturt, 'Southern Australia,' Vol. II. c. iii.
p. 66:
"This was the only occasion upon which we felt the hot winds
in the interior."
1846. J. L. Stokes, 'Discoveries in Australia,' Vol. II.
c. vi. p. 243:
"These squalls generally succeed the hot winds that prevail
at this season in South Australia, coming from the interior."
Footnote--"During the hot winds we observed the thermometer,
in the direct rays of the sun, to be 135 degrees."
1846. Ibid. c. xii. p. 403:
"A hot wind set in; . . . at one time the thermometer at the
public offices [Adelaide] was 158 degrees."
1849. C. Sturt, 'Expedition into Central Australia,' vol.
ii. p. 90:
"I sought shelter behind a large gum tree, but the blasts of
heat were so terrific that I wondered the very grass did not
take fire. . . . Everything, both animate and inanimate, gave
way before it: the horses stood with their backs to the wind,
and their noses to the ground, without the muscular strength to
raise their heads; the birds were mute, and the leaves of the
trees, under which we were sitting, fell like a snow shower
around us. At noon I took a thermometer, graduated to 127
degrees, out of my box, and observed that the mercury was up to
125 degrees. Thinking that it had been unduly influenced, I
put it in the fork of a tree close to me, sheltered alike from
the wind and the sun. In this position I went to examine it
about an hour afterwards, when I found that the mercury had
risen to the top of the instrument, and that its further
expansion had burst the bulb. . . . We had reached our
destination, however, before the worst of the hot wind set in."
1850. J. B. Clutterbuck, 'Port Phillip in 1849,' p. 25:
"The immediate cause of the hot winds has given rise to much
speculation. . . . The favourite theory is that they are
generated in the sandy plains of the interior, which becoming
powerfully heated, pour their glowing breath upon the fertile
regions of the south."
1871. Dingo, 'Australian Rhymes,' p. 7:
"A hot wind swift envelopes me
In dust from foot to head."
1879. A. R. Wallace, 'Australasia,' (1893) vol. i. p. 39:
"They are evidently produced by the sinking down to the surface
of that north-westerly current of heated air which . . . is
always passing overhead. The exact causes which bring it down
cannot be determined, though it evidently depends on the
comparative pressure of the atmosphere on the coast and in the
interior. Where from any causes the north-west wind becomes
more extensive and more powerful, or the sea breezes diminish,
the former will displace the latter and produce a hot wind till
an equilibrium is restored. It is the same wind passing
constantly overhead which prevents the condensation of vapour,
and is the cause of the almost uninterrupted sunny skies of the
Australian summer."
1879. Rev. J. H. Zillmann, 'Australian Life,' p. 40:
"Scientific men, however, tell us that those hot winds are just
what make Australia so healthy a climate--that they act as
scavengers, and without them the death-rate of the colonies
would be alarmingly great."
# Hot-windy #,_ adj_. See above.
1871. Dingo, 'Australian Rhymes,' p. 18:
"A spell that still makes me forget
The dust and the hot-windy weather."
# Houhere #, or # Hohere #, _n_. Maori name for
a New Zealand tree, _Hoheria populnea_, A. Cunn.,
_N.O. Malvaceae_; called also _Lacebark_ (q.v.) and
xeRibbonwood (q.v.).
1883. J. Hector, 'Handbook of New Zealand,' p. 130:
"Houhere, ribbonwood of Dunedin. [The name is now more
general.] An ornamental shrub-tree ten to thirty feet high.
Bark fibrous and used for cordage, and affords a demulcent
drink. Wood splits freely for shingles, but is not durable.
. . . Bark used for making a tapa cloth by the Maoris in olden
times."
1889. T. Kirk, 'Forest Flora of New Zealand,' p. 87:
"In one or other of its varied forms the 'houhere' is found in
nearly every district in N.Z. It is everywhere admired for its
handsome foliage, and the beauty of its pure white flowers,
which are produced in vast profusion during the early winter
months. . . . The bark is capable of division into a number of
layers. . . . By settlers all forms are termed 'ribbonwood,'
or less frequently 'lace-bark'--names which are applied to
other plants; they are also termed 'thousand-jacket.'"
1895. 'Longman's Geography Reader for New Zealand,' p. 231:
"The houhere is a small tree with beautiful white flowers,
and the bark splits up into thin layers which look like delicate
lace; hence the plant is called lace-bark or ribbon-wood by
the colonists."
# Houi #, _n_. Maori name for New Zealand tree,
Ribbonwood (q.v.), _N.O. Malvaceae_, kindred to
_Hoheria, Plagianthus Betulinus_, sometimes called
_Howi_. In Maori, the verb _houwere_ means to tie,
to bind: the outer bark was used for tying.
# Hound #, _n_. (sometimes # Smooth Hound #),
the Old World name for all the sharks of the genus
_Mustelus_ ("the Hell-hound of the Deep"); applied
specially in New South Wales and New Zealand to the species
_Mustelus antarcticus_, Guenth., also called _Gummy_
(q.v.).
# Hovea #, _n_. scientific name for a genus of
shrubs. "After Anthony Pantaleon Hove, a Polish botanist.
A small genus of highly ornamental leguminous shrubs, from
Australia, having blue or purple flowers in axillary clusters,
or very short racemes, alternate simple leaves, and short
turgid pods." ('Century.')
# Huia #, _n_. Maori name for a New Zealand bird,
like a starling, _Heteralocha acutirostris_, Gould, of
limited occurrence, chiefly found in North Island; having beak
straight and short in the male, long and curved in female. The
tail feathers are highly prized for ornament by the Maoris.
1845. E. J. Wakefield, 'Adventures in New Zealand,' vol. i.
p. 91:
"The huia is a black bird about as large as a thrush, with long
thin legs and a slender semi-circular beak, which he uses in
seeking in holes of trees for the insects on which he feeds.
In the tail are four long black feathers tipt with white.
These feathers are much valued by the natives as ornaments for
the hair on great occasions. . . . The natives attracted the
birds by imitating the peculiar whistle, from which it takes
the name of huia."
1883. F. S. Renwick, 'Betrayed,' p. 36:
"One snow-tipped hui feather graced his hair."
1888. W. L. Buller, 'Birds of New Zealand,' vol. i. p. 7:
[A full description.]
# Hump, to #, _v_. to shoulder, carry on the back;
especially, to _hump the swag_, or _bluey_, or
_drum_. See _Swag, Bluey, Drum_.
1855. W. Howitt, 'Two Years in Victoria,' vol. i. p. 226:
"He 'humped his swag,' in digger's phrase, that is, shouldered
his pack and disappeared in the woods."
1857. 'Geelong Advertiser,' quoted in 'Argus,' Oct. 23,
p. 5, col. 3:
"The despised old chum bought his swag, 'humped it,' grumbled
of course."
1891. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Sydney-side Saxon,' p. 93:
"A hardwood slab-door weighs a goodish deal, as any one may
find out that has to hump it a hundred yards."
1893. Haddon Chambers, 'Thumbnail Sketches of Australian
Life,' p. 224:
"I 'humped my swag'--i.e. tied my worldly possessions,
consisting of a blanket, a pannikin, and an odd pair of boots,
upon my back-and 'footed it' for the capital."
1896. H. Lawson, 'When the World was Wide,' p. 134:
"But Bill preferred to hump his drum
A-paddin' of the hoof."
# Hump #, _n_. a long walk with a swag on one's back.
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Miner's Right,' c. 3, p. 46:
"We get a fair share of exercise without a twenty-mile hump on
Sundays."
# Humpy #, _n_. (1) a native hut. The aboriginal
word is Oompi; the initial h is a Cockney addition, and the
word has been given an English look, the appearance of the huts
suggesting the English word _hump_. [The forms
_himbing_ and _yamba_ occur along the East coast of
Australia. Probably it is kindred with _koombar_, bark,
in Kabi dialect, Mary River, Queensland.] The old convict
settlement in Moreton Bay, now broken up, was called Humpy Bong
(see _Bung_), sc. _Oompi Bong_, a dead or deserted
settlement. The aboriginal names for hut may be thus tabulated
Gunyah )
. . . New South Wales.
Goondie )
Humpy (Oompi) . . . Queensland.
Mia-mia . . . Victoria and Western Australia.
Wurley (Oorla) . . . South Australia.
Whare . . . New Zealand.
1846. C. P. Hodgson, 'Reminiscences of Australia,' p. 228:
"A 'gunyia' or 'umpee.'"
1873. J. Brunton Stephens, 'Black Gin,' p. 16:
"Lo, by the 'humpy' door, a smockless Venus."
(2) Applied to a settler's house, very small and primitive.
1881. A. C. Grant, 'Bush Life in Queensland,' vol. i. p. 133:
"To dwell in the familiar old bark 'humpy,' so full of happy
memories. The roof was covered with sheets of bark held down
by large wooden riders pegged in the form of a square to one
another."
1885. R. M. Praed, 'Australian Life,' p. 57:
"A lonely hut . . . and a kitchen--a smaller humpey--at the
back."
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Squatter's Dream,' p. 247:
"He's to bed in the humpy."
1893. Gilbert Parker, 'Pierre and his People,' p. 135:
"Shon McGann was lying on a pile of buffalo robes in a mountain
hut,--an Australian would call it a humpey."
# Hungry Quartz #, _n_. a miner's term for
unpromising _Quartz_ (q.v.)
# Huon-Pine #, _n_. a large Tasmanian evergreen tree,
_Dacrydium franklinii_, Hook, _N.O. Coniferae_. The
timber is prized in cabinet-work, being repellent to insects,
durable, and fairly easy to work; certain pieces are
beautifully marked, and resemble bird's-eye maple. The Huon is
a river in the south of Tasmania, called after a French
officer. See Pine.
1800. J. J. Labillardiere, 'Voyage a la Recherche de la
Perouse,' tom. i., Introd. p. xi:
"Ces deux flutes recurent des noms analogues au but de
l'entreprise. Celle que montoit le general, Dentrecasteaux,
fut nommee la Recherche, et l'autre, commandee par le major de
vaisseau, Huon Kermadec, recut le nom de l'Esperance. . . .
Bruny Dentrecasteaux [fut le] commandant de l'expedition, [et]
Labillardiere [fut le] naturaliste."
[Of these gentlemen of France and their voyage the names Bruni
Island, D'Entrecasteaux Channel, Recherche Bay, Port Esperance,
Kermandie [sic] River, Huon Island, Huon River, perpetuate the
memory in Southern Tasmania, and the Kermadec Islands in the
Southern Ocean.]
1820. C. Jeffreys, R.N., 'Geographical and Descriptive
Delineations of the Island of Van Diemen's Land,' p. 28:
"On the banks of these newly discovered rivers, and the
harbour, grows the Huon Pine (so called from the river
of that name, where it was first found)."
1829. 'The Tasmanian Almanack,' p. 87:
"1816. Huon pine and coal discovered at Port Davey and
Macquarie Harbour."
1832. J. Bischoff, 'Van Diemen's Land,' Vol. ii. p. 23:
"Huon-pine is by far the most beautiful wood found in the
island."
1852. G. C. Mundy, 'Our Antipodes,' (edition 1855) p. 515:
"Knots of the beautiful Huon pine, finer than bird's-eye maple
for ornamental furniture."
1865. Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, 'History of the Discovery
and Exploration of Australia,' vol. i. p. 71:
"The river was named the Huon, and has since become celebrated
for the production which yields the pretty cabinet-wood known
as Huon pine."
1890. Lyth, 'Golden South,' c. xii. p. 102:
"The huon-pine is of immense height and girth."
# Hut #, _n_. the cottage of a shepherd or a miner.
The word is English but is especially common in Australia, and
does not there connote squalor or meanness. The "Men's Hut" on
a station is the building occupied by the male employees.
1844. 'Port Phillip Patriot,' July 11, pt. 1, c. 3:
"At the head station are a three-roomed hut, large kitchen,
wool-shed, etc."
1862. G. T. Lloyd, 'Thirty-three Years in Tasmania,' p. 21:
"If a slab or log hut was required to be erected . . . a
cart-load of wool was pitchforked from the wasting heap,
wherewith to caulk the crevices of the rough-hewn timber
walls."
1884. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Melbourne Memories,' c. vi. p. 42:
"'The hut,' a substantial and commodious structure, arose in
all its grandeur."
1890. Id. 'Miner's Right,' c. vi. p. 62:
"Entering such a hut, as it is uniformly, but in no sense of
contempt, termed--a hut being simply lower in the scale than
a cottage--you will find there nothing to shock the eye or
displease the taste."
1891. W. Tilley, 'Wild West of Tasmania,' p. 29:
"Bark and weatherboard huts alternating with imposing hotels
and stores."
# Hut-keep #, _v_. to act as hut-keeper.
1865. S. Sidney, 'Three Colonies of Australia,' p. 380
"At this, as well as at every other station I have called at,
a woman 'hutkeeps,' while the husband is minding the sheep."
1890. 'Melbourne Argus,' June 14th, p. 4, col. 2:
"'Did you go hut-keeping then?' 'Wrong again. Did I go
hut-keeping? Did you ever know a hut-keeper cook for sixty
shearers?'"
# Hut-keeper #, _n_. Explained in quotations.
1802. D. Collins, 'Account of New South Wales,' vol. ii. p. 285:
"Old men, unfit for anything but to be hut-keepers who were to
remain at home to prevent robbery, while the other inhabitants
of the hut were at labour."
1846. J. L. Stokes, 'Discoveries in Australia,' vol. II. c.
iii. p. 458
"My object was to obtain these heads, which the
. . . hut-keeper instantly gave."
1853. G. Butler Earp, 'What we Did in Australia,' p. 17:
"The lowest industrial occupation in Australia, viz. a
hut-keeper in the bush . . . a station from which many of
the wealthiest flockmasters in Australia have risen."
1883. E. M. Curr, 'Recollections of Squatting in Victoria'
(1841-1851), p. 21:
"A bush hut-keeper, who baked our damper, fried our chops."
# Hyacinth, Native #, _n_. a Tasmanian flower,
_Thelymitra longifolia_, R. and G. Forst.,
_N.O. Orchideae_.
# Hyaena #, _n_. See _Thylacine_,
and _Tasmanian Tiger_.
# Hypsiprymnodon #, _n_. the scientific name of the
genus of the Australian animal called _Musk Kangaroo_.
(Grk. hupsiprumnos, with a high stern.) A very small,
rat-like, arboreal kangaroo, about ten inches long. The strong
musky odour from which it takes its vernacular name is
perceptible in both sexes.
1874. R. Lydekker, 'Marsupialia,' p. 73:
"The third and last subfamily (Hypsiprymnodontidae) of the
Macropodidae is represented solely by the remarkable creature
known, from its strong scent, as the Musk-kangaroo."
I
# Ibis #, _n_. There are twenty-four species of this
bird distributed over all the warmer parts of the globe. Those
present in Australasia are--
Glossy (Black, or Bay) Ibis--
_Ibis falcinellus_, Linn.
Straw-necked I.--
_Geronticus spinnicollis_, Jameson.
White I.--
_Threskiornis strictipennis_, Gould.
Of these the last two are confined to Australia, the first is
cosmopolitan.
1847. L. Leichhardt, 'Overland Expedition,' p. 155:
"All they had for supper and breakfast were a straw-coloured
ibis, a duck and a crow."
Ibid. p. 300:
"Crows were feasting on the remains of a black Ibis."
1848. J. Gould, 'Birds of Australia,' vol. vi.:
"_Geronticus spinicollis_, straw-necked ibis (pl. 45).
This beautiful ibis has never yet been discovered out of
Australia, over the whole of which immense country it is
probably distributed."
"_Threskiornis strictipennis_, white ibis" (pl. 46).
"_Ibis falcinellus_, Linn., glossy ibis" (pl. 47).
1892. 'The Australasian,' April 9, p. 707, col. 4:
"When the hoarse-voiced jackass mocked us, and the white-winged
ibis flew
Past lagoons and through the rushes, far away into the blue."
# Ice-Plant #, _n_. Tasmanian name for _Tetragonia
implexicoma_, Hook., _N.O. Ficoideae_, B. Fl. Various
species of _Tetragonia_ are cultivated as _Spinach_
(q.v.).
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 63:
"Called 'ice-plant' in Tasmania. Baron Mueller suggests that
this plant be cultivated for spinach. [Found in] all the
colonies except Queensland."
# Identity, Old #, _n_. phrase denoting a person well
known in a place. a term invented in Dunedin, New Zealand, in
1862, in a popular topical song, by Mr. R. Thatcher, an
improvisator. In the song the "Old Identity," the former
resident of Dunedin, was distinguished from the "New Iniquity,"
as the people were termed who came from Australia.
1879. W. J. Barry, 'Up and Down,' p. 197:
"The old identities were beginning to be alive to the
situation."
1894. 'Sydney Morning Herald,' Oct.:
"It is permissible to wonder about the origin of the phrase 'an
old identity.' Surely no man, however old, can be an identity?
An entity he is, or a nonentity; an individual, a centenarian,
or an oldest inhabitant; but identity is a condition of
sameness, of being identical with something. One can establish
one's identity with that of some one who is being sought or
sued, but once established it escapes us."
# Inaka #, _n_. a fish. See _Inanga_.
# Inanga # or # Inaka #, _n_. (the _ng_
as in the word _singer_, not as in _finger_),
a New Zealand fish, _Galaxias attenuatus_, or
_Retropinna richardsoni_. It is often called the
_Whitebait_ and _Minnow_, and in Tasmania the
larger variety is called _Jolly-tail_. The change
from _Inanga_ to _Inaka_ is a dialectal Maori
variation, answering exactly to the change from North
Island Kainga to South Island Kaik (q.v.).
1845. E. J. Wakefield, 'Adventures in New Zealand,' vol.
ii. p. 100:
"This fish is called hinanga [sic.], and resembles Blackwall
white-bait in size and flavour. Its colour is a pinkish white,
spotted with black."
1896. 'The Australasian,' Aug. 28, p. 407, col. 3:
"About the same size as this fish [the cockabully] is the
'inaka' much used for bait. Indeed, it is called the New
Zealand whitebait. A friend from Victoria having used this
bait, I asked him to spell the name of the fish, and he wanted
to make it like the patriarch who 'walked with God'
--Enoch-a. The more correct shape of the Maori word is inanga;
but in the South Island 'k' often takes the place of that
distinctive Maori letter 'ng,' as 'kainga' becomes kaik;
ngaio, kaio."
# Inchman #, _n_. a Tasmanian name for the
_Bull-dog Ant_ (q.v.), from its length, which is
sometimes nearly an inch.
# Indians #, pl. _n_. early and now obsolete name
for the Aboriginals in Australia and even for the Maoris.
1769. J. Banks, 'Journal,' Oct. 21 (Sir J. D. Hooker
edition), p. 191:
"We applied to our friends the Indians for a passage
in one of their canoes."
[These were Maoris.]
1770. Ibid. April 28:
"During this time, a few of the Indians who had not followed
the boat remained on the rock opposite the ship, threatening
and menacing with their pikes and swords."
[These were Australian Aboriginals.]
1825. Barron Field, 'Geographical Memoirs of New South Wales,'
p. 437:
"Some of the Indians have also seriously applied to be allowed
convict labourers, as the settlers are, although they have not
patience to remain in the huts which our Government has built
for them, till the maize and cabbage that have been planted to
their hands are fit to gather."
1830. 'The Friend of Australia,' p. 244:
"It is the observation of some writers, that the system pursued
in Australia for educating the children of the Indians is not
attended with success. The black children will never do any
good there, until some other plan is commenced . . ."
# Indigo, Native #, _n_. all the species of
_Swainsonia_, _N.O. Leguminosae_, are called "Native
Indigos." See _Indigo-plant_. In Tasmania, the Native
Indigo is _Indigofera australis_, Willd., _N.O_.
_Leguminosae_. The plants are also called
_Indigo-plant_ and _Darling-pea_ (q.v.).
_Swainsonia_ belongs to the same N.O. as _Indigofera
tinctoria_, which furnishes the Indigo of commerce.
1826. J. Atkinson, 'Agriculture and Grazing in New South
Wales,' p. 24:
"Indigo brushes are not very common; the timber in these is
generally white or blackbutted gum; the ground beneath is
covered with the native indigo, a very beautiful plant,
with a light purple flower."
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 140:
"The 'darling-pea' or 'indigo-plant' is a dreaded plant from
the great amount of loss it has inflicted on stockowners. Its
effect on sheep is well known; they separate from the flock,
wander about listlessly, and are known to the shepherds as '
pea-eaters,' or 'indigo-eaters.' When once a sheep takes to
eating this plant it seldom or never fattens, and may be said
to be lost to its owner. The late Mr. Charles Thorn, of
Queensland, placed a lamb which had become an 'indigo-eater' in
a small paddock, where it refused to eat grass. It, however,
ate the indigo plant greedily, and followed Mr. Thorn all over
the paddock for some indigo he held in his hand."
# Indented Servants #, _n_. same as _Assigned_
(q.v.) Servants.
1810. 'History of New South Wales' (1818), p. 352:
"Public Notice. Secretary's Office, Sydney, July 21, 1810.
A ship being daily expected to arrive here from England with
female convicts, whom it is His Excellency the Governor's
intention to distribute among the settlers, as indented
servants. . . ."
# Ink-plant #, _n_. another name for the "toot,"
a New Zealand shrub, _Coriaria thymifolia_, _N.O.
Coriarieae_. Called Ink-plant on account of its juice,
which soon turns to black. There is also an European
Ink-plant, _Coriaria myrtifolia_, so that this is
only a different species.
# Ironbark #, _n_. Early settlers gave this name
to several large Eucalypts, from the hardness of their bark,
especially to _E. leucoxylon_, F. v. M., and
_E. resinifera_, Smith. In Queensland it is applied to
_E. siderophloia_, Benth. See also Leguminous Ironbark,
and Lemon-scented Ironbark.
1802. G. Barrington, 'History of New South Wales,' c. viii.
p. 263:
"A species of gum-tree, the bark of which on the trunk is that
of the ironbark of Port Jackson."
1830. R. Dawson, 'Present State of Australia,' p. 183:
"It was made out of a piece of bark from a tree called
ironbark (nearly as hard when dry as an English elm-board)."
1865. Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, 'History of the Discovery
and Exploration of Australia,' vol. ii. p. 45:
"But this gradually changed to an ironbark (_Eucalyptus
resinifera_) and cypress-pine forest."
187. T. Laslett, 'Timber and Timber Trees', p. 199:
"The Ironbark-tree (_Eucalyptus resinifera_) is . . .
widely spread over a large part of Australia. . . . A lofty
forest tree of moderate circumference. . . . It is believed to
have been named as above by some of the earliest Australian
settlers on account of the extreme hardness of its bark; but it
might with equal reason have been called ironwood. The wood is
of a deep red colour, very hard, heavy, strong, extremely
rigid, and rather difficult to work . . . used extensively in
shipbuilding and engineering works in Australia; and in this
country (England) it is employed in the mercantile navy for
beams, keelsons, and . . . below the line of flotation."
1883. G. W. Rusden, 'History of Australia,' vol. i. p. 77:
"The ironbark (_Eucalyptus sideroxylon_) became from its
durability a synonym for toughness."
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Miner's Right,' c. xxvii. p. 248:
"The corrugated stems of the great ironbark trees stood black
and columnar."
1893. 'The Age,' May 11, p. 7, col. 3, (advt.):
"Monday, 15th May.--Supply in one or more contracts of not less
than 20 beams of 400 ironbark or box beams for cattle pits,
delivered at any station. Particulars at the office of the
Engineer for Existing Lines."
With qualifications. _Silver-leaved_--
1847. L. Leichhardt, 'Overland Expedition,' p. 65:
"The silver-leaved ironbark (_Eucalyptus pulverulentus_)
was here coming into blossom."
_Narrow-leaved_--
1847. Ibid. p. 154:
"The narrow-leaved ironbark [grew] on a lighter sandy soil."
# Iron hand #, a term of Victorian politics. It was a new
Standing Order introducing what has since been called the
Closure, and was first moved in the Victorian Legislative
Assembly on Jan. 27, 1876.
1876. 'Victorian Hansard,' Jan. 20, vol. xxiii. p. 2002:
"They [the Government] have dealt with the Opposition with
a velvet glove; but the iron hand is beneath, and they shall
feel it."
1884. G. W. Rusden, 'History of Australia,' vol. iii.
p. 406:
"The _cloture_, or the 'iron hand,' as McCulloch's
resolution was called, was adopted in Victoria, for one
session."
# Ironheart #, _n_. a New Zealand tree,
_Metrosideros tomentosa_, _N.O. Myrtaceae_; native
name, _Pohutukawa_.
1872. A. Domett, 'Ranolf,' p. 311:
"It was the 'downy ironheart'
That from the cliffs o'erhanging grew,
And o'er the alcove, every part,
Such beauteous leaves and blossoms threw."
"_Note_.--This most lovely tree is common about the
northern coasts and cliffs of the North Island and the banks of
Lake Tarawera."
# Ironwood #, _n_. The name is used of many
hard-wooded trees in various parts of the world. The
Australian varieties are--
Ironwood (Queensland)--
_Acacia excelsa_, Benth., _N.O. Leguminosae_;
_Melaleuca genistifolia_, Smith, _N.O. Myrtaceae_.
Ironwood (North Queensland)--
_Myrtus gonoclada_, F. v. M., _N.O. Myrtaceae_.
Ironwood (North New South Wales)--
_Olea paniculata_, R.Br., _N.O. Jasmineae_.
Ironwood (Tasmania)--
_Notelaea ligustrina_, Vent., _N.O. Jasmineae_.
Scrub Ironwood--
_Myrtus hillii_, Benth., _N.O. Myrtaceae_.
For _Ironwood_ of New Zealand, see _Puriri_.
1802. G. Barrington, 'History of New South Wales,' c. xii.
p. 479:
"A club of iron-wood, which the cannibals had left in the
boat."
1823. W. B. Cramp, 'Narrative of a Voyage to India,' p. 17:
". . . they have a short club made of iron wood, called a
waday, and a scimeter made of the same wood."
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 579:
"'Ironwood' and 'Heartwood' of Tasmania; 'Spurious Olive,'
'White Plum' of Gippsland. An exceedingly hard, close-grained
wood, used for mallets, sheaves of blocks, turnery, etc. The
heartwood yields a very peculiar figure ; it is a very fair
substitute for lignum-vitae."
# Irriakura #, _n_. an aboriginal name for the tubers
of _Cyperus rotundus_, Linn., _N.O. Cyperaceae_,
adopted by white men in Central Australia.
1896. E. C. Stirling, 'Home Expedition in Central
Australia,' Anthropology, p. 60:
"_Cyperus rotundus_. In almost every camp we saw large
quantities of the tunicated tubes of this plant, which are
generally called 'Erriakura' or 'Irriakura' by the Arunta
natives. . . Even raw they are pleasant to the taste, having
an agreeable nutty flavour, which is much improved by the
slight roasting."
# Ivory-wood #, _n_. an Australian timber,
_Siphonodon australe_, Benth., _N.O. Celastrinae_.
# Ivy #, _n_. a child's name for the ivy-leaf
geraniums, especially the double pink-flowered one called
Madame Kruse. In Australia the warm climate makes these all
evergreens, and they are trained over fences and walls,
sometimes to the height of twenty or thirty feet, supplanting
the English ivy in this use, and covered with masses of
flowers.
# Ivy, Native #, an Australian plant, _Muehlenbeckia
adpressa_, Meissn., _N.O. Polygonaceae_; called also
_Macquarie Harbour Vine_, or _Grape_. The name is
widely applied also to the acclimatised Cape Ivy, or German
Ivy (_Senecio scandens_).
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 46:
"'Native Ivy,' Macquarie Harbour Vine or Grape of Tasmania.
The currant-like fruits are sub-acid, and were, and perhaps
still are, used for tarts, puddings, and preserves; the leaves
taste like sorrel."
# Ivy, Wild #, _n_. an Australian creeper,
_Platylobium triangulare_, R. Br.,
_N.O. Leguminosae_.
# Ivy-tree #, _n_. New Zealand tree, genus
_Panax_, _N.O. Araliacae_; Maori name,
_Horoeka_. It is also called _Lancewood_ (q.v.).
1883. J. Hector, 'Handbook of New' Zealand,' p. 127:
"Horoeka, ivy-tree. an ornamental, slender, and
sparingly-branched tree. Wood close-grained and tough."
J
# Jabiru #, _n_. The word comes from Brazil, and was
first given there to the large stork _Mycteria (Xenorhynchus)
Americana_. The Australian species is _M. australis_,
Lath. It has the back and neck dark grey, changing on the neck
to scarlet. There is a black-necked stork in Australia
(_Xenorhynchus asiaticus_), which is also called the
_Jabiru_.
1847. L. Leichhardt, 'Overland Expedition,' p. 194:
"We saw a Tabiroo [sic] (_Mycteria_)."
1860. G. Bennett, 'Gatherings of a Naturalist,' p. 195:
"In October, 1858, I succeeded in purchasing a fine living
specimen of the New Holland Jabiru, or Gigantic Crane of the
colonists (_Mycteria Australis_)"
1890. C. Lumholtz, 'Among Cannibals,' p. 323:
"The splendid Australian jabiru (_Mycteria Australis_),
and I had the good fortune to shoot on the wing a specimen of
this beautiful variety of the stork family."
# Jacana #, _n_. a Brazilian word for a bird of the
genus _Parra_ (q.v.). The Australian species is the
Comb-crested Jacana, _Parra gallinacea_, Temm. It is also
called the _Lotus-bird_ (q.v.).
# Jack in a Box #, i.q. _Hair-trigger_ (q.v.).
1854. 'The Home Companion,' p. 554:
"When previously mentioning the elegant _Stylidium
graminifolium_ (grass-leaved Jack-in-a-box), which may be
easily known by its numerous grassy-like radical leaves, and
pretty pink flowers, on a long naked stem, we omitted to
mention a peculiarity in it, which is said to afford much
amusement to the aborigines, who are, generally speaking, fond
of, and have a name for, many of the plants common in their own
territories. The stigma lies at the apex of a long column,
surrounded and concealed by the anthers. This column is
exceedingly irritable, and hangs down on one side of the
flower, until it is touched, when it suddenly springs up and
shifts to the opposite side of the blossom or calyx."
1859. D. Bunce, 'Australasiatic Reminiscences,' p. 26:
"_Stylidium_ (native Jack in a box). This genus is
remarkable for the singular elasticity of the column stylis,
which support the anthers, and which being irritable, will
spring up if pricked with a pin, or other little substance,
below the joint, before the pollen, a small powder, is shed,
throwing itself suddenly over, like a reflex arm, to the
opposite side of the flower. Hence the colonial designation of
Jack in a box."
# Jack the Painter #, _n_. very strong bush-tea, so
called from the mark it leaves round the drinker's mouth.
1855. G. C. Mundy, 'Our Antipodes,' p. 163:
"Another notorious ration tea of the bush is called Jack the
Painter--a very green tea indeed, its viridity evidently
produced by a discreet use of the copper drying-pans in its
manufacture."
1878. 'The Australian,' vol. i. p. 418:
"The billy wins, and 'Jack the Painter' tea
Steams on the hob, from aught like fragrance free."
1880. Garnet Walch, 'Victoria in 1880,' p. 113
"Special huts had to be provided for them [the sundowners],
where they enjoyed eleemosynary rations of mutton, damper,
and 'Jack the Painter.'"
# Jackaroo #, _n_. a name for a Colonial Experience
(q.v.), a young man fresh from England, learning squatting;
called in New Zealand a Cadet (q.v.). Compare the American
"tenderfoot." A verse definition runs:
"To do all sorts and kinds of jobs,
Help all the men Jacks, Bills or Bobs,
As well as he is able.
To be neither boss, overseer, nor man,
But a little of all as well as he can,
And eat at the master's table."
The word is generally supposed to be a corruption (in imitation
of the word Kangaroo) of the words "Johnny Raw." Mr. Meston,
in the 'Sydney Bulletin,' April 18, 1896, says it comes from
the old Brisbane blacks, who called the pied crow shrike
(_Strepera graculina_) "tchaceroo," a gabbling and
garrulous bird. They called the German missionaries of 1838
"jackeroo," a gabbler, because they were always talking.
Afterwards they applied it to all white men.
1880. W. Senior, 'Travel and Trout,' p. 19:
"Jackaroos--the name given to young gentlemen newly arrived
from home to gather colonial experiences."
1881. A. C. Grant 'Bush Life in Queensland,' vol. i.
p. 53:
"The young jackaroo woke early next morning."
[Footnote]: "The name by which young men who go to the
Australian colonies to pick up colonial experience are
designated."
1885. H. Finch-Hatton, 'Advance Australia,' p. 85:
"Of course before starting on their own account to work a
station they go into the bush to gain colonial experience,
during which process they are known in the colony as
'jackaroos.'"
1891. Rolf Boldrewood, 'A Sydneyside Saxon,' p. 74:
"We went most of the way by rail and coach, and then a
jackaroo met us with a fine pair of horses in a waggonette.
I expected to see a first cousin to a kangaroo, when the
coachdriver told us, instead of a young gentleman learning
squatting."
1894. 'Sydney Morning Herald' (date lost):
"'Jack-a-roo' is of the same class of slang; but the unlucky
fellow--often gentle and soft-handed--who does the oddwork of a
sheep or cattle station, if he finds time and heart for letters
to any who love him, probably writes his rue with a
difference."
# Jackaroo #, _v_. to lead the life of a Jackaroo.
1890. Tasma, 'In her Earliest Youth,' p. 152:
"I've seen such a lot of those new chums, one way and another.
They knock down all their money at the first go-off, and then
there's nothing for them to do but to go and jackaroo up in
Queensland."
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Squatter's Dream,' c. xix. p. 239:
"A year or two more Jackerooing would only mean the consumption
of so many more figs of negro-head, in my case."
# Jackass-fish #, _n_. another Sydney name for the
_Morwong_ (q.v.).
# Jackass, Laughing #, _n_. (1) The popular name of
an Australian bird, _Dacelo gigas_, Bodd, the Great Brown
Kingfisher of Australia; see _Dacelo_. To an Australian
who has heard the ludicrous note of the bird and seen its
comical, half-stupid appearance, the origin of the name seems
obvious. It utters a prolonged rollicking laugh, often
preceded by an introductory stave resembling the opening
passage of a donkey's bray.
But the name has been erroneously derived from the French
_jacasse_, as to which Littre gives "_terme populaire.
Femme, fille qui parle beaucoup_." He adds, that the word
_jacasse_ appears to come from _jacquot_, a name
popularly given to parrots and magpies, our "Poll." The verb
_jacasser_ means to chatter, said of a magpie. The
quotation from Collins (1798) seems to dispose of this
suggested French origin, by proving the early use of the name
_Laughing Jackass_. As a matter of fact, the French name
had already in 1776 been assigned to the bird, viz. _Grand
Martin-pecheur de la Nouvelle Guinee_. [See Pierre
Sonnerat, _'Voyage a la Nouvelle Guinee_' (Paris, 1776),
p. 171.] The only possibility of French origin would be from
the sailors of La Perouse. But La Perouse arrived in Botany
Bay on January 26, 1788, and found Captain Phillip's ships
leaving for Sydney Cove. The intercourse between them was very
slight. The French formed a most unfavourable idea of the
country, and sailed away on March 10. If from their short
intercourse, the English had accepted the word _Jackass_,
would not mention of the fact have been made by Governor
Phillip, or Surgeon White, who mention the bird but by a
different name (see quotations 1789, 1790), or by Captain
Watkin Tench, or Judge Advocate Collins, who both mention the
incident of the French ships?
The epithet "laughing" is now often omitted; the bird is
generally called only a _Jackass_, and this is becoming
contracted into the simple abbreviation of Jack. A common
popular name for it is the _Settlers'-Clock_. (See
quotations--1827, Cunningham; 1846, Haydon; and 1847,
Leichhardt.) The aboriginal name of the bird is
_Kookaburra_ (q.v.), and by this name it is generally
called in Sydney; another spelling is _Gogobera_.
There is another bird called a _Laughing Jackass_ in New
Zealand which is not a Kingfisher, but an _Owl, Sceloglaux
albifacies_, Kaup. (Maori name, _Whekau_). The New
Zealand bird is rare, the Australian bird very common. The
so-called _Derwent Jackass_ of Tasmania is a _Shrike
(Cracticus cinereus_, Gould), and is more properly called
the _Grey Butcher-bird_. See _Butcher-bird_.
1789. Governor Phillip, 'Voyage,' p. 287:
Description given with picture, but under name "Great Brown
Kingsfisher" [sic].
Ibid. p. 156:
Similar bird, with description and picture, under name "Sacred
King's Fisher."
1790. J. White, 'Voyage to New South Wales,' p. 137:
"We not long after discovered the Great Brown King's Fisher,
of which a plate is annexed. This bird has been described by
Mr. Latham in his 'General Synopsis of Birds,' vol. ii. p. 603.
Ibid. p. 193:
"We this day shot the Sacred King's-Fisher (see plate annexed)."
1798. Collins, 'Account of English Colony in New South Wales,'
p. 615, (Vocabulary):
"Gi-gan-ne-gine. Bird named by us the Laughing Jackass.
Go-con-de--inland name for it."
1827. P. Cunningham, 'Two Years in New South Wales,' vol. i.
p. 232:
"The loud and discordant noise of the laughing jackass (or
settler's-clock, as he is called), as he takes up his roost on
the withered bough of one of our tallest trees, acquaints us
that the sun has just dipped behind the hills."
1827. Vigors and Horsfield, 'Transactions of Linnaean
Society,' vol. xv. p. 204:
"The settlers call this bird the Laughing Jackass. I have also
heard it called the Hawkesbury-Clock (clocks being at the
period of my residence scarce articles in the colony, there not
being one perhaps in the whole Hawkesbury settlement), for it
is among the first of the feathered tribes which announce the
approach of day."
1846. G. H. Haydon, 'Five Years in Australia Felix,'
p. 71:
"The laughing jackass, or settler's-clock is an uncouth looking
creature of an ashen brown colour . . . This bird is the
first to indicate by its note the approach of day, and thus it
has received its other name, the settler's clock."
1847. L. Leichhardt, 'Overland Expedition,' p. 234:
"I usually rise when I hear the merry laugh of the laughing-
jackass (_Dacelo gigantea_), which, from its regularity,
has not been unaptly named the settlers'-clock."
1848. J. Gould, 'Birds of Australia,' vol. ii. pl. 18:
"_Dacelo Gigantea_, Leach, Great Brown King Fisher;
Laughing Jackass of the Colonists."
1855. W. Howitt, 'Two Years in Victoria,' vol. i. p. 58:
"You are startled by a loud, sudden cackling, like flocks of
geese, followed by an obstreperous hoo! hoo! ha! ha! of the
laughing jackass (_Dacelo gigantea_) a species of jay."
[Howitt's comparison with the jay is evidently due to the azure
iridescent markings on the upper part of the wings, in colour
like the blue feathers on the jay.]
1862. F. J. Jobson, 'Australia,' c. vi. p. 145:
"The odd medley of cackling, bray, and chuckle notes from
the 'Laughing Jackass.'"
1872. C. H. Eden, 'My Wife and I in Queensland,' p. 18:
"At daylight came a hideous chorus of fiendish laughter, as if
the infernal regions had been broken loose--this was the song of
another feathered innocent, the laughing jackass--not half a bad
sort of fellow when you come to know him, for he kills snakes,
and is an infallible sign of the vicinity of fresh-water."
1880. T. W. Nutt, 'Palace of Industry,' p. 15:
"Where clock-bird laughed and sweet wildflowers throve."
[Footnote] "The familiar laughing jackass."
1880. Garnet Walch, 'Victoria in 1880,' p. 13:
"Dense forests, where the prolonged cacchinations of that cynic
of the woods, as A. P. Martin calls the laughing jackass,
seemed to mock us for our pains."
1881. A. C. Grant, 'Bush Life in Queensland,' vol. i. p. 37:
"The harsh-voiced, big-headed, laughing jackass."
1881. D. Blair, 'Cyclopaedia of Australasia,' p. 202:
"The name it vulgarly bears is a corruption of the French word
Jacasser, 'to chatter,' and the correct form is the 'Laughing
Jacasse.'"
[No. See above.]
1885. 'Australasian Printers' Keepsake,' p. 76:
"Magpies chatter, and the jackass
Laughs Good-morrow like a Bacchus."
1889. Rev. J. H. Zillmann, 'Australian Life,' [telling an
old story] p. 155:
"The Archbishop inquired the name of a curious bird which had
attracted his attention. 'Your grace, we call that the
laughing jackass in this country, but I don't know the
botanical [sic] name of the bird."
1890. C. Lumholtz, 'Among Cannibals, p. 27:
"Few of the birds of Australia have pleased me as much as this
curious laughing jackass, though it is both clumsy and
unattractive in colour. Far from deserving its name jackass,
it is on the contrary very wise and also very courageous. It
boldly attacks venomous snakes and large lizards, and is
consequently the friend of the colonist."
1890. Tasma, 'In her Earliest Youth,' p. 265:
"'There's a jackass--a real laughing jackass on that dead
branch. They have such a queer note; like this,, you know--'
and upon her companion's startled ears there rang forth, all of
a sudden, the most curious, inimitable, guttural, diabolical
tremolo it had ever befallen them to hear."
1890. 'Victorian Statutes-Game Act, Third Schedule':
"[Close season.] Great Kingfisher or Laughing Jackass.
The whole year. all Kingfishers other than the Laughing Jackass.
From the 1st day of August to the 20th day of December next
following in each year."
(2) The next quotations refer to the New Zealand bird.
1882. T. H. Potts, 'Out in the Open,' p. 122:
"_Athene Albifacies_, wekau of the Maoris, is known by
some up-country settlers as the big owl or _laughing
jackass_."
"The cry of the laughing jackass . . . Why it should share
with one of our petrels and the great _Dacelo_ of
Australia the trivial name of laughing jackass, we know not;
if its cry resembles laughter at all, it is the uncontrollable
outburst, the convulsive shout of insanity; we have never been
able to trace the faintest approach to mirthful sound in the
unearthly yells of this once mysterious night-bird."
1888. W. L. Buller, 'Birds of New Zealand,' vol. i. p. 198:
"_Sceloglaux albifacies_, Kaup., Laughing Owl; Laughing
Jackass of the Colonists."
[The following quotation refers to the _Derwent Jackass_.]
1880. Mrs. Meredith, 'Tasmanian Friends and Foes,' p. 110:
"You have heard of . . . the laughing jackass. We, too, have
a 'jackass,' a smaller bird, and not in any way remarkable,
except for its merry gabbling sort of song, which when several
pipe up together, always gives one the idea of a party of very
talkative people all chattering against time, and all at once."
# Jack-bird #, _n_. a bird of the South Island of New
Zealand, _Creadion cinereus_, Buller. See also
_Saddle-back_ and _Creadion_.
1888. W. L. Buller, 'Birds of New Zealand,' vol. i. p. 23:
"It has become the habit to speak of this bird as the Brown
Saddle-back; but this is a misnomer, inasmuch as the absence of
the 'saddle' is its distinguishing feature. I have accordingly
adopted the name of Jack-bird, by which it is known among the
settlers in the South Island. Why it should be so called I
cannot say, unless this is an adaptation of the native name
_Tieke_, the same word being the equivalent, in the Maori
vernacular, of our Jack."
# Jack Shay #, or Jackshea, _n_. a tin quart-pot.
1881. A. C. Grant, 'Bush Life in Queensland,' vol. i. p. 209:
"Hobbles and Jack Shays hang from the saddle dees."
[Footnote]: "A tin quart-pot, used for boiling water for tea,
and contrived so as to hold within it a tin pint-pot."
1890. 'The Argus,' June14, p. 4, col. 1:
"Some of his clothes, with his saddle, serve for a pillow; his
ration bags are beside his head, and his jackshea (quart-pot)
stands by the fire."
# Jacky Winter #, _n_. the vernacular name in New
South Wales of the Brown Flycatcher, _Microeca fascinans_,
a common little bird about Sydney. The name has been ascribed
to the fact that it is a resident species, very common, and
that it sings all through the winter, when nearly every other
species is silent. See Flycatcher.
# Jade #, _n_. See _Greenstone_.
# Jarrah #, _n_. anglicised form of _Jerryhl_,
the native name of a certain species of Eucalyptus, which grows
in the south of Western Australia, east and south-east of
Perth. In Sir George Grey's Glossary (1840), Djar-rail;
Mr. G. F. Moore's (1884), Djarryl. (_Eucalyptus
marginata_, Donn.) The name _Bastard-Jarrah_ is given
to _E. botryoides_, Smith, which bears many other names.
It is the _Blue-Gum_ of New South Wales coast-districts,
the _Bastard-Mahogany_ of Gippsland and New South Wales,
and also _Swamp Mahogany_ in Victoria and New South Wales,
and occasionally _Woolly-Butt_.
1873. A. Trollope, 'Australia and New Zealand,'
vol. ii. p. 102:
"It may be that after all the hopes of the West-Australian
Micawbers will be realised in jarrah-wood."
1875. T. Laslett, 'Timber and Timber Trees,' p. 189:
"The Jarrah or Mahogany-tree is also found in Western
Australia. The wood is red in colour, hard, heavy, close in
texture, slightly wavy in the grain, and with occasionally
enough figure to give it value for ornamental purposes; it
works up quite smoothly and takes a good polish."
188. G. W. Rusden, 'History of Australia, vol. i. p. 77:
"The jarrah of Western Australia (_Eucalyptus marginata_)
has a peculiar reputation for its power to defy decay when
submerged and exposed to the attacks of the dreaded teredo, and
has been largely exported to India."
1888. R. Kipling, 'Plain Tales from the Hills,' p. 163
". . . the awful butchery . . . of the Maribyrnong Plate. The
walls were colonial ramparts--logs of _jarrah_ spiked into
masonry--with wings as strong as Church buttresses."
[Jarrah is not a Victorian, but a West-Australian timber, and
imported logs are not used by the V.R.C., but white or red gum.
For making "jumps," no logs are "spiked into masonry," and the
Maribyrnong Plate is not a "jump-race."]
1892. Gilbert Parker, 'Round the Compass in Australia,'
p. 415:
"Mr. W. H. Knight, twenty years ago, gave evidence as to the
value of the jarrah. . . . It is found that piles driven down
in the Swan River were, after being exposed to the action of
wind, water, and weather for forty years, as sound and firm as
when put into the water. . . . It completely resists the
attacks of the white ants, where stringy-bark, blue-gum,
white-gum, and black-wood are eaten through, or rendered
useless, in from six to twelve years."
1896. 'The Times' (weekly edition), Dec. 4, p. 822, col. 1:
"The jarrah, _Eucalyptus marginata_, stands pre-eminent as
the leading timber tree of the Western Australian forests. For
constructive work necessitating contact with soil and water
jarrahwood has no native equal. A jarrah forest is dull,
sombre, and uninteresting to the eye. In first-class forests
the trees attain a height of from 90 ft. to 120 ft., with good
stems 3 ft. to 5 ft. in diameter. The tree is practically
confined to the south-western division of the colony, where the
heaviest rains of the season fall. As a rule, jarrah is found
either intermixed with the karri tree or in close proximity to
it."
# Jasmine, Native #, _n_. an Australian plant,
_Ricinocarpus pinifolius_, Desf.,
_N.O. Euphorbiaceae_.
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 286:
"Native Jasmine. This plant yields abundance of seeds,
like small castor oil seeds. They yield an oil."
# Jelly-leaf #, _n_. i.q. _Queensland Hemp_
(q.v.).
# Jelly-plant #, a sea-weed, _Eucheuma speciosum_,
J. Agardh, _N.O. Algae_.
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 28:
"Jelly-plant of Western Australia. This is a remarkable
sea-weed of a very gelatinous character [used by] the people of
Western Australia for making jelly, blanc-mange, etc. Size and
cement can also be made from it. It is cast ashore from deep
water."
# Jemmy Donnelly #, _n_. a ridiculous name given to
three trees, _Euroschinus falcatus_, Hook,
_N.O. Anacardiaceae_; _Myrsine variabilis_, R. Br.,
_N.O. Myrsinaceae_; and _Eucalyptus resinifera_, Sm.,
_N.O. Myrtaceae_. They are large timber trees, highly
valued in Queensland.
# Jerrawicke #, _n_. obsolete name for Colonial beer.
1857. J. Askew, 'A Voyage to Australia and New Zealand,'
p. 272:
"There were always a number of natives roaming about. There
might be about 150 in all, of the Newcastle tribe. They were
more wretched and filthy, and if possible, uglier than those of
Adelaide. . . . All the earnings of the tribe were spent in
tobacco and jerrawicke (colonist-made ale)."
1857. Ibid. p. 273:
"A more hideous looking spectacle can hardly be imagined than
that presented by these savages around the blazing fire,
carousing among jerrawicke and the offal of slaughtered
animals.'"
# Jew-fish #, _n_. a name applied in New South Wales
to two or more different species, _Sciaena antarctica_,
Castln., and _Glaucosoma hebraicum_, Richards. _Sciaena
antarctica_, Castln., is the King-fish of the Melbourne
market. _Sciaena_ is called Dew-fish in Brisbane. It
belongs to the family _Sciaenidae_. The Australian
species is distinct from _S. aquila_, the European
"Maigre" or "Meagre," but closely resembles it.
_Glaucosoma_ belongs to the _Percidae_. The Silver
Jew-fish of New South Wales is thought to be the same as the
_Teraglin_ (q.v.), _Otolithus atelodus_, Guenth.,
also of the family _Sciaeidae_. Tenison Woods (in 'Fish
and Fisheries of New South Wales,' 1882, p. 34) says the
Jew-fish of New South Wales is sometimes _Glaucosoma
scapulare_, Ramsay; and _Glaucosoma hebraicum_,
Richards., is the Jew-fish of Western Australia (a marine
fish). Fishes on the American coasts, different from these,
are there called _Jew-fishes_.
1847. L. Leichhardt, 'Overland Expedition,' p. 40:
"The water-holes abounded with jew-fish and eels."
# Jew-Lizard #, _n_. a large Australian lizard,
_Amiphibolurus barbatus_, Cuv.; called also _Bearded
Lizard_.
1847. L. Leichhardt, 'Overland Expedition,' p. 89:
"A small _Chlamydophorus_ (Jew-lizard of the Hunter) was
also seen." [The Hunter is a river of New South Wales.]
1890. F. McCoy, 'Prodromus of the Natural History of
Victoria,' Decade xiii. pl. 121:
"This is commonly called the Jew Lizard by colonists, and is
easily distinguished by the beard-like growth of long slender
spires round the throat . . . when irritated, it inflates the
body to a considerably increased size, and hisses like a snake
exciting alarm; but rarely biting."
1893. 'The Argus,' July 22, p. 4, col. 5:
"The great Jew-lizards that lay and laughed horribly to
themselves in the pungent dust on the untrodden floors."
# Jil-crow-a-berry #, _n_. the Anglicised
pronunciation and spelling of the aboriginal name for the
indigenous _Rat-tail Grass_, _Sporobolus indicus_,
R. Br.
# Jimmy #, _n_. obsolete name for an immigrant, a
word which was jocularly changed into Jimmy Grant. The word
'immigrant' is as familiar in Australia as 'emigrant' in
England.
1859. H. Kingsley, 'Geoffrey Hamlyn,' p. 211:
"'What are these men that we are going to see?' 'Why one,'
said Lee, is a young Jimmy--I beg your pardon, sir, an
emigrant, the other two are old prisoners.'"
1867. 'Cassell's Magazine,' p. 440:
"'I never wanted to leave England,' I have heard an old
Vandemonian observe boastfully. 'I wasn't like one of these
'Jemmy Grants' (cant term for 'emigrants'); I could always earn
a good living; it was the Government as took and sent me out."
[The writers probably used the word _immigrant_, which,
not being familiar to the English compositor, was misprinted
_emigrant_. The "old Vandemonian" must certainly have
said _immigrant_.]
# Jimmy Low #, _n_. one of the many names of a
Timber-tree, _Eucalyptus resinifera_, Smith,
_N.O. Myrtaceae_.
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 208:
"The 'Red,' or 'Forest Mahogany,' of the neighbourhood of
Sydney. These are bad names, as the wood bears no real
resemblance to the true mahogany. Because the product of this
tree first brought Australian kino into medical notice, it is
often in old books called 'Botany Bay Gum-tree.' Other names
for it are Red gum, Grey gum, Hickory, and it perpetuates the
memory of an individual by being called 'Jimmy Low.'"
# Jingle #, _n_. a two-wheeled vehicle, like an Irish
car, once common in Melbourne, still used in Brisbane and some
other towns: so called from the rattle made by it when in
motion. The word is not Australian, as is generally supposed;
the 'Century' gives "a covered two-wheeled car used in the
south of Ireland."
1862. Clara Aspinall, 'Three Years in Melbourne,' p. 122:
"An omnibus may be chartered at much less cost (gentlemen who
have lived in India _will_ persist in calling this vehicle
a _jingle_, which perhaps sounds better); it is a kind of
dos-a-dos conveyance, holding three in front and three behind:
it has a waterproof top to it supported by four iron rods, and
oilskin curtains to draw all round as a protection from the
rain and dust."
1863. B. A. Heywood, 'Vacation Tour at the Antipodes,'
p. 44:
"During my stay in Melbourne I took a jingle, or car, and drove
to St. Kilda."
1865. Lady Barker, writing from Melbourne, 'Station Life in
New Zealand,' p. 12:
"A vehicle which was quite new to me--a sort of light car with a
canopy and curtains, holding four, two on each seat, dos-a-dos,
and called a jingle--of American parentage, I fancy. One drive
in this carriage was quite enough, however."
1869. Marcus Clarke, 'Peripatetic Philosopher,' p. 14:
"Some folks prefer to travel
Over stones and rocks and gravel;
And smile at dust and jolting fit to dislocate each bone.
To see 'em driving in a jingle,
It would make your senses tingle,
For you couldn't put a sixpence 'twixt the wheel and the
kerb-stone."
1887. Cassell's 'Picturesque Australasia,' vol. i. p. 64:
"In former days the Melbourne cab was a kind of Irish car,
popularly known as a jingle. . . . The jingle has been ousted
by the one-horse waggonette."
1887. R. M. Praed, 'Longleat of Kooralbyn,' c. iv. p. 30:
"The Premier hailed a passing jingle."
[This was in Brisbane.]
# Jinkers #, _n_. a contrivance much used in the bush
for moving heavy logs and trunks of trees. It consists of two
pairs of wheels, with their axle-trees joined by a long beam,
under which the trunks are suspended by chains. Its structure
is varied in town for moving wooden houses. Called in England
a "whim."
1894. 'The Argus,' July 7, p. 8, col. 4:
"A rather novel spectacle was to be seen to-day on the Ballan
road in the shape of a five-roomed cottage on jinkers. . . .
Mr. Scottney, carrier of Fitzroy, on whose jinkers the removal
is being made . . ."
Jirrand, _adj_. an aboriginal word in the dialect of
Botany Bay, signifying "afraid." Ridley, in his vocabulary,
spells it jerron, and there are other spellings.
1827. P. Cunningham, 'Two Years in New South Wales,' vol.
ii. p. 59:
"The native word _jirrand_ (afraid) has become in some
measure an adopted child, and may probably puzzle our future
Johnsons with its _unde derivatur_."
1889. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Robbery under Arms,' p. 316:
"When I saw the mob there was I didn't see so much to be jerran
about, as it was fifty to one in favour of any one that was
wanted."
# Jo-Jo #, _n_. name used by Melbourne larrikins for
a man with a good deal of hair on his face. So called from a
hairy-faced Russian "_dog man_" exhibited in Melbourne
about 1880, who was advertised by that name.
# Job's # Tears. The seeds of _Coix lachryma_, which
are used for necklace-making by the native tribes on the Cape
York peninsula, are there called _Job's tears_.
# Joe, Joe-Joe, Joey #, interjection, then a _verb_,
now obsolete. Explained in quotations.
1855. W. Howitt, 'Two Years in Victoria,' vol. i. p. 400:
"The well-known cry of 'Joe! Joe!'--a cry which means one of
the myrmidons of Charley Joe, as they familiarly style Mr.
[Charles Joseph] La Trobe,--a cry which on all the diggings
resounds on all sides on the appearance of any of the hated
officials."
1861. T. McCombie, 'Australian Sketches,' p. 135:
"The cry of 'Joey' would rise everywhere against them."
[Footnote]: "To 'Joey' or 'Joe' a person on the diggings, or
anywhere else in Australia, is to grossly insult and ridicule
him."
1863. B. A. Heywood, 'Vacation Tour at the Antipodes,'
p. 165:
"In the early days of the Australian diggings 'Joe' was the
warning word shouted out when the police or gold commissioners
were seen approaching, but is now the chaff for new chums."
1865. F. H. Nixon, 'Peter Perfume,' p. 58:
"And Joe joed them out, Tom toed them out."
1891. 'The Argus,' Dec. 5, p. 13, col. 4:
"'The diggers,' he says, 'were up in arms against the
Government officials, and whenever a policeman or any other
Government servant was seen they raised the cry of "Joe-Joe."'
The term was familiar to every man in the fifties. In the
earliest days of the diggings proclamations were issued on
diverse subjects, but mostly in the direction of curtailing the
privileges of the miners. These were signed, 'C. Joseph La
Trobe,' and became known by the irreverent--not to say flippant
--description of 'Joes.' By an easy transition, the corruption
of the second name of the Governor was applied to his officers,
between whom and the spirited diggers no love was lost, and
accordingly the appearance of a policeman on a lead was
signalled to every tent and hole by the cry of 'Joe-Joe.'"
# Joey #, _n_. (1) A young kangaroo.
1839. W. H. Leigh, 'Reconnoitring Voyages in South Australia'
pp. 93-4:
"Here [in Kangaroo Island] is also the wallaba . . . The
young of the animal is called by the islanders a joe."
1861. T. McCombie, I'Australian Sketches,' p. 172:
"The young kangaroos are termed joeys. The female carries the
latter in her pouch, but when hard pressed by dogs, and likely
to be sacrificed, she throws them down, which usually distracts
the attention of the pack and affords the mother sufficient
time to escape."
1888. D. Macdonald, 'Gum Boughs,' p. 10:
"Sometimes when the flying doe throws her 'joey' from her
pouch the dogs turn upon the little one."
1896. F. G. Aflalo, 'Natural History of Australia,' p. 29:
"At length the actual fact of the Kangaroo's birth, which is
much as that of other mammals, was carefully observed at the
London Zoo, and the budding fiction joined the myths that were.
It was there proved that the little 'joey' is brought into the
world in the usual way, and forthwith conveyed to the
comfortable receptacle and affixed to the teat by the dam,
which held the lifeless-looking little thing tenderly in her
cloven lips."
(2) Also slang used for a baby or little child, or even a young
animal, such as a little guinea-pig. Compare "kid."
(3) A hewer of wood and drawer of water.
1845. J. A. Moore, 'Tasmanian Rhymings,' p. 15:
"He was a 'joey,' which, in truth,
Means nothing more than that youth
Who claims a kangaroo descent
Is by that nomenclature meant."
1888. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Robbery under Arms,' p. 198:
"I'm not going to be wood-and-water Joey, I can tell ye."
# John Dory #, or # Dorey #, _n_. a fish. This
name is applied in New South Wales and Tasmania to _Cyttus
(Zeus) australis_, Richards., family _Cyttidae_, which
is nearly the same as _Zeus faber_, the "John Dory" of
Europe. Others call _C. australis_ the _Bastard
Dorey_ (q.v.), and it is also called the _Boar-fish_
(q.v.) and _Dollar-fish_ (q.v.).
1880. Guenther, 'Study of Fishes,' p. 451:
"'John Dorys' are found in the Mediterranean, on the eastern
temperate shores of the Atlantic, on the coasts of Japan and
Australia. Six species are known, all of which are highly
esteemed for the table. The English name given to one of the
European species (_Zeus Faber_) seems to be partly a
corruption of the Gascon 'Jau,' which signifies cock, 'Dory'
being derived from the French _Doree_, so that the entire
name means Gilt-cock. Indeed, in some other localities of
southern Europe it bears the name of _Gallo_. The same
species occurs also on the coasts of South Australia and New
Zealand."
# Johnny #-cake. _n_. The name is of American
origin, originally given by the negroes to a cake made of
Indian corn (maize). In Australia it is a cake baked on the
ashes or cooked in a frying-pan. (See quotations.) The name
is used in the United States for a slightly different cake,
viz. made with Indian meal and toasted before a fire.
1861. Mrs. Meredith, 'Over the Straits,' p. 154:
"The dough-cakes fried in fat, called 'Johnny-cakes.'"
1872. C. H. Eden, 'My Wife and I in Queensland,' p. 20:
"Johnny-cakes, though they are smaller and very thin, and made
in a similar way [sc. to dampers: see _Damper_]; when
eaten hot they are excellent, but if allowed to get cold they
become leathery."
1885. H. Finch-Hatton, 'Advance of Australia,' p. 3:
"Johnny-cakes are made with nothing but flour, but there is a
great art in mixing them. If it is done properly they are
about the lightest and nicest sort of bread that can be made;
but the efforts of an amateur generally result in a wet heavy
pulp that sticks round one's teeth like bird-lime."
1890. 'The Argus,' Aug. 16, p. 13, col. 1:
"Here I, a new chum, could, with flour and water and a pinch
of baking-powder, make a sweet and wholesome johnny cake."
1892. Mrs. Russell, 'Too Easily Jealous,' p. 273 :
"Bread was not, and existed only in the shape of johnny-cakes
--flat scones of flour and water, baked in the hot ashes."
1894. 'The Argus,' March 10, p. 4, col. 6:
"It is also useful to make your damper or 'Johnny-cake,' which
serves you in place of yeast bread. A Johnny-cake is made
thus:--Put a couple of handfuls of flour into your dish, with a
good pinch of salt and baking soda. Add water till it works to
a stiff paste. Divide it into three parts and flatten out into
cakes about half an inch thick. Dust a little flour into your
frying-pan and put the cake in. Cook it slowly over the fire,
taking care it does not burn, and tossing it over again and
again. When nearly done stand it against a stick in front of
the fire, and let it finish baking while you cook the other
two. These, with a piece of wallaby and a billy of tea, are a
sweet meal enough after a hard day's work."
# Jolly-tail #, _n_. a Tasmanian name for the larger
variety of the fish _Galaxias attenuatus_, Jenyns, and
other species of _Galaxias_ called _Inanga_ (q.v.) in
New Zealand. _Galaxias weedoni_ is called the _Mersey
Jolly-tail_, and _Galaxias atkinsoni_, the _Pieman
Jolly-tail_. Pieman and Mersey are two Tasmanian rivers.
See _Mountain-Trout_.
# July #, _n_. a winter month in Australia. See
_Christmas_.
1888. Mrs. M'Cann, 'Poetical Works,' p. 235:
"Scarce has July with frigid visage flown."
# Jumbuck #, _n_. aboriginal pigeon-English for
sheep. Often used in the bush. The origin of this word was
long unknown. It is thus explained by Mr. Meston, in the
'Sydney Bulletin,' April 18, 1896: "The word 'jumbuck' for
sheep appears originally as _jimba, jombock, dombock_, and
_dumbog_. In each case it meant the white mist preceding
a shower, to which a flock of sheep bore a strong resemblance.
It seemed the only thing the aboriginal mind could compare it
to."
1845. C. Griffith, 'Present State and Prospects of the Port
Phillip District of New South Wales,' p. 162:
"The following is a specimen of such eloquence: 'You
pilmillally jumbuck plenty sulky me, plenty boom, borack
gammon,' which being interpreted means, 'If you shoot my sheep
I shall be very angry, and will shoot you and no mistake.'"
1855. W. Ridley, 'Transactions of Philological Society,'
p. 77:
"When they adopt English words ending in mutes, the blacks drop
the mute or add a vowel: thus, _jimbugg_, a slang name for
sheep, they sound _jimbu_." [It was not English slang but
an aboriginal word.]
1893. 'The Argus,' April 8, p. 4, col. 1:
"Mister Charlie, jumbuck go along of grass, blood all there,
big dog catch him there, big jumbuck, m'me word, neck torn."
1896. 'The Australasian,' June 6, p. 1085, col. 1:
"Jumbuck (a sheep) has been in use from the earliest days,
but its origin is not known."
# Jump #, to, _v_. to take possession of a claim
(mining) on land, on the ground that a former possessor has
abandoned it, or has not fulfilled the conditions of the grant.
The word is also used in the United States, but it is very
common in Australia. Instead of "you have taken my seat," you
have _jumped_ it. So even with a pew. a man in England,
to whom was said, "you have jumped my pew," would look
astonished, as did that other who was informed, "Excuse me,
sir, but you are occupewing my py."
1861. T. McCombie, 'Australian Sketches,' p. 31:
". . . on condition that he occupies it within twenty-four
hours: should this rule not be observed, the right of the
original holder is lost, and it may be occupied (or 'jumped'
as it is termed) by any other person as a deserted claim."
1861. 'Victorian Hansard,' vol. vii. p. 942 (May 21):
"_Mr. Wood_: Some of the evils spoken of seemed indeed
only to exist in the imagination of the hon. and learned
gentleman, as, for instance, that of 'jumping,' for which a
remedy was already given by the 77th section of the present
Act.
"_Mr. Ireland_: Yes; after the claim is 'jumped.'"
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'The Miner's Right,' p. 37:
"If such work were not commenced within three days, any other
miners might summarily take possession of or jump the claim."
ibid. p. 52:
"Let us have the melancholy satisfaction of seeing Gus's pegs,
and noting whether they are all _en regle_. If not, we'll
'jump' him."
Ibid. p. 76:
"In default of such advertisement, for the general benefit,
they were liable, according to custom and practice, to have
their claim 'jumped,' or taken forcible possession of by any
party of miners who could prove that they were concealing the
golden reality."
1875. 'Melbourne Spectator,' August 21, p. 189, col. 3:
"Jumping selections . . . is said to be very common now in
the Winmera district."
# Jumpable #, _adj_. open to another to take. See
_Jump_.
1884. Rolf Boldrewood, Melbourne Memories,' c. xvi. p. 114:
"The heifer station was what would be called in mining
parlance 'an abandoned claim' and possibly 'jumpable.'"
Jumper, _n_. one who _jumps_ a claim. See
_Jump_.
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Miner's Right,' c. xii. p. 127:
"Come along, my noble jumper, you've served your injunction."
# Jumping-mouse #, _n_. See _Hapalote_.
# June #, _n_. a winter month in Australia. See
_Christmas_.
1886. H. C. Kendall, 'Poems,' p. 132:
"Twenty white-haired Junes have left us
Grey with frost and bleak with gale."
# Jungle-hen #, _n_. name given to a mound-building
bird, _Megapodius tumulus_, Gould. See also
_Megapode_. The Indian Jungle-fowl is a different bird.
1890. Carl Lumholtz, 'Among Cannibals,' p. 97:
"But what especially gives life and character to these woods
are the jungle-hens (mound-builders) . . . The bird is of a
brownish hue, with yellow legs and immensely large feet; hence
its name _Megapodius_."
# Juniper, Native #, _n_. i.q. _Native Currant_
(q.v.).
K
# Kahawai #, _n_. Maori name for the fish _Arripis
salar_, Richards.; called in Australia and New Zealand
_Salmon_ (q.v.).
# Kahikatea #, _n_. Maori name for a New Zealand
tree, _Podocarpus dacrydioides_, A. Rich.,
_N.O. Coniferae_. Also called _White-Pine_.
See _Pine_. The settlers' pronunciation is often
_Kackatea_. There is a Maori word Kahika, meaning
ancient.
1855. Rev. R. Taylor. 'Te Ika a Maui,' p. 439:
"White-pine, _Podocarpus dacrydioides_--Kahikatea, kahika,
korol. This tree is generally called the white-pine, from the
colour of its wood. The kahikatea may be considered as nearly
the loftiest tree in the New Zealand forest; it often attains a
height of little less than two hundred feet, and in that
respect rivals the noble kauri, but the general appearance is
not very pleasing."
1875. T. Laslett, 'Timber and Trees,' p. 304:
"The kahikatea or kakaterra-tree (_Dacrydium excelsum_ or
_taxifolium_). This majestic and noble-looking tree
belongs to the natural order of _Taxaceae_, more commonly
known by the name of Joint Firs. Height 150 to 180 feet,
rising sixty feet and upward without a branch."
1876: W. Blair, 'Transactions of New Zealand Institute,'
vol. ix. art. 10, p. 160:
"This timber is known in all the provinces, except Otago, by
the native name of 'kahikatea'. I think we should adopt it
also, not only on account of being more euphonious, but for
the reason that so many timbers in other parts of the world
are called white-pine."
1873. 'Appendix to Journal of House of Representatives,'
vol. iii. G. 7, p. 11:
"On the purchased land stands, or lately stood, a small
kahikatea bush. . . . The wood appears to have been of no
great money value, but the natives living in Tareha's pa
depended upon it for their supply of fire-wood."
1883. J. Hector, 'Handbook of New Zealand, p. 124:
[It is Sir James Hector who assigns the tree to
_Coniferae_, not _Taxaceae_.]
1888. Cassell's' Picturesque Australasia,' vol. iii. p. 210:
"The White Pine or kahikatea is a very beautiful tree, and
droops its dark feathery foliage in a way which recalls the
graceful branches of the English elm-tree."
# Kahikatoa #, _n_. Maori name for /a/ New Zealand
shrub, but no longer used by the settlers.
1883. J. Hector, 'Handbook of New Zealand, p. 126:
"Kahikatoa, _tea-tree_ of Cook. _Leptospermum
scoparium_, Forst., _N.O. Myrtaceae_."
# Kahikomako #, _n_. Maori name [shortened into
_kaikomako_] for a New Zealand timber, _Pennantia
corymbosa_, _N.O. Olacineae_; called also
_Ribbonwood_ (q.v.).
1883. J. Hector, 'Handbook of New Zealand, p. 130:
"Kahikomako, a small, very graceful tree, with white
sweet-smelling flowers; height twenty to thirty feet.
Wood used by the Maoris for kindling fires by friction."
# Kai #, _n_. Maori word for _food_; used also
in the South Sea islands. _Kai-kai_ is an English
adaptation for feasting.
1807. J. Savage, 'Some Account of New Zealand,' Vocab.
p. 75:
"Kiki . . . food." [The _i_ has the English not the
Italian sound.]
1820. 'Grammar and Vocabulary of Language of New Zealand'
(Church Missionary Society), p. 157:
"Kai, _s_. victuals, support, etc.; _a_. eatable."
1845. E. J. Wakefield, 'Adventures in New Zealand,' vol. i.
p. 29:
"He explained to us that every one would cry very much, and
then there would be very much kai-kai or feasting."
1855. Rev. R. Taylor, 'Te Ika a Maui,' p. 95:
"Kai, the general word for food, is not used at Rotorua,
because it was the name of a great chief, and the word tami
has been substituted for it."
1895. Louis Becke and J. D. Fitzgerald, 'The Maori in
Politics,' 'Review of Reviews,' June 20, p. 621:
"We saw some thirty men and women coming towards us, singing
in chorus and keeping step to the music. In their hands they
carried small baskets woven of raupo reeds, containing kai,
or food. This was the 'kai' dance."
# Kainga #, and # Kaika #, _n_. now generally
_kaik_, and pronounced _kike_, a Maori settlement,
village. _Kainga_ is used in the North, and is the
original form; _Kaika_ is the South Island use. It is the
village for dwelling; the _pa_ is for fighting in.
1820. 'Grammar and Vocabulary of Language of New Zealand'
(Church Missionary Society), p. 157:
"Kainga. A place of residence, a home," etc.
1873. Lt.-Colonel St. John, 'Pakeha Rambles through Maori
Lands,' p. 164 [Heading of Chapter x.]:
"How we live in our kainga."
1896. 'Otago Witness,' Jan. 23, p. 50, col. 5:
"A cosy-looking kainga located on the bank of a picturesque
bend of the river."
Ibid. p. 52, col. 1:
"We steamed on slowly towards Tawhitinui, a small kainga
or kaik, as it is called in the South island."
1884. 'Maoriland,' p. 84:
"The drive may be continued from Portobello to the Maori kaik."
# Kaio #, _n_. popular corruption in the South Island
of New Zealand of _Ngaio_ (q.v.).
# Kaitaka #, _n_. Maori word for the best kind of
native mat.
1835. W. Yate, 'Account of New Zealand,' p. 157:
"Requiring from three to four months' close sitting to complete
one of their kaitakas--the finest sort of mat which they
make. This garment has a very silky appearance."
1845. E. J. Wakefield, 'Adventures in New Zealand,' vol. i.
p. 244:
"Pukaro ended by flinging over my shoulders a very handsome
kaitaka mat, which he had been wearing while he spoke."
1881. J. L. Campbell, 'Poenamo,' p. 205:
"Highly prized and beautiful kaitaka mats."
# Kaiwhiria #, _n_. Maori name for New Zealand tree,
_Hedycarya dentata_, Forst., _N.O. Monimiaceae_.
Porokaiwhiri is the fuller name of the tree.
1883. /J./ Hector, 'Handbook of New Zealand,' p. 129
"Kaiwhiria, a small evergreen tree, twenty to thirty feet high;
the wood is finely marked and suitable for veneering."
# Kaka #, _n_. the Maori name for a parrot. The word
is imitative of a parrot's cry. It is now always used to
denote the _Brown Parrot_ of New Zealand, _Nestor
meridionalis_, Gmel.
1835. W. Yate, 'Account of New Zealand,' p. 54:
"Kaka--a bird of the parrot kind; much larger than any other
New Zealand parrot."
1845. E. J. Wakefield, 'Adventures in New Zealand,' vol. i.
p. 259:
"The kaka, a large russet parrot, of excellent flavour, and
very abundant in many places."
1851. Mrs. Wilson, 'New Zealand,' p. 40:
"The bright red feathers from under the wing of the kaka or
large parrot."
1854. W. Golder, 'Pigeons' Parliament,' [Notes] p. 79:
"The kaka is a kind of parrot of a reddish grey colour,
and is easily tamed when taken young."
1866. Lady Barker, 'Station Life in New Zealand,' p. 93:
"The hoarse croak of the ka-ka, as it alighted almost at our
feet, and prepared, quite careless of our vicinity, to tear up
the loose soil at the root of a tall tree, in search of grubs."
1869. J. Gould, 'Birds of Australia,' (Supplement):
"_Nestor hypopolius_, ka-ka parrot."
1884. T. Bracken, 'Lays of Maori,' p. 38:
"I heard mocking kakas wail and cry above thy corse."
1888. W. L. Buller, 'Birds of New Zealand,' vol. i. p. 150:
"_Nestor meridionalis_, kaka parrot."
Ibid. p. 158:
"Sprightly in its actions, eminently social, and more noisy
than any other inhabitant of the woods, the kaka holds a
prominent place among our native birds."
# Kaka-bill #, _n_. a New Zealand plant, the
_Clianthus_ (q.v.), so called from the supposed
resemblance of the flower to the bill of the _Kaka_
(q.v.). Called also _Parrot-bill_, _Glory-Pea_, and
_Kowhai_ (q.v.).
1842. W. R. Wade, 'Journey in New Zealand,' [Hobart Town].
p. 196:
"Kowai ngutukaka [parrot-bill kowai]; the most elegant
flowering shrub of the country."
1892. 'Otago Witness,' Nov. 24, 'Native Trees':
"A plantation of a shrub which is in great demand in England
and on the Continent, and is greatly neglected here--the
_Clianthus puniceus_, or scarlet glory pea of New Zealand,
locally known as kaka beak."
# Kakapo #, _n_. Maori name for the Night-parrot,
_Stringops habroptilus_, Gray. Called also
_Owl-parrot_. See _Kaka_. The syllable _po_
is Maori for _night_. Compare _Katipo_ (q.v.).
1869. J. Gould, 'Birds of Australia' (Supplement):
"_Strigops habroptilus_, G. R. Gray, Kakapo, native name."
1888. W. L. Buller, 'Birds of New Zealand,' vol. i. p. 149:
"_Stringops_, owl-parrot--ground-parrot of the colonists."
1889. Prof. Parker, 'Catalogue of New Zealand Exhibition,'
p. 117:
"Although possessing large wings, it is flightless, its
breast-muscles being so small as to be practically useless.
Its habits are nocturnal, and it has a ring of feathers
arranged round the eye, giving it a curious resemblance to
an owl, whence the name owl-parrot is often applied to it."
1893. A. R. Wallace, 'Australasia,' vol. i. p. 445:
"Another remarkable bird is the owl parrot (_Stringops
habroptilus_) of a greenish colour, and with a circle of
feathers round the eye as in the owl. It is nocturnal in its
habits, lives in holes in the ground under tree-roots or
rocks."
1896. 'Otago Witness,' June 11, p. 53:
"The Kakapo is one of our most unique birds."
# Kakariki #, _n_. Maori name for a green Parrakeet.
There are two species, _Platycercus novae zelandiae_,
Sparrm., and _P. auriceps_, Kuhl. See _Parrakeet_.
The word _kakariki_ means literally little parrot,
_kaka_ (q.v.) and _iki_ (little), the _r_ is
intrusive. It is applied also to a green lizard. In Maori it
becomes later an adjective, meaning 'green.'
1855. Rev. R. Taylor, 'Te Ika a Maui,' p. 404:
"The Kakariki . . . (_platycercus novae zeal_.) is a
pretty light green parrot with a band of red or yellow over the
upper beak and under the throat. This elegant little bird is
about the size of a small thrush."
1894. 'Transactions of the New Zealand Institute,' vol. xxvii.
p. 95 [Note]:
"The name _Kakarika_ (indicative of colour) is applied
alike to the green lizard and to the green Parrakeet of our
woods."
# Kamin #, _n_. aboriginal word, explained in
quotation. It is probably local.
1890. C. Lumholtz, 'Among Cannibals,' p. 89:
"If he [the Australian black] has to climb a high tree, he
first goes into the scrub to fetch a piece of the Australian
calamus (_Calamus australis_), which he partly bites,
partly breaks off; he first bites on one side and breaks it
down, then on the other side and breaks it upwards--one, two,
three, and this tough whip is severed. At one end of it he
makes a knot, the other he leaves it as it is. This implement,
which is usually from sixteen to eighteen feet long, is called
a kamin."
# Kanae #, _n_. (trisyll.) Maori name for a fish
of New Zealand, the Silver-Mullet, _Mugil perusii_ or
_argenteus_.
1820. 'Grammar and Vocabulary of Language of New Zealand'
(C.M.S.), p. 158:
"Kanae, s. The mullet fish."
1888. Order in Council, New Zealand, Jan. 10, 'Regulations
under the Fisheries Conservation Act':
"The months of December, January, and February in each year
are here prescribed a close season for the fish of the species
of the mugil known as mullet or kanae."
# Kanaka #, _n_. and _adj_. a labourer from the
South Sea Islands, working in Queensland sugar-plantations.
The word is Hawaiian (Sandwich Islands). The kindred words are
given in the following extract from
Fornander's Polynesian Race' (1885), vol. iii. p. 154:
"_Kanaka_, _s_. Hawaiian, man, human, mankind, a
common man in distinction from chiefs. Samoan, New Zealand
[sc. Maori], Tongan, _tangata_, man. Tahitian,
_taata_, man."
In the original word the accent is on the first syllable, which
accent Mr. Rudyard Kipling preserves (see quotation, 1893),
though he has changed the word in his reprint of the poem in
'The Seven Seas'; but the usual pronunciation in Australia is
to accent the second syllable.
1794. J. J. Jarves, 'History of Hawaiian Islands,' printed at
Honolulu (1872), p. 82:
"[On 21st Feb. 1794.] A salute was then fired, and the natives
shouted, 'Kanaka no Beritane'--we are men of Britain."
1852. A. Miller, 'Narrative of United States Exploring
Expedition,' c. ii. p. 142:
"On Monday (Nov. 16, 1840) our gentlemen formed themselves into
two parties, and started on horseback for their journey. One
party consisted of Messrs. Reade, Rich, and Wall, with eight
kanakas and two guides."
1873. A. Trollope, 'Australia and New Zealand,' c. viii.
p. 133:
"Queensland at present is supplying itself with labour from
the South Sea Islands, and the men employed are called
Polynesians, or canakers, or islanders."
1885. H. Finch-Hatton, 'Advance Australia, p. 162:
"The word 'kanaka' is really a Maori word, signifying a man,
but in Australia it has come to be applied exclusively to the
inhabitants of the South Sea Islands."
1885. R. M. Praed, 'Head Station,' p. 9:
"The kanaka reverences women and adores children. He is loyal
in heart, affectionate of disposition, and domestic in his
habits."
1888. H. S. Cooper, 'The Islands of the Pacific,' p. 5:
"The kanakas, who at present populate Hawaii, are, as a rule,
well made and intelligent. That there is a cross of the Malay
and Indian blood in them few can doubt."
1890. C. Lumholtz, 'Among Cannibals,' p. 64:
"Natives of the South Sea Islands, who in Australia are called
kanakas--a capable and intelligent race, especially to this
kind of work [on plantations], for they are strong, and endure
the tropical heat far better than the whites."
1892. Gilbert Parker, 'Round the Compass in Australia,'
p. 298:
"Thus, it is maintained by the planters, the kanaka, necessary
as he is to the conditions of North Queensland, opens up
avenues of skilled labour for the European, and makes
population and commerce possible where otherwise there would
be complete stagnation."
2892. 'The Times,' Dec. 28:
"The principal open-air labour of the sugar plantations is
furnished by kanakas, who are the native inhabitants of certain
groups of South Sea Islands not at present under the protection
of any European flag."
1893. R. L. Stevenson, 'Island Night's Entertainments,'
p. 41:
"What we want is a man-of-war--a German, if we could--they know
how to manage kanakas."
1893. Rudyard Kipling, 'Banjo Song':
"We've shouted on seven-ounce nuggets,
We've starved on a kanaka's pay."
1893. C. H. Pearson, 'National Life and Character,' p.32:
"In Australasia . . . the Maori, the Kanaka, and the Papuan
are dying out. We cannot close our eyes to the fact that
certain weak races--even when, like the kanaka, they possess
some very high qualities--seem to wither away at mere contact
with the European. . . . The kanakas (among whom we may include
the Maories)."
# Kangaroo #, _n_. (1) an aboriginal word.
See _Marsupial_.
(a) The Origin of the Name. The name was first obtained in
1770, while H.M.S. _Endeavour_ lay beached at the
Endeavour River, where Cooktown, Queensland, now is. The name
first appears in print in 1773, in the book brought out by the
relatives of Mr. Parkinson, who was draughtsman to Banks the
naturalist, and who had died on the voyage. The object of this
book was to anticipate the official account of Cook's Voyage by
Hawkesworth, which appeared later in the same year. It is now
known that Hawkesworth's book was like a rope twisted of four
strands, viz. Cook's journal, the diaries of the two
naturalists, Banks and Solander, and _quartum quid_, the
Johnsonian pomposity of Dr. Hawkesworth. Cook's journal was
published in 1893, edited by Captain Wharton, hydrographer to
the Admiralty; Banks's journal, in 1896, edited by Sir J. D.
Hooker. Solander's journal has never been printed.
When Englishmen next came to Australia in 1788, it was found
that the word _Kangaroo_ was not known to the natives
round Port Jackson, distant 1500 miles to the South of
Cooktown. In fact, it was thought by them to be an English
word. (See quotation, Tench, 1789.) It is a question whether
the word has belonged to any aboriginal vocabulary since.
"Capt. Philip P. King, the explorer, who visited that locality
[sc. Endeavour River] forty-nine years after Cook, relates in
his 'Narrative of the Survey of the Intertropical and Western
Coasts of Australia,' that he found the word kangaroo unknown
to the tribe he met there, though in other particulars the
vocabulary he compiled agrees very well with Captain Cook's."
(Curr's 'Australian Race,' vol. i. p. 27.) In the fourth
volume of Curr's book a conspectus is given of the words used
in different parts of Australia for various objects. In the
list of names for this animal there are a few that are not far
from _Kangaroo_, but some inquirers suspect the accuracy
of the list, or fancy that the natives obtained the words
sounding like _Kangaroo_ from English. It may be assumed
that the word is not now in use as an aboriginal word. Has it,
then, disappeared? or was it an original mistake on the part of
Banks or Cook ?
The theory of a mistake has obtained widely. It has figured in
print, and finds a place in at least one dictionary. Several
correspondents have written that the word _Kangaroo_ meant
"I don't understand," and that Banks mistook this for a name.
This is quite possible, but at least some proof is needed, as
for instance the actual words in the aboriginal language that
could be twisted into this meaning. To find these words, and
to hear their true sound, would test how near the explanation
hits the mark. Banks was a very careful observer, and he
specially notes the precautions he took to avoid any mistake in
accepting native words. Moreover, according to Surgeon
Anderson, the aborigines of Van Diemen's Land described the
animal by the name of _Kangaroo_. (See quotation, 1787.)
On the other hand, it must be remembered that it is an
ascertained fact that the aborigines taboo a word on the death
of any one bearing that word as a proper name. (See quotation
under _Nobbler_, 1880.) If, therefore, after Cook's visit,
some man called _Kangaroo_ died, the whole tribe would
expunge _Kangaroo_ from its vocabulary. There is,
however, some evidence that the word was much later in use
in Western Australia. (See quotation, 1835.)
It is now asserted that the word is in use again at the very
part of Queensland where the _Endeavour_ was beached.
Lumholtz, in his 'Amongst Cannibals' (p. 311), gives it in his
aboriginal vocabulary. Mr. De Vis, of the Brisbane Museum, in
his paper before the Geographical Society at Brisbane (1894),
says that "in point of fact the word 'kangaroo' is the normal
equivalent for kangaroo at the Endeavour River; and not only
so, it is almost the type-form of a group of variations in use
over a large part of Australia." It is curiously hard to
procure satisfactory evidence as to the fact. Mr. De Vis says
that his first statement was "made on the authority of a
private correspondent; "but another correspondent writes from
Cooktown, that the blacks there have taken _Kangaroo_ from
English. Inquiries inserted in each of the Cooktown newspapers
have produced no result. Mr. De Vis' second argument as to the
type-form seems much stronger. A spoken language, unwritten,
unprinted, must inevitably change, and change rapidly. A word
current in 1770 would change rather than disappear, and the
root consonants would remain. The letters _ng_ together,
followed by _r_, occur in the proportion of one in
thirteen, of the names for the animal tabulated by Curr.
It is a difficult matter on which to speak decidedly, but
probably no great mistake was made, and the word received was
a genuine name of the animal.
See further the quotations, 1896.
(b) The Plural of the Word.
There seems to be considerable doubt as to the plural of the
word, whether it should take _s_ like most English words,
or remain unchanged like _sheep, deer_. In two
consecutive pages of one book the two plurals are used. The
general use is the plural in _s_. See 1793 Hunter, 1845
Balfour, and 1880 Senior; sportsmen frequently use the form
_Kangaroo_.
[Since 1888 a kangaroo has been the design on the one-shilling
postage stamp of New South Wales.]
1815. 'History of New South Wales,' (1818) PP. 460-461:
"Throughout the general course of the journey, kangaroos, emus,
ducks, etc. were seen in numbers." "Mr. Evans saw the
kangaroo in immense flocks."
1830. R. Dawson, 'Present State of Australia,' p. 49:
"The kangaroos are too subtle and shy for us to get near."
1846. G. H. Haydon, 'Five Years in Australia Felix,' p. 125:
"In the afternoon we saw some kangaroos and wallaby, but did
not succeed in killing any."
1884. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Melbourne Memories,' c. iii. p. 23:
"Though kangaroo were plentiful, they were not overwhelming to
number."
(c) Kangaroo in French.
1777. Buffon, 'Supplement a l'Histoire Naturelle,' tom. iv.
'Table des Matieres':
"Kanguros, espece de grosse Gerboise qui se trouve dans les
terres australes de la Nouvelle Hollande."
1800. J. J. Labillardiere, 'Voyage a la recherche de La
Perouse,' tom. i. p. 134: [Under date April 24, 1792.]
"Un de nos chasseurs trouva un jeune kangourou sur les bords de
la mer."
1880. H. de Charency, 'Recherches sur les Dialectes
Tasmaniens,' p. 21:
"Kangourou. Ce mot semble d'origine non Australienne, comme on
l'a soutenu, mais bien Tasmanienne."
1882. Littre, 'Dictionnaire de la Langue Francaise' (s.v.):
"Kanguroo ou kangarou. On ecrit aussi kangarou et kangourou."
1882. A. Daudet, 'Jack,' p. 131:
Il regardait les kangaroos dresses sur leurs pattes, si
longues qu'elles ont l'agilite et l'elan d'une paire d'ailes."
1890. Oscar Comettant [Title]:
"Au Pays des Kangourous."
(d) Kangaroo in German--_Kaenguruh_:
1892. R. V. Lendenfeld, 'Australische Reise,' p. 46:
"Die Kaenguruh hoben in dem Augenblick, als sie das Geheul
hoerten, die Koepfe hoch and witterten, blickten and loosten
in alle Richtungen."
Notice that both in French and German the _u_ sound of the
middle syllable is preserved and not changed as in English to
_a_.
(e) The species.
The name _Kangaroo_ is applied to the following larger
species of the genus _Macropus_, the remaining species
being called _Wallabies_--
Antilopine Kangaroo--
_Macropus antilopinus_, Gould.
Great Grey K., or Forester--
_M. giganteus_, Zimm.
Great Red K.--
_M. rufus_, Desm.
Isabelline K.--
_M. isabellinus_, Gould.
Owen's K.--
_M. magnus_, Owen.
Wallaroo, or Euro--
_M. robustus_, Gould.
The name _Kangaroo_ is also applied to certain other
species of Marsupials belonging to the genus _Macropus_,
but with a qualifying adjective, such as _Dorca_-,
_Tree_-, _Rat_-, _Musk_-, etc.; and it is
applied to species of the genera _Dorcopsis_,
_Dendrolagus, Bettongia_, and _Hypsiprymnodon_. The
_Brush-Kangaroo_ (q.v.) is another name for the
_Wallaby_ (q.v.), and the _Rat-Kangaroo_ is the
stricter scientific appellation of _Kangaroo-Rat_ (q.v.).
The _Banded-Kangaroo_ is a _Banded-Wallaby_ (see
_Lagostrophus_). See also _Dorca-Kangaroo_,
_Tree-Kangaroo_, _Musk-Kangaroo_, _Dorcopsis,
Dendrolagus_, _Bettongia, Hypsiprymnodon_,
_Rock-Wallaby_, _Paddy-melon_, _Forester_,
_Old Man_,, _Joey_, and _Boomah_.
(f) The Use of the Word.
1770. 'Capt. Cook's Journal' (edition Wharton, 1893), p. 244:
May 1st. An animal which must feed upon grass, and which,
we judge, could not be less than a deer."
[p. 280]: "June 23rd. One of the men saw an animal something
less than a greyhound; it was of a mouse colour, very slender
made, and swift of foot."
[p. 294]: August 4th. "The animals which I have before
mentioned, called by the Natives Kangooroo or Kanguru."
[At Endeavour River, Queensland.]
1770. Joseph Banks, 'Journal' (edition Hooker, 1896), p. 287:
"_July_ 14.--Our second Lieutenant had the good fortune to
kill the animal that had so long been the subject of our
speculations. To compare it to any European animal would be
impossible, as it has not the least resemblance to any one that
I have seen. Its forelegs are extremely short, and of no use
to 1t in walking; its hind again as disproportionally long;
with these it hops seven or eight feet at a time, in the same
manner as the jerboa, to which animal indeed it bears much
resemblance, except in size, this being in weight 38 lbs., and
the jerboa no larger than a common rat."
Ibid. p. 301:
"_August_ 26.--Quadrupeds we saw but few, and were able to
catch but few of those we did see. The largest was called by
the natives _kangooroo_; it is different from any
European, and, indeed, any animal I have heard or read of,
except the jerboa of Egypt, which is not larger than a rat,
while this is as large as a middling lamb. The largest we shot
weighed 84 lbs. It may, however, be easily known from all
other animals by the singular property of running, or rather
hopping, upon only its hinder legs, carrying its fore-feet
close to its breast. In this manner it hops so fast that in
the rocky bad ground where it is commonly found, it easily beat
my greyhound, who though he was fairly started at several,
killed only one, and that quite a young one."
1773. Sydney Parkinson, 'Journal of a Voyage,' p. 149:
"Kangooroo, the leaping quadruped."
[A description given at p. 145.]
1773. J. Hawkesworth, 'Voyages,' vol. iii. p. 577:
"July 14, 1770. Mr. Gore, who went out this day with his gun,
had the good fortune to kill one of the animals which had been
so much the subject of our speculation. An idea of it will
best be conceived by the cut, plate xx., without which the most
accurate verbal description would answer very little purpose,
as it has not similitude enough to any animal already known to
admit of illustration by reference. In form it is most like
the gerbua, which it also resembles in its motion, as has been
observed already, for it greatly differs in size, the gerbua
not being larger than a common rat, and this animal, when full
grown, being as big as a sheep: this individual was a young
one, much under its full growth, weighing only thirty-eight
pounds. The head, neck, and shoulders are very small in
proportion to the other parts of the body; the tail is nearly
as long as the body, thick near the rump, and tapering towards
the end: the fore-legs of this individual were only eight
inches long, and the hind-legs two-and-twenty: its progress is
by successive leaps or hops, of a great length, in an erect
posture; the fore-legs are kept bent close to the breast, and
seemed to be of use only for digging: the skin is covered with
a short fur, of a dark mouse or grey colour, excepting the head
and ears, which bear a slight resemblance to those of a hare.
In form it is most like the gerbua. This animal is called by the
natives 'kangaroo.'" [This account, it will be seen, is based
on the notes of Banks.]
1774. Oliver Goldsmith, 'Animated Nature,' Book VII. c. xvi.,
The Gerbua,' [in four-vol. ed., vol. iii. p. 30]:
"But of all animals of this kind, that which was first
discovered and described by Mr. Banks is the most
extraordinary. He calls it the kanguroo; and though from its
general outline and the most striking peculiarities of its
figure it greatly resembles the gerbua, yet it entirely
differs, if we consider its size, or those minute distinctions
which direct the makers of systems in assorting the general
ranks of nature. The largest of the gerbua kind which are to
be found in the ancient continent do not exceed the size of a
rabbit. The kanguroo of New Holland, where it is only to be
found, is often known to weigh above sixty pounds, and must
consequently be as large as a sheep. Although the skin of that
which was stuffed and brought home by Mr. Banks was not much
above the size of a hare, yet it was greatly superior to any of
the gerbua kind that have been hitherto known, and very
different in many particulars. The snout of the gerbua, as has
been said, is short and round, that of the discovered animal
long and slender; the teeth also entirely differ, for as the
gerbua has but two cutting teeth in each jaw, making four in
all, this animal, besides its cutting teeth, has four canial
teeth also; but what makes a more striking peculiarity, is the
formation of its lower jaw, which, as the ingenious discoverer
supposes, is divided into two parts which open and shut like a
pair of scissors, and cut grass, probably this animal's
principal food. The head, neck, and shoulders are very small
in proportion to the other parts of the body; the tail is
nearly as long as the body; thick near the rump and tapering
towards the head and ears, which bear a slight resemblance to
those of the hare. We are not told, however, from the
formation of its stomach to what class of quadrupeds it
belongs: from its eating grass, which it has been seen to do,
one would be apt to rank it among the ruminating animals; but
from the canial teeth which it is found to have, we may on the
other hand suppose it to bear some relation to the carnivorous.
Upon the whole, however, it can be classed with none more
properly than with the animals of the gerbua kind, as its
hind-legs are so much longer than the fore; it moves also
precisely in the same manner, taking great bounds of ten or
twelve feet at a time, and thus sometimes escaping the fleetest
greyhound, with which Mr. Banks pursued it. One of them that
was killed proved to be good food; but a second, which weighed
eighty-four pounds, and was not yet come to its full growth,
was found to be much inferior."
1787, Surgeon Anderson, quoted by W. Eden, in 'History of New
Holland' (second edition), p. 71:
"However, we must have a far more intimate acquaintance with
the languages spoken here [Van Diemen's Land] and in the more
northern parts of New Holland, before we can pronounce that
they are totally different; nay, we have good grounds for the
opposite opinion; for we found that the animal called kangaroo
at Endeavour River was known under the same name here."
1781. T. Pennant, 'History of Quadrupeds,' vol. i. p. 306:
No. 184. [A Scientific Description of the Kangaroo.]
1789. Governor Phillip, 'Voyage':
[p. 106]: "The kangaroo."
[p. 168]: "Skeleton of the head of the kangaroo."
[At each of these places there is a description and a picture.
Under each picture the name is spelt "Kangooroo." At p. 289
there is a further note on the kanguroo. In the text at p. 149
the spelling " Kangooroo " is adopted.]
Ibid. p. 104:
"The kanguroo, though it resembles the jerboa in the
peculiarity of using only the hinder legs in progression,
does not belong to that genus."
Ibid, p. 168:
"Since stating the dimensions of the kanguroo, in page 106,
Lord Sydney has received from Governor Phillip a male of a much
larger size. . . . Lieutenant Shortland describes them as
feeding in herds of about thirty or forty, and assures us that
one is always observed to be apparently upon the watch at a
distance from the rest."
1789. Watkin Tench, 'Account of the Settlement of Port
Jackson,' p. 171:
"Kangaroo was a name unknown to them [the aborigines of Port
Jackson] for any animal, until we introduced it. When I showed
Colbee [an aboriginal] the cows brought out in the Gorgon he
asked me if they were kangaroos."
1793. Governor Hunter, 'Voyage,' p. 66:
"The animal described in the voyage of the _Endeavour_,
called the kangaroo (but by the natives patagorang), we found
in great numbers."
Ibid. p. 568:
"I had a kanguroo on board, which I had directions to carry to
Lord Grenville, as a present for his Majesty.--Nov. 26, 1791."
[There is no statement whether the animal reached England.]
Ibid. p. 402:
"In rowing up this branch, we saw a flock of about thirty
kangaroos or paderong, but they were only visible during their
leaps, as the very long grass hid them from our view."
1809. G. Shaw, 'Zoological Lectures,' vol. i. p. 94:
"The genus _Macropus_ or kangaroo . . . one of the most
elegant as well as curious animals discovered in modern times."
[Under the picture and in list of contents: Kanguroo.]
1814. M. Flinders, 'Voyage to Terra Australis,' Introd.
p. lxiii:
"An animal found upon one of the islands is described [by
Dampier, 'Voyage to New Holland,' vol. iii. p. 123] as 'a
sort of raccoon, different from that of the West Indies,
chiefly as to the legs; for these have very short fore legs;
but go jumping upon them' [not upon the short fore, but the
long hind legs, it is to be presumed] 'as the others do; and
like them are very good meat.' This appears to have been the
small kangaroo, since found upon the islands which form the
road; and if so, this description is probably the first ever
made of that singular animal" [though without the name].
1820. W. C. Wentworth, 'Description of New South Wales,'
p. 57:
"Coursing the kangaroo and emu forms the principal amusement
of the sporting part of the colonists.
(p. 68): The colonists generally pursue this animal [kangaroo]
at full speed on horseback, and frequently manage,
notwithstanding its extraordinary swiftness, to be up at the
death."
1833. Charles Lamb, 'Essays of Elia' [edition 1895], p. 151,
'Distant Correspondents':
"The kangaroos--your Aborigines--do they keep their primitive
simplicity un-Europe-tainted, with those little short fore
puds, looking like a lesson framed by nature to the
pick-pocket! Marry, for diving into fobs they are rather
lamely provided _a priori_; but if the hue and cry were
once up, they would show as fair a pair of hind-shifters as the
expertest loco motor in the colony."
1833. C. Sturt, 'Southern Australia,' vol. I. c. iii. p. 106:
"Those that were noticed were made of the red kangaroo-skin."
1834. L. E. Threlkeld, 'Australian Grammar of the Language
spoken by the Aborigines, at Hunter's River,' p. 87:
"Kong-go-rong, The Emu, from the noise it makes, and likely
the origin of the barbarism, kangaroo, used by the English, as
the name of an animal, called Mo-a-ne."
1835. T. B. Wilson, 'Narrative of a Voyage round the World,
etc.' p. 212:
"They [natives of the Darling Range, W.A.] distinctly
pronounced 'kangaroo' without having heard any of us utter that
sound: they also called it _waroo_, but whether they
distinguished 'kangaroo' (so called by us, and also by them)
from the smaller kind, named '_wallabi_,' and by them
'_waroo_,' we could not form any just conclusion."
1845. J. O. Balfour, 'Sketch of New South Wales,' p. 23:
"Kangaroos are of six different species, viz. the forester,
the flyer, the wallaby, the wallaroo, the kangaroo-rat,
and the kangaroo-mouse."
[This is of course merely a popular classification.]
1845. J. A. Moore, 'Tasmanian Rhymings,' p. 15:
"A kangaroo, like all his race,
Of agile form and placid face."
1861. W. M. Thackeray, 'Roundabout Papers', p.83:
"The fox has brought his brush, and the cock has brought his
comb, and the elephant has brought his trunk and the kangaroo
has brought his bag, and the condor his old white wig and black
satin hood."
1880. W. Senior, 'Travel and Trout,' p. 8:
"To return to the marsupials. I have been assured that
the kangaroos come first and eat off the grass; that the
wallabies, following, grub up the roots."
1881. A. C. Grant, 'Bush Life in Queensland,' vol. i. p. 114:
"Sometimes a kangaroo would come down with measured thud,
thud, and drink, and then return without noticing the human
beings."
1888. D. Macdonald, 'Gum Boughs,' p. 118:
"According to the traditions of the bush--not always
reliable--the name of kangaroo was given under a misconception.
An aborigine being asked by one of the early discoverers the
name of the animal, replied, 'Kangaroo' ('I don't know'), and
in this confession of ignorance or misapprehension the name
originated. It seems absurd to suppose that any black hunter
was really ignorant of the name of an animal which once
represented the national wealth of Australians as the merino
does to-day."
[The tradition is not quite so ridiculous, if the answer
meant--"I don't know what you mean,--I don't understand you."
See above.]
1891. 'Guide Zoological Gardens, Melbourne':
"In this enclosure is a wooden model of a kangaroo of ancient
times. This is copied from a restoration by Professor McCoy,
who was enabled to represent it from fossil remains which have
been unearthed at various places in Australia."
1896. E. Meston, 'Sydney Bulletin,' April 18:
"The origin of the word 'kangaroo' was published by me six
years ago. Captain Cook got it from the Endeavor River blacks,
who pronounce it to-day exactly as it is spelled in the great
navigator's journal, but they use it now only for the big toe.
Either the blacks in Cook's time called the kangaroo 'big toe'
for a nick-name, as the American Indians speak of the 'big
horn,' or the man who asked the name of the animal was holding
it by the hind foot, and got the name of the long toe, the
black believing that was the part to which the question
referred."
1896. Rev. J. Mathew, Private Letter, Aug. 31:
"Most names of animals in the Australian dialects refer to their
appearance, and the usual synthesis is noun + adjective; the
word may be worn down at either end, and the meaning lost to
the native mind.
"A number of the distinct names for _kangaroo_ show a
relation to words meaning respectively _nose, leg, big_,
_long_, either with noun and adjective to combination or
one or other omitted.
"The word _kangaroo_ is probably analysable into _ka_
or _kang_, _nose_ (or _head_), and _goora_,
_long_, both words or local equivalents being widely
current."
(2) Wild young cattle (a special use)--
1827. P. Cunningham, 'Two Years in New South Wales,' vol. i.
p. 290:
"A stockyard under six feet high will be leaped by some of
these kangaroos (as we term them) with the most perfect ease,
and it requires to be as stout as it is high to resist their
rushes against it."
(3) Used playfully, and as a nickname for persons and things
Australian. An Australian boy at an English school is
frequently called "Kangaroo." It is a Stock Exchange nickname
for shares in Western Australian gold-mining companies.
1896. 'Nineteenth Century' (Nov.), p. 711:
"To the 80,000,000 Westralian mining shares now in existence
the Stock Exchange has long since conceded a special 'market';
and it has even conferred upon these stocks a nickname--the
surest indication of importance and popularity. And that
'Kangaroos,' as they were fondly called, could boast of
importance and popularity nobody would dare to gainsay."
(4) A kind of chair, apparently from the shape.
1834. Miss Edgeworth, 'Helen,' c. xvi. ('Century'):
"It was neither a lounger nor a dormeuse, nor a Cooper, nor a
Nelson, nor a Kangaroo: a chair without a name would never do;
in all things fashionable a name is more than half. Such a
happy name as Kangaroo Lady Cecilia despaired of finding."
# Kangarooade #, _n_. a Kangaroo hunt; nonce word.
See quotation.
1863. M. K. Beveridge, 'Gatherings among the Gum Trees,'
p. 86:
"The Kangarooade--in three Spirts."
[Title of a poem.]
# Kangaroo-Apple #, _n_. an Australian and Tasmanian
fruit, _Solanum aviculare_, Forst., _N.O.
Solanaceae_. The name is also applied to _S. vescum_,
called the _Gunyang_ (q.v.). In New Zealand, the fruit is
called _Poroporo_ (q.v.).
1834. Ross, 'Van Diemen's Land Annual, p. 133:
'_Solanum laciniatum_, the kangaroo-apple, resembling the
apple of a potato; when so ripe as to split, it has a mealy
sub-acid taste."
1846. G. H. Haydon, 'Five Years in Australia Felix,' p. 85:
"The kangaroo-apple (_Solanum laciniatum_) is a fine shrub
found in many parts of the country, bearing a pretty blue
flower and a fruit rather unpleasant to the taste, although
frequently eaten by the natives, and also by Europeans."
1848. W. Westgarth, 'Australia Felix,' p. 132:
"The kangaroo-apple comes from a bush or small tree bearing
blue blossoms, which are succeeded by apples like those of the
potato. They have a sweetish flavour, and when ripe may be
boiled and eaten, but are not greatly prized."
1857. F. R. Nixon (Bishop), 'Cruise of Beacon,' p. 28:
"Of berries and fruits of which they partook, the principal
were those of _Solanum laciniatum_, or kangaroo-apple,
when dead ripe."
1877. F. v. Mueller, 'Botanic Teachings,' p. 105:
"_Solanum aviculare_, on which our colonists have very
inappropriately bestowed the name _Kangaroo-apple_, while
in literal scientific translation it ought to be called Bird's
Nightshade, because Captain Cook's companions observed in New
Zealand that birds were feeding on the berries of this bush."
# Kangaroo-Dog #, _n_. a large dog, lurcher,
deerhound, or greyhound, used for hunting the _Kangaroo_.
1806. 'History of New South Wales' (1818), p. 265:
"Shortly before the _Estramina_ left the River Derwent,
two men unfortunately perished by a whale-boat upsetting, in
which they were transporting four valuable kangaroo-dogs to the
opposite side, none of which ever reached the shore."
1830. R. Dawson, 'Present State of Australia,' p. 141:
"The kind of dog used for coursing the kangaroo is generally a
cross between the greyhound and the mastiff or sheep-dog; but
in a climate like New South Wales they have, to use the common
phrase, too much lumber about them. The true bred greyhound is
the most useful dog: he has more wind; he ascends the hills
with more ease; and will run double the number of courses in a
day. He has more bottom in running, and if he has less
ferocity when he comes up with an 'old man,' so much the
better, as he exposes himself the less, and lives to afford
sport another day."
1832. J. Bischoff, 'Van Diemen's Land,' c. ii. p. 31:
"They . . . are sometimes caught by the kangaroo-dogs."
1845. R. Howitt, 'Australia,' p. 126:
"A fine kangaroo-dog was pointed out to us, so fond of
kangarooing that it goes out alone, kills the game, and then
fetches its master to the dead animals."
1847. J. D. Lang, 'Cooksland,' p. 422:
"With the gun over his shoulder, and the kangaroo-dog in a
leash by his side."
1850. J. B. Clutterbuck, 'Port Phillip in 1849,' c. iii.
p. 35:
"On every station, also, a large kind of greyhound, a cross
of the Scotch greyhound and English bulldog, called the
kangaroo-dog, which runs by sight, is kept for the purpose
of their destruction."
1888. Cassell's 'Picturesque Australasia,' vol. ii. p. 91:
"Kangaroo-dogs are a special breed, a kind of strong
greyhound."
1893. 'The Argus,' April 8, p. 4, col. 1:
"That big, powerful, black kangaroo-dog Marmarah was well worth
looking at, with his broad, deep chest, intelligent, determined
eyes, sinews of a gymnast, and ribs like Damascus steel. On
his black skin he bore marks of many honourable fights; the
near side showed a long, whitish line where the big emu he had
run down, tackled single-handed, and finally killed, had laid
him open. His chest and legs showed numerous grey scars, each
with a history of its own of which he might well be proud."
# Kangaroo-Fly #, _n_. a small Australian fly,
_Cabarus_. See quotations.
1833. C. Sturt, 'Southern Australia,' vol. I. c. ii. p. 71:
"Our camp was infested by the kangaroo-fly, which settled upon
us in thousands."
1865. Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, 'History of the Discovery
and Exploration of Australia,' vol. i. p. 313 [Note]:
"Rather smaller than the house-fly, it acts with such celerity
that it has no sooner settled on the face or hands than it
inflicts instantaneously a painful wound, which often bleeds
subsequently. It is called by the colonists the kangaroo-fly;
and though not very common, the author can testify that it is
one of the most annoying pests of Australia."
# Kangaroo-Grass #, _n_. a name given to several
species of grasses of the genera _Anthistiria_ and
_Andropogon_, chiefly from their height, but also because,
when they are young and green in spring, the _Kangaroo_
feeds on them. _Andropogon_ is more like a rush or sedge,
and is sometimes so high as to completely conceal horses. See
_Grass_.
1827. P. Cunningham, 'Two Years in New South Wales,' vol. i.
p. 209:
"Of native grasses we possess the oat-grass, rye-grass,
fiorin, kangaroo-grass, and timothy,--blady grass growing in wet,
flooded, alluvial spots, and wire-grass upon cold, wet, washed
clays."
1838. 'Report of Van Diemen's Land Company,' in J. Bischoff's
'Van Diemen's Land' (1832), c. v. p. 119:
"The grasses were principally timothy, foxtail, and single
kangaroo."
1845. T. L. Mitchell, 'Tropical Australia, p. 88:
"A new species of _Anthistiria_ occurred here, perfectly
distinct from the kangaroo grass of the colony."
1848. W. Westgarth, 'Australia Felix,' p. 131:
"The most conspicuous of the native _Gramineae_ that so
widely cover the surface of Australia Felix."
1862. G. T. Lloyd, 'Thirty-three Years in Tasmania and
Victoria,' p. 36:
"Where are the genial morning dews of former days that used to
glisten upon and bespangle the vernal-leaved kangaroo grass?"
1862. G. T. Lloyd, 'Thirty-three Years in Tasmania,' p. 393:
"Between the Lake River and Launceston . . . I was most
agreeably surprised in beholding the novel sight of a spacious
enclosure of waving kangaroo grass, high and thick-standing as
a good crop of oats, and evidently preserved for seed."
1888. D. Macdonald, 'Gum Boughs,' p. 8:
"Not even a withered wisp of kangaroo-grass."
(p. 193):
"The long brown kangaroo-grass."
1891. 'The Argus,' Dec. 19, p. 4, col. 2:
"Had they but pulled a tuft of the kangaroo-grass beneath their
feet, they would have found gold at its roots."
# Kangaroo-hop #, _n_. a peculiar affected gait. See
quotation.
1875. 'Spectator' (Melbourne), May 22, p. 27, col. 2:
"The young lady that affects waterfalls, the Grecian-bend,
or the kangaroo hop."
# Kangaroo-Hound #, _n_. i.q. _Kangaroo-Dog_
(q.v.).
1865. Lady Barker, 'Station Life in New Zealand,' p. 28:
"A large dog, a kangaroo-hound (not unlike a lurcher in
appearance)."
# Kangarooing #, vb. _n_. hunting the kangaroo.
1852. Mrs. Meredith, 'My Home in Tasmania,' p. 257:
"In chasing kangaroos, or, as it is technically termed,
'kangarooing,' large powerful dogs are used . . ."
1870. E. B. Kennedy, 'Four Years in Queensland,' p. 194:
"You may be out Kangarooing; the dogs take after one
[a kangaroo], and it promises to be a good course."
1888. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Robbery under Arms,' p. 15:
"We were sick of kangarooing, like the dogs themselves,
that as they grew old would run a little way and then pull
up if a mob came jump, jump, past them."
# Kangaroo-Mouse #, _n_. more strictly called the
_Pouched-Mouse_ (q.v.).
1888. D. Macdonald, 'Gum Boughs,' p. 256:
"It is a long chain from the big forester, down through the
different varieties of wallaby to the kangaroo-rat, and finally,
to the tiny interesting little creature known on the plains as
the 'kangaroo-mouse'; but all have the same characteristics."
# Kangaroo-net #, _n_. net made by the natives to
catch the kangaroo.
1847. L. Leichhardt, 'Overland Expedition,' p. 45:
"I found . . . four fine kangaroo-nets, made of the bark of
sterculia."
# Kangaroo-Rat #, or # Rat-Kangaroo #, _n_.
the name applied to species of Marsupials belonging to the
following genera, viz.--
(1) _Potorous_, (2) _Caloprymnus_, (3)
_Bettongia_, (4) _AEpyprymnus_.
(1) The first genus (_Potorous_, q.v.) includes animals
about the size of a large rat; according to Gould, although
they stand much on their hind-legs they run in a totally
different way to the kangaroo, using fore and hind-legs in a
kind of gallop and never attempting to kick with the hind-feet.
The aboriginal name was _Potoroo_. The species are
three--the Broad-faced Kangaroo-Rat, _Potorous platyops_,
Gould; Gilbert's, _P. gilberti_, Gould; Common,
_P. tridactylus_, Kerr. They are confined to Australia
and Tasmania, and one Tasmanian variety of the last species is
bigger than the mainland form. There is also a dwarf Tasmanian
variety of the same species.
(2) A second genus (_Caloprymnus_, q.v.) includes the
_Plain Kangaroo-Rat_; it has only one species,
_C. campestris_, Gould, confined to South Australia.
The epithet plain refers to its inhabiting plains.
(3) A third genus (_Bettongia_, q.v.) includes the
Prehensile-tailed Rat-Kangaroos and has four species,
distributed in Australia and Tasmania--
Brush-tailed Kangaroo-Rat--
_Bettongia penicillata_, Gray.
Gaimard's K.-R.--
_B. gaimardi_, Desm.
Lesueur's K.-R.--
_B. lesueuri_, Quoy and Gaim.
Tasmanian K.-R.--
_B. cuniculus_, Ogilby.
(4) A fourth genus (_AEpyprymnus_, q.v.) includes the
Rufous Kangaroo-Rat. It has one species, _AE. rufescens_,
Grey. It is the largest of the Kangaroo-Rats and is
distinguished by its ruddy colour, black-backed ears,
and hairy nose.
[Mr. Lydekker proposes to call the animal the _Rat-
Kangaroo_ (see quotation, 1894), but the name _Kangaroo-
Rat_ is now so well-established that it does not seem
possible to supersede it by the, perhaps, more correct name of
_Rat-Kangaroo_. The introduction of the word
_Kangaroo_ prevents any possibility of confusion between
this animal and the true rodent, and it would seem to be a
matter of indifference as to which word precedes or follows the
other.]
1788. Governor Phillip (Despatch, May 15), in 'Historical
Records of New South Wales,' vol. I. pt. ii. p. 135:
"Many trees were seen with holes that had been enlarged by the
natives to get at the animal, either the squirrel, kangaroo
rat, or opossum, for the going in of which perhaps they wait
under their temporary huts, and as the enlarging these holes
could only be done with the shell they used to separate the
oysters from the rocks, must require great patience."
1793 Governor Hunter, 'Voyage,' p. 61:
"As most of the large trees are hollow by being rotten in the
heart, the opossum, kangaroo-rat, squirrel, and various other
animals which inhabit the woods, when they are pursued,
commonly run into the hollow of a tree."
1802. G. Barrington, 'History of New South Wales,' c. xi.
p. 430:
"The poto roo, or kangaroo-rat. . . . This curious animal
which is indeed a miniature of the Kangaroo."
1832. J. Bischoff, 'Van Diemen's Land,' c. ii. p. 28:
"The kangaroo-rat is a small inoffensive animal and perfectly
distinct from the ordinary species of rat."
1836. C. Darwin, 'Naturalist's Voyage,' c. xix. p. 321:
"The greyhounds pursued a kangaroo-rat into a hollow tree,
out of which we dragged it; it is an animal as large as a
rabbit, but with the figure of a kangaroo."
1850. J. B. Clutterbuck, 'Port Phillip in 1849,' p. 37:
"The kangaroo-rat is twice the size of a large English
water-rat, and of the same colour, measuring nearly two feet
in length."
1852. G. C. Mundy, 'Our Antipodes' (edition 1853), p. 157:
"Two or three of the smallest kind, called the kangaroo-rat--
about the size of a hare, and affording pretty good coursing."
1860. Fison and Howitt, 'Kamilaroi and Kurnai,' p. 195:
"One of the skin aprons . . . made from the skin of a
kangaroo-rat."
1879. C. W. Schurmann, 'Native Tribes of Australia--Port
Lincoln Tribe,' p. 214:
"The natives use this weapon [the _Waddy_] principally
for throwing at kangaroo-rats or other small animals."
1890. A. H. S. Lucas, 'Handbook of the Australasian
Association for the Advancement of Science,' Melbourne, p. 63:
"The Victorian Kangaroo rat is _Bettongia cuniculus_."
1894. R.Lydekker, 'Marsupialia,' p. 63:
"The rat-kangaroos, often incorrectly spoken of as
kangaroo-rats."
# Kangaroo-skin #, _n_. either the leather for the
tanned hide, or the complete fur for rugs and wraps.
1806. 'History of New South Wales' (1818), p. 258:
"The fitness of the kangaroo-skin for upper leathers will no
doubt obtain preference over most of the imported leather, as
it is in general lighter and equally durable."
1872. C. H. Eden, 'My Wife and I in Queensland,' p. 106:
"I used always to strip and preserve the pelt, for it makes
good and pretty door-mats, and is most useful for pouches,
leggings, light-whips, or any purpose where you require
something strong and yet neater than green hide. I have seen
saddles covered with it, and kangaroo-skin boots are very
lasting and good."
# Kangaroo-tail Soup #, _n_. soup made from the
kangaroo-tail.
1820. W. C. Wentworth, 'Description of New South Wales,'
p. 58:
"The tail of the forest kangaroo in particular makes a soup
which, both in richness and flavour, is far superior to any
ox-tail soup ever tasted."
1865. Lady Barker, writing from Melbourne, 'Station Life in
New Zealand,' p. 14:
"The soups comprised kangaroo-tail--a clear soup not unlike
ox-tail, but with a flavour of game."
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Miner's Right,' c. xxxv. p. 312:
"Kangaroo-tail and ox-tail soup disputed pre-eminence."
# Kangaroo-Thorn #, _n_. an indigenous hedge-plant,
_Acacia armata_, R. Br., _N.O. Leguminosae_; called
also _Kangaroo Acacia_.
# Kapai #, _adj_. Maori word for _good_, used
by the English in the North Island of New Zealand; e.g. "That is
a kapai pipe." "I have a kapai gun."
1896. 'New Zealand Herald,' Feb. 14 (Leading Article):
"The Maori word which passed most familiarly into the speech
of Europeans was 'kapai,' 'this is good.'"
# Kapu #, _n_. Maori word for a stone adze. The
Maori word means the hollow of the hand. The adze is so called
from its curved shape. (Williams, 'Maori Dict.')
1889. 'Catalogue of New Zealand Exhibition,' p. 140:
"Kapu,, or adze."
# Karaka #, _n_. Maori name for a tree,
_Corynocarpus laevigata_, Forst. _N.O. anacardiaceae_;
also called _Cow-tree_ (q.v.), forty feet high, with orange-
coloured berries, two to three inches long.
1845. E. J. Wakefield, 'Adventures in New Zealand,' vol. i.
p. 226:
"Two or three canoes were hauled up under some karaka trees,
which formed a pleasant grove in a sort of recess from the
beach."
Ibid. vol. i. p. 233:
"The karaka-tree much resembles the laurel in its growth and
foliage. It bears bright orange-coloured berries about the
size and shape of damsons, growing in bunches. The fruit is
sickly and dry; but the kernel forms an important article of
native food."
1859. A. S. Thomson, 'Story of New Zealand,' p. 157:
"The karaka fruit is about the size of an acorn. The pulp is
eaten raw; the kernel is cooked in the oven for ten days, and
then steeped for several weeks in a running stream before it is
fit for use. Karaka berries for winter use are dried in the
sun. The kernel is poisonous uncooked."
1872. A. Domett, 'Ranolf,' p. 108:
"The thick karakas' varnished green."
1881. J. L. Campbell, 'Poenamo,' p. 102:
"The karaka with its brilliantly polished green leaves
and golden yellow fruit."
1883. F. S. Renwick, 'Betrayed,' p. 35:
"Bring the heavy karaka leaf,
Gather flowers of richest hue."
1892. 'Otago Witness,' Nov. 10. (Native Trees):
"_Corynocarpus laevigata_ (generally known by the name of
karaka). The fruit is poisonous, and many deaths of children
occur through eating it. Mr. Anderson, a surgeon who
accompanied Captain Cook, mentions this tree and its fruit, and
says the sailors ate it, but does not say anything about it
being poisonous. The poison is in the hard inner part, and it
may be that they only ate the outer pulp."
# Karamu #, _n_. Maori name for several species of
the New Zealand trees of the genus _Coprosma_,
_N.O. Rubiaceae_. Some of the species are called
_Tree-karamu_, and others _Bush-karamu_; to the
latter (_C. lucida_, Kirk) the name _Coffee-plant_,
or _Coffee-bush_, is also applied.
1874. J. White, 'Te Rou, or the Maori at Home,' p. 221:
"Then they tied a few Karamu branches in front of them and went
towards the settlement."
1876. J. C. Crawford, 'Transactions of the New Zealand
Institute,' vol. IX. art. lxxx. p. 545:
"I have seen it stated that coffee of fine flavour has been
produced from the karamu, _coprosma lucida_."
1883. J. Hector, 'Handbook of New Zealand, p. 132:
"Karamu. an ornamental shrub-tree; wood close-grained and
yellow; might be used for turnery."
1887. T. F. Cheeseman, 'Transactions of the New Zealand
Institute,' vol. XX. art. xxii. p. 143:
"The first plant of interest noted was a new species of
_coprosma_, with the habit of the common karamu."
1889. T. Kirk, 'Forest Flora of New Zealand,' p. 275:
"'Karamu' is applied by the Maoris to several species of
_Coprosma_, amongst which, I believe, this
[_C. arborea_] is included, but it is commonly termed
'tree-karamu' by bushmen and settlers in the North."
1891. T. H. Potts, 'Out in the Open,' 'New Zealand Country
Journal,' vol. xv. p. 105:
"Of these fruits that of the karamu, (Coprosma lucida),
seemed to be amongst the first to be selected."
# Kareau # or # Kareao #, _n_. Maori name for
_Supplejack_ (q.v.).
# Karmai #, _n_. used by settlers in South Island of
New Zealand for _Towhai_ (q.v.), a New Zealand tree,
_Weinmannia racemosa_, Forst. _N.O. Saxifrageae_.
Kamahi is the Maori, and _Karmai_, or _Kamai_, the
corruption.
1876. W. N. Blair, 'Transactions of the New Zealand Institute,'
vol. ix. p. 148:
"As will be seen by the tables of names, kamai is called black
birch in the Catlin River District and Southland, which name is
given on account of a supposed resemblance to the 'birches,'
or more correctly 'beeches,' a number of which occur in that
locality. I cannot understand how such an idea could have
originated, for except in the case of the bark of one there
is not the slightest resemblance between the birches and kamai.
Whatever be the reason, the misapplication of names is
complete, for the birches are still commonly called kamai in
Southland."
# Karoro #, _n_. Maori name for a Black-backed Gull,
_Larus dominicanus_.
1888. W. L. Buller, 'Birds of New Zealand,' vol. ii. p. 47:
[Description.]
# Karri # or # Kari #, _n_. aboriginal name
(Western Australia) for _Eucalyptus diversicolor_.
F. v. M.
1870. W. H. Knight, 'Western Australia: Its History,
Progress, Condition, etc.,' p. 38:
"The Karri (_eucalyptus colossea_) is another wood very
similar in many respects to the tuart, and grows to an enormous
size."
1875. T. Laslett, 'Timber and Timber Trees,' p. 196:
"The kari-tree is found in Western Australia, and is said to be
very abundant . . . of straight growth and can be obtained
of extraordinary size and length. . . . The wood is red in
colour, hard, heavy, strong, tough, and slightly wavy or curled
in the grain."
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 444:
"Commonly known as 'karri,' but in its native habitat as
blue-gum. . . . The durability of this timber for lengthened
periods under ground yet remains to be proved."
1896. 'The Inquirer and Commercial News,' [Perth] July 3,
p. 4, col. 5:
"Mr. J. Ednie Brown, conservator of forests . . . expresses
astonishment at the vastness of the karri forests there. They
will be in a position to export one thousand loads of karri
timber for street-blocking purposes every week."
1896. 'The Times' (Weekly Edition), Dec. 4, p. 822, col. 1:
"Karri, _Eucalyptus diversicolor_, is the giant tree of
Western Australia. an average tree has a height of about
200ft., and a diameter of 4 ft. at 3 ft. or 4 ft. above the
ground. The tree is a rapid grower, and becomes marketable in
30 or 40 years, against 50 years for jarrah. Karri timber is
being largely exported for London street-paving, as its surface
is not easily rendered slippery."
# Katipo #, _n_. a small venomous spider of New
Zealand and Australia. The name is Maori. The scientific name
is _Latrodectus scelio_, Thorel.In New Zealand, it is
generally found on the beach under old driftwood; but in
Australia it is found widely scattered over the Continent, and
always frequents dark sheltered spots. The derivation may be
from _Kakati_, verb, to sting, and _po_, night.
Compare _Kakapo_. It is a dark-coloured spider, with a
bright red or yellowish stripe.
1867. F. Hochstetter, 'New Zealand,' p. 440:
"A small black spider with a red stripe on its back, which they
[the natives of New Zealand] call katipo or katepo."
1870. Sir W. Buller, before Wellington Philosophical Society,
quoted in 'The Katipo,' Jan. 1, 1892, p. 2:
"I have satisfied myself that in common with many other
venomous creatures it (the katipo) only asserts its dreaded
power as a means of defence, or when greatly irritated,
for I have observed that on being touched with the finger it
instantly folds its legs, rolls over on its back, and simulates
death, remaining perfectly motionless till further molested,
when it attempts to escape, only using its fangs as the _dernier
ressort_."
1890. C. Lumholtz, 'Among Cannibals, p. 39:
"Another spider (_Lathrodectus scelio_), which is very
common here and everywhere in Queensland, is very dangerous
even to men. It is a small black animal, of the size of our
house-spider, with a brilliant scarlet mark on its back."
1891. C. Frost, 'Victorian Naturalist,' p. 140:
"I also determined, should opportunity occur, to make some
further experiments with the black and red spider
_Latrodectus scelio_ . . . I found suspended in the web
of one of this species a small lizard . . . which doubtless had
been killed by its bite."
1892. Jan. 1, 'The Katipo,' a Journal of Events in connection
with the New Zealand Post Office and Telegraph Services. On
p. 2 of the first number the Editor says:
"If hard words could break bones, the present lot of the
proprietors of 'The Katipo' would be a sorry one. From certain
quarters invectives of the most virulent type have been hurled
upon them in connection with the title now bestowed upon the
publication--the main objections expressed cover contentions
that the journal's prototype is a 'repulsive,' 'vindictive,'
and 'death-dealing reptile,' 'inimical to man,' etc. ; and so
on, _ad infinitum_."
[The pictorial heading of each number is a katipo's web,
suggestive of the reticulation of telegraph wires, concerning
which page 3 of the first number says: "The Katipo spider and
web extends its threads as a groundwork for unity of the
services."]
1895. H. R. Hogq, 'Horne Expedition in Central Australia,
Zoology, p. 322:
"This spider, popularly known as the red streaked spider, is
found all over Victoria and New South Wales, and is recorded
from Rockhampton and Bowen on the Queensland Coast, and from
the North Island of New Zealand, where it is known by the
Maoris as the Katipo."
# Kauri #, or # Cowry #, or # Kauri-Pine #,
_n_. Maori name for the tree _Agathis australis_,
Sal. (formerly _Dammara A_.), _N.O. Coniferae_.
Variously spelt, and earlier often called _Cowdie_. In
'Lee's New Zealand Vocabulary,' 1820, the spelling _Kaudi_
appears. Although this tree is usually called by the generic
name of _Dammara_ (see quotation, 1832), it is properly
referred to the genus _Agathis_, an earlier name already
given to it by Salisbury. There is a Queensland Kauri
(_Dammara robusta_, F. v. M.). See _Pine_.
1823. R. A. Cruise, 'Ten Months in New Zealand,' p. 145:
"The banks of the river were found to abound with cowry; and
. . . the carpenter was of opinion that there could be no great
difficulty in loading the ship. The timber purveyor of the
Coromandel having given cowry a decided preference to
kaikaterre, . . . it was determined to abandon all further
operations."
1835. W. Yate, 'True Account of New Zealand,' p. 37:
"As a shrub, and during its youthful days, the kauri is not
very graceful . . . but when it comes to years of maturity,
it stands unrivalled for majesty and beauty."
1852. G. C. Mundy, 'Our Antipodes' (edition 1855), p. 285:
"The kauri (_Dammera_ [sic] _Australis_) is
coniferous, resinous, and has an elongated box-like leaf."
1860. G. Bennett, 'Gatherings of a Naturalist,' p. 349:
"When Captain Cook visited New Zealand (nearly a century after
the discovery of the _Dammara_ of Amboyna), he saw, upon
the east coast of the Northern Island, a tree, called by the
natives Kowrie; it was found to be a second species of
_Dammara_, and was named _D. australis_."
1867. F. Hochstetter, 'New Zealand,' p. 140:
"The Kauri-pine is justly styled the Queen of the New Zealand
forest . . . the celebrated and beautiful Kauri."
1874. W. M. B., 'Narrative of Edward Crewe,' p. 169:
"The kauri is the only cone-bearing pine in New Zealand. The
wood is of a yellow colour, wonderfully free from knots, and
harder than the red-pine of the Baltic. Beautifully mottled
logs are sometimes met with, and are frequently made up into
furniture."
1875. T. Laslett, 'Timber and Timber Trees,' p. 295:
"The Kaurie or Cowdie-Pine (_Dammara Australis_) is a
native of and is found only in New Zealand. . . . A tall and
very handsome tree with a slightly tapering stem. . . . For
masts, yards, etc., is unrivalled in excellence, as it not only
possesses the requisite dimensions, lightness, elasticity, and
strength, but is much more durable than any other Pine." [The
whole of chap. 37 is devoted to this tree.]
1883. F. S. Renwick, 'Betrayed,' p. 47:
"As some tall kauri soars in lonely pride,
So proudly Hira stood."
1886. J. A. Froude, 'Oceans,' p. 318:
"Only the majestic Kauri tolerated no approaches to his
dignity. Under his branches all was bare and brown."
1889. T. Kirk, 'Forest Flora of New Zealand,' p. 143:
"The Native name 'Kauri' is the only common name in general
use. When the timber was first introduced into Britain it was
termed 'cowrie' or 'kowdie-pine'; but the name speedily fell
into disuse, although it still appears as the common name in
some horticultural works."
1890. Brett, 'Early History of New Zealand,' p. 115:
"'The Hunter' and 'Fancy' loaded spars for Bengal at the Thames
in 1798." . . . "These two Indian vessels in the Thames were
probably the earliest European ships that loaded with New
Zealand Timber, and probably mark the commencement of the
export Kauri trade."
# Kauri-gum #, _n_. the resin which exudes from the
_Kauri_ (q.v.), used in making varnish.
1867. F. Hochstetter, 'New Zealand,' p. 140:
"In the year 1859 the amount of timber exportation from the
Province of Auckland was L 34,376; that of kauri-gum exported
L 20,776."
1874. G. Walch, 'Head over Heels,' p. 15:
"He paid his passage with kauri-gum."
1893. 'Murray's Handbook to New Zealand,' p. 62:
"The industry which will most interest the tourist is the
Kauri-gum. . . . The resin or gum which they [the Kauri-trees]
contained fell into the ground as the trees died, and (not
being soluble in water) has remained there ever since. Men go
about with spears which they drive into the ground, and if they
find small pieces of gum sticking to the end of the spear, they
commence digging, and are often rewarded by coming on large
lumps of gum."
# Kava #, _n_. The word is Tongan for--
(1) An ornamental shrub, _Piper methysticum_, Miq.; also
_Macropiper latifolium_, Miq. See _Kawa-kawa_.
(2) A narcotic and stimulant beverage, prepared from the root
of this plant, which used to be chewed by the natives of Fiji,
who ejected the saliva into a _Kava_ bowl, added water and
awaited fermentation. The final stage of the manufacture was
accompanied by a religious ceremonial of chanting. The
manufacture is now conducted in a cleaner way. Kava produces
an intoxication, specially affecting the legs.
1858. Rev. T. Williams, 'Fiji and the Fijians,' vol. i.
p. 141:
"Like the inhabitants of the groups eastward, the Fijians drink
an infusion of the _Piper methysticum_, generally called
_Ava_ or _Kava_--its name in the Tongan and other
languages. Some old men assert that the true Fijian mode of
preparing the root is by grating, as is still the practice in
two or three places; but in this degenerate age the Tongan
custom of chewing is almost universal, the operation nearly
always being performed by young men. More form attends the use
of this narcotic on Somosomo than elsewhere. Early in the
morning the king's herald stands in front of the royal abode,
and shouts at the top of his voice, '_Yagona_!' Hereupon
all within hearing respond in a sort of scream,
'_Mama_!'--'Chew it!' At this signal the chiefs, priests,
and leading men gather round the well-known bowl, and talk over
public affairs, or state the work assigned for the day, while
their favourite draught is being prepared. When the young men
have finished the chewing, each deposits his portion in the
form of a round dry ball in the bowl, the inside of which thus
becomes studded over with a large number of these separate
little masses. The man who has to make the grog takes the bowl
by the edge and tilts it towards the king, or, in his absence,
to the chief appointed to preside. A herald calls the king's
attention to the slanting bowl, saying, 'Sir, with respects,
the _yagona_ is collected.' If the king thinks it enough,
he replies, in a low tone, '_Loba_'--'Wring it--an order
which the herald communicates to the man at the bowl in a
louder voice. The water is then called for and gradually
poured in, a little at first, and then more, until the bowl is
full or the master of the ceremonies says, 'Stop!' the operator
in the meantime gathering up and compressing the chewed root."
1888. H. S. Cooper, 'The Islands of the Pacific,' p. 102:
"Kava is the name given to a liquor produced by chewing the
root of a shrub called angona, and the ceremonious part of the
preparation consists in chewing the root."
# Kawa-kawa #, _n_. Maori name for an ornamental
shrub of New Zealand, _Macropiper excelsum_. In Maori,
Kawa = "unpleasant to the taste, bitter, sour." (Williams.)
The missionaries used to make small beer out of the
_Kawa-kawa_.
1850. Major Greenwood, 'Journey from Taupo to Auckland,'
p. 30:
"The good missionary . . . thrust upon us . . . some
bottles of a most refreshing light beverage made from the
leaves of the kawa-kawa tree, which in taste much resembled
ginger-beer."
1877. Anon., 'Colonial Experiences, or Incidents of
Thirty-four Years in New Zealand,' p. 104:
"Our tea was made from the dried leaves of a native shrub,
of a very spicy flavour, and known as the kawakawa, too pungent
if used fresh and green."
1896. 'Otago Witness,' June 4, p. 49:
"The tints of _kawa_, of birch and broadleaf, of
_rimu_ and _matai_ are blended together into one dark
indivisible green."
# Kawau #, _n_. Maori name for a Shag,
_Phalacrocorax novae-hollandiae_, Steph.
1888. W. L. Buller, 'Birds of New Zealand,' vol. ii.
p. 145:
[Description given.]
# Kea #, _n_. a parrot of New Zealand, _Nester
notabilis_, Gould. For its habits see quotations.
1862. J. Von Haast, 'Exploration of Head Waters of Waitaki,
1862,'-in 'Geology of Westland' (published 1879), p. 36:
"What gave still greater interest to the spot was the presence
of a number of large green alpine parrots (_Nestor
notabilis_), the kea of the natives, which visited
continually the small grove of beech-trees near our camp."
1880. 'Zoologist' for February, p. 57:
"On the 4th of November last the distinguished surgeon,
Mr. John Wood, F.R.S., exhibited before the Pathological
Society of London the colon of a sheep, in which the operation
known as Colotomy had been performed by a Parrot . . . the
species known as the 'Kea' by the Maoris, the 'Mountain Parrot'
of the colonists, _Nestor notabilis_ of Gould. Only five
species . . . are known, one of which (_Nestor productus_)
has lately become extinct; they only occur in New Zealand and
Norfolk Island. They were formerly classed among the
_Trichoglossinae_ or brush-tongued parrots . . . more
nearly allied to true _Psittaci_ . . . Its ordinary food
consists of berries and insects; but since its Alpine haunts
have been reached by the tide of civilization, it has acquired
a taste for raw flesh, to obtain which it even attacks living
animals."
1882. T. H. Potts, 'Out in the Open,' p. 176:
"We have the hoary-headed nestors, amongst which are found the
noisy honey-loving kaka, the hardy kea, that famous sheep-
killer and flesh-eater, the dread of many an Alpine sheep
farmer."
1888. W. L. Buller, 'Birds of New Zealand,' vol. i.
p. 166:
"_Nestor notabilis_, Gould, Kea-parrot, Mountain-parrot of
the Colonists."
1888. 'Antipodean Notes,' p. 74:
"The Kea picks the fat which surrounds the kidneys. . . .
Various theories have been started to explain how this parrot
has become carnivorous."
[Two pages are devoted to the question.]
1889. Cassell's 'Picturesque Australasia,' vol. iv. p. 19:
"The kea-parrot. . . . The kea is pretty to look at, having
rich red and green plumage, but it is a cruel bird. It is said
that it will fasten on the back of a living sheep and peck its
way down to the kidney-fat, for which this parrot has a special
fancy. No tourist need feel compunction about shooting a kea."
1893. A. R. Wallace, 'Australasia,' vol. i. p. 445:
"Another very interesting group of birds are the large dull
colonial parrots of the genus Nestor, called kea or kaka by the
natives from their peculiar cries. Their natural food is
berries . . . but of late years the kea (_Nestor
notabilis_), a mountain species found only in the South
Island, has developed a curious liking for meat, and now
attacks living sheep, settling on their backs and tearing away
the skin and flesh to get at the kidney fat."
1895. 'Otago Witness,' Dec. 26, p. 3, col. 1:
"There is in the Alpine regions of the South Island a plant
popularly called the 'vegetable sheep,' botanically named
_Raoulia_. From the distance of even a few yards it looks
like a sheep. It grows in great masses, and consists of a
woolly vegetation. A large specimen of this singular plant was
exhibited in the Colonial and Indian Exhibition. It is said
that the kea was in the habit of tearing it up to get at the
grubs which harbour within the mass, and that mistaking dead
sheep for vegetable sheep it learned the taste of mutton. A
more enterprising generation preferred its mutton rather
fresher."
# Kelp-fish #, _n_. In New Zealand, also called
_Butter-fish_ (q.v.), _Coridodax pullus_, Forst.
In Tasmania, _Odax baleatus_, Cuv. and Val.; called
also _Ground Mullet_ by the fishermen. In Victoria,
_Chironemus marmoratus_, Gunth. _Coridodax_ and
_Odax_ belong to the family _Labridae_ or Wrasses,
which comprises the _Rock-Whitings_; _Chironemus_
to the family _Cirrhitidae_. The name is also given
in New Zealand to another fish, the _Spotty_ (q.v.).
These fishes are all different from the Californian food-
fishes of the same name.
1841. J. Richardson, 'Description of Australian Fishes,'
p. 148:
"This fish is known at Port Arthur by the appellation of
'Kelp-fish,' I suppose from its frequenting the thickets of
the larger fuci."
# Kennedya #, _n_. the scientific name of a genus of
perennial leguminous herbs of the bean family-named, in 1804,
after Mr. Kennedy, a gardener at Hammersmith, near London.
There are seventeen species, all natives of Australia and
Tasmania, many of them cultivated for the sake of their showy
flowers and berries. Others lie near the ground like a vetch;
_K. prostrata_ is called the _Coral Pea_ (q.v.),
or _Bleeding Heart_, or _Native Scarlet Runner_,
or _Running Postman_. Another species is called
_Australian Sarsaparilla_. See _Sarsaparilla_.
1885. R. M. Praed, 'The Head Station,' p. 294:
"Taking off his felt hat, he twisted round it a withe of
crimson Kennedia, then put it on again."
# Kestrel #, _n_. the common English name for a
falcon. According to Gould the Australian species is identical
with _Cerchneis tinnunculus_, a European species, but
Vigors and Horsfield differentiate it as _Tinnunculus
cenchroides_.
1893. 'The Argus,' March 25, p. 4, col. 5:
"The kestrel's nest we always found in the fluted gums that
overhung the creek, the red eggs resting on the red mould of
the decaying trunk being almost invisible."
Kia ora, _interj_. Maori phrase used by English in
the North Island of New Zealand, and meaning "Health to you!"
A private letter (1896) says--"You will hear any day at a
Melbourne bar the first man say _Keora ta-u_, while the
other says _Keora tatu_, so replacing "Here's to you!"
These expressions are corruptions of the Maori, _Kia ora
taua_, "Health to us too!" and _Kia ora tatou_,
"Health to all of us!"
# Kie-kie #, _n_. Maori name for a climbing plant,
_Freycinetia banksii_, _N.O. Pandanaceae_; frequently
pronounced _ghi-ghi_ in the North Island of New Zealand,
and _gay-gie_ in the South Island.
1854. W. Golder, 'Pigeons' Parliament,' p. 77:
"The trees were . . . covered with a kind of parasite plant,
called a keekee, having a thick cabbage-like stock."
1872. A. Domett, 'Ranolf' (Notes), p. 505:
"Kie-kie (parasite). . . . A lofty climber; the bracts and
young spikes make a very sweet preserve."
1882. T. H. Potts, 'Out in the Open,' p. 20:
"The unused food . . . of our little camp, together with
the empty kie-kie baskets."
[sc. baskets made of _kie-kie_ leaves.]
# Kiley #, _n_. aboriginal word in Western Australia
for a flat weapon, curved for throwing, made plane on one side
and slightly convex on the other. A kind of boomerang.
1839. Nathaniel Ogle, 'The Colony of Western Australia,'
p. 57:
"In every part of this great continent they have the koilee,
or boomerang . . ."
1846. J. L. Stokes, 'Discoveries in Australia,' vol. 1.
c. iv. p. 72:
"One of them had a kiley or bomerang."
1872. Mrs. E. Millett, 'An Australian Parsonage; or, The
Settler and the Savage in Western Australia,' p. 222:
"The flat curved wooden weapon, called a _kylie_, which
the natives have invented for the purpose of killing several
birds out of a flock at one throw, looks not unlike a bird
itself as it whizzes (or _walks_ as natives say) through
the air in its circular and ascending flight. . ."
1885 Lady Barker, 'Letters to Guy,' p. 177:
"More wonderful and interesting, however, is it to see them
throw the kylie (what is called the boomerang in other parts of
Australia), a curiously curved and flat stick, about a foot
long and two or three inches wide. . . . There are heavier
'ground kylies,' which skim along the ground, describing
marvellous turns and twists, and they would certainly break
the leg of any bird or beast they hit; but their gyrations
are nothing compared to those of a good air-kylie in skilful
hands."
# Kinaki #, _n_. a Maori word for food eaten with
another kind to give it a relish. Compare Grk. _'opson_.
1820. 'Grammar and Vocabulary of Language of New Zealand'
(Church Missionary Society), p. 164:
"Kinaki. Victuals, added for variety's sake."
1873. 'Appendix to Journal of House of Representatives,'
vol. iii. G. 1, p. 5:
"If it be a Maori who is taken by me, he will also be
made into a kinaki for my cabbage."
1878. R. C. Barstow, 'Transactions of New Zealand
Institute,' vol. XI. art. iv. p. 71:
"Fifty years ago it would have been a poor hapu that could
not afford a slave or two as a kinaki, or relish, on such an
occasion."
# King-fish #, _n_. In New Zealand a sea-fish,
_Seriola lalandii_ (Maori, Haku), sometimes called the
_Yellow-tail_; in Victoria, _Sciaena antarctica_,
Castln. Called _Jew-fish_ (q.v.) in New South Wales.
Tenison Woods says the King-fish of Port Jackson must not be
confounded with the King-fish of Victoria or the King-fish of
Tasmania (_Thyrsites micropus_, McCoy). The Port Jackson
King-fish belongs to a genus called "Yellow-tails" in Europe.
This is _Seriola lalandii_, Cuv. and Val. _Seriola_
belongs to the family _Carangidae_, or _Horse-
Mackerels_. _Thyrsites_ belongs to the family
_Trichiuridae_. The "Barracouta" of Australasia is
another species of _Thyrsites_, and the "Frost-fish"
belongs to the same family. The _Kingfish_ of America is
a different fish; the name is also applied to other fishes in
Europe.
1876. P. Thomson, 'Transactions of New Zealand
Institute,' vol. XI. art. lii. p. 381:
"The king-fish, _Seriola Lalandii_, put in no appearance
this year."
1883. 'Royal Commission on Fisheries of Tasmania,' p. 11:
"_Thyrsites Lalandii_, the king-fish of Tasmania:
migratory. Appear in immense numbers at certain seasons
(December to June) in pursuit of the horse-mackerel. Caught
with a swivelled barbless hook at night. Voracious in the
extreme--individuals frequently attacking each other, and also
the allied species, the barracouta."
# Kingfisher #, _n_. common English bird-name. Gould
mentions thirteen species in Australia. The Australian species
are--
Blue Kingfisher--
_Halcyon azurea_, Lath.
Fawn-breasted K.--
_Dacelo cervina_, Gould.
Forest K.--
_Halcyon macleayi_, Jard. and Selb.
Laughing jackass (q.v.)--
_Dacelo gigas_, Bodd.
Leach's K.--
_D. leachii_, Vig. and Hors.
Little K.--
_Halcyon pusilla_, Temm.
Mangrove K.--
_H. sordidus_, Gould.
Purple K.--
_H. pulchra_, Gould.
Red-backed K.--
_H. pyrropygius_, Gould.
Sacred K.--
_H. sanctus_, Vig. and Hors.
White-tailed K.--
_Tanysiptera sylvia_, Gould.
Yellow-billed K.--
_Syma flavirostris_, Gould.
There is a Kingfisher in New Zealand (_Halcyon vagans_,
Less.) considered identical by many with _H. sanctus_
of Australia, but concluded by Butler to be a distinct species.
1888. W. L. Buller, 'Birds of New Zealand,' vol. i.
p. 121:
[A full description.]
# King of the Herrings #, _n_. another name for the
_Elephant-fish_ (q.v.).
1890. A. H. S. Lucas, 'Handbook of the Australasian
Association' (Melbourne), p. 72:
"The King of the Herrings, _Callorhynchus antarcticus_,
is fairly common with us."
# King-Parrot #. See _Parrot_.
1865. Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, 'History of the Discovery
and Exploration of Australia,' vol. i. p. 317:
This creek [King Parrot Creek] was named after a beautiful
parrot which was then seen for the first time. It is a bird
of magnificent plumage, with crimson feathers on the body,
and blue wings, both of gorgeous hue, and no other colour except
a little black. The name, King Parrot, is variously applied to
several birds in different arts of Australia; the one
described is common."
# King William Pine #, _n_. a Tasmanian tree.
See _Cedar_.
# Kino #, _n_. a drug; the dried juice, of astringent
character, obtained from incisions in the bark of various
trees. In Australia it is got from certain Eucalypts,
e.g. _E. resinifera_, Smith, and _E. corymbosa_,
Smith. "It is used in England under the name of _Red-gum_
in astringent lozenges for sore throat." ('Century.') See
_Red Gum_. The drug is Australian, but the word,
according to Littre, is "_Mot des Indes orientales_."
# Kipper #, _n_. a youth who has been initiated,
i.e. been through the _Bora_ (q.v.). It is a Queensland
word. In Kabi, Queensland, the form is _kivar_: on the
Brisbane River, it is _kippa_, whereas in the Kamilaroi of
New South Wales the word is _kubura_.
1853. H. Berkeley Jones, 'Adventures in Australia in 1852 and
1853,' p. 126:
"Around us sat 'Kippers,' i.e. 'hobbledehoy blacks.'"
1885. R. M. Praed, 'Australian Life,' p. 24:
"The young men receive the rank of warriors,
and are henceforth called kippers."
Kit, _n_. a flexible Maori basket; not the English
_kit_ used by soldiers, but the Maori word kete, a basket.
1855. Rev. R. Taylor, 'Te Ika a Maui,' p. 199:
"_Kete_ (Maori), pa-kete (Anglo-Maori), basket, kit
(Eng.)."
1856. E. B. Fitton, 'New Zealand,' p. 68:
"The natives generally bring their produce to market in neatly
made baskets, plaited from flax and known by the name of 'Maori
kits.'"
1857. C. Hursthouse, 'New Zealand, the Britain of the South,'
vol. i. p. 180:
"The kit is a large plaited green-flax basket."
1877. An Old Colonist, 'Colonial Experiences,' p. 31:
"Potatoes were procurable from the Maoris in flax kits,
at from one to five shillings the kit."
1884. Lady Martin, 'Our Maoris,' p. 44:
"They might have said, as an old Maori woman long afterwards
said to me, 'Mother, my heart is like an old kete (i.e. a
coarsely-woven basket). The words go in, but they fall
through.'"
# Kite #, _n_. common English bird-name. The species
in Australia are--
Allied Kite--
_Milvus affanis_, Gould.
Black-shouldered K.--
_Elanus axillaris_, Lath.
Letter-winged K.--
_E. scriptus_, Gould.
Square-tailed K.--
_Lophoictinia isura_, Gould.
1847. L. Leichhardt, 'Overland Expedition,' p. 321:
"We had to guard it by turns, whip in hand, from a host of
square-tailed kites (_Milvus isiurus_)."
1895. G. A. Keartland, 'Horne Expedition in Central
Australia,' Zoology, p. 55:
"At any stockyard or station passed Kites were seen . . . at
Henbury one female bird was bold enough to come right into camp
and pick up the flesh thrown to it from birds I was skinning."
# Kiwi #, _n_. Maori name for a wingless struthious
bird of New Zealand, the _Apteryx_ (q.v.), so called from
the note of the bird. The species are--
Large Grey Kiwi (Roa roa, generally shortened to _Roa_,
q.v.)--
_Apteryx haastii_, Potts.
Little Grey K.--
_A. oweni_, Gould.
North Island K.--
_A. bulleri_, Sharpe.
South Island K. (Tokoeka)--
_A. australis_, Shaw and Nodder.
See Buller, 'Birds of New Zealand' (1888), vol. ii. p. 308.
1835. W. Yate, 'Account of New Zealand,' p. 58:
"Kiwi--the most remarkable and curious bird in New Zealand."
1848. J. Gould, 'Birds of Australia,' vol. vi. pl. 2:
"_Apteryx Australis_, Shaw, Kiwi kiwi."
[Australis here equals Southern, not Australian.]
1867. F. Hochstetter, 'New Zealand,' p. 181:
"The Kiwi, however, is only the last and rather insignificant
representative of the family of wingless birds that inhabited
New Zealand in bygone ages."
1872. A. Domett, 'Ranolf,' p. 232:
"'Twas nothing but that wing-less, tail-less bird,
The _kiwi_."
1882. T. H. Potts, 'Out in the Open,' p. 35:
"The fact that one collector alone had killed and disposed
of above 2000 specimens of the harmless kiwi."
1889. Professor Parker, 'Catalogue of New Zealand Exhibition,'
p. 116:
"The Kiwi, although flightless, has a small but well-formed
wing, provided with wing quills."
# Knockabout #, _adj_. a species of labourer employed
on a station; applied to a man of all work on a station. Like
_Rouseabout_ (q.v.).
1876. W. Harcus, 'Southern Australia,' p. 275:
"Knockabout hands, 17s. to 20S. per week."
1881. A. C. Grant, 'Bush Life in Queensland,' vol. i. p. 80:
"They were composed chiefly of what is called in the bush
'knockabout men'--that is, men who are willing to undertake
any work, sometimes shepherding, sometimes making yards or
driving."
1884. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Melbourne Memories,' xvi. p. 118:
"I watched his development through various stages of colonial
experience--into dairyman, knockabout man, bullock-driver,
and finally stock-rider."
# Knock-down #, _v_. generally of a cheque. To spend
riotously, usually in drink.
1869. Marcus Clarke, 'Peripatetic Philosopher' (reprint),
p. 80:
"Last night! went knocking round with Swizzleford and
Rattlebrain. C'sino, and V'ri'tes. Such a lark! Stole two
Red Boots and a Brass Hat. Knocked down thirteen notes, and
went to bed as tight as a fly!"
1871. J. J. Simpson, 'Recitations,' p. 9:
"Hundreds of diggers daily then were walking Melbourne town,
With their pockets fill'd with gold, which they very soon
knock'd down."
1882. A. J. Boyd, 'Old Colonials,' p. 6:
"Cashed by the nearest publican, who of course never handed
over a cent. A man was compelled to stay there and knock his
cheque down 'like a man'"
1885. H. Finch-Hatton,' Advance Australia,' p. 222:
"A system known as 'knocking down one's cheque' prevails all
over the unsettled parts of Australia. That is to say, a man
with a cheque, or a sum of money in his possession, hands it
over to the publican, and calls for drinks for himself and his
friends, until the publican tells him he has drunk out his
cheque."
1887. R. M. Praed, 'Longleat of Kooralbyn,' c. xviii. p. 182:
"The illiterate shearer who knocks down his cheque in a spree."
# Koala #, # Coola #, or # Kool-la #,
_n_. aboriginal name for _Native Bear_ (q.v.); genus,
_Phascolarctus_ (q.v.). A variant of an aboriginal word
meaning a big animal. In parts of South Australia koola means
a kangaroo.
1813. 'History of New South Wales' (1818), p. 432:
"The koolah or sloth is likewise an animal of the opossum
species, with a false belly. This creature is from a foot and
a half to two feet in length, and takes refuge in a tree, where
he discovers his haunt by devouring all the leaves before he
quits it."
1849. J. Gould, 'Proceedings of the Zoological Society of
London,' November:
"The light-coloured mark on the rump, somewhat resembling that
on the same part of the Koala . . . the fur is remarkable for
its extreme density and for its resemblance to that of the
Koala."
# Kohekohe #, _n_. Maori name for a New Zealand
tree, sometimes called Cedar, _Dysoxylum spectabile_,
Hook (_N.O. Meliaceae_).
1883. Hector, 'Handbook of New Zealand,' p. 127:
"Kohekohe. A large forest tree, forty to fifty feet high. Its
leaves are bitter, and used to make a stomachic infusion: wood
tough, but splits freely."
# Kohua #, _n_. Maori word, for (1) a Maori oven;
(2) a boiler. There is a Maori _verb Kohu_, to cook or
steam in a native oven (from a noun _Kohu_, steam, mist),
and an _adj_. _Kohu_, concave. The word is used by
the English in New Zealand, and is said to be the origin of
_Goashore_ (q.v.).
# Kokako #, _n_. Maori name for the _Blue-wattled
Crow_. See under _Crow_ and _Wattle-bird_.
1882. T. H. Potts, 'Out in the Open,' p. 194:
"The Orange-wattled Crow, or wattled bird, kokako of the
Maoris, Glaucopis cinerea, Gml., still seems to be an almost
unknown bird as to its nesting habits. . . . The kokako loving
a moist temperature will probably soon forsake its ancient
places of resort."
# Kokopu #, _n_. Maori name for a New Zealand fish;
any species of _Galaxias_, especially _G. fasciatus_;
corrupted into _Cock-a-bully_ (q.v.). See _Mountain
Trout_.
1820. 'Grammar and Vocabulary of Language of New Zealand'
(Church Missionary Society), p. 106:
"Kokopu. Name of a certain fish."
1886. R. A. Sherrin, 'Fishes of New Zealand,' p. 138:
"'Kokopu,' Dr.Hector says, 'is the general Maori name for
several very common fishes in the New Zealand streams and
lakes, belonging to the family of _Galaxidae_.'"
# Kokowai #, _n_. Maori name for Red Ochre, an oxide
of iron deposited in certain rivers, used by the Maoris for
painting. It was usually mixed with shark oil, but for very
fine work with oil from the berries of the _titoki_
(q.v.).
1845. E. J. Wakefield, 'Adventures in New Zealand,' vol. i.
p. 124:
"His head, with the hair neatly arranged and copiously
ornamented with feathers, reclined against a carved post,
which was painted with kokowai, or red ochre."
1878. R. C. Barstow, 'Transactions of New Zealand Institute,'
vol. XI. art. iv. p. 75:
"Kokowai is a kind of pigment, burnt, dried, and mixed with
shark-liver oil."
# Konini #, _n_. Maori name for (1) the fruit of the
New Zealand fuchsia, _Fuchsia excorticata_, Linn.
(2) A settlers' name for the tree itself.
See _Kotukutuku_.
1882. T. H. Potts, 'Out in the Open,' p. 114:
"The berries of the konini . . . ripening early furnish some
part of its (bell-bird's) food supply."
(p. 146): "Rather late in August, when the brown-skinned konini
begins to deck its bare sprays with pendulous flowers."
1889. T. Kirk, 'Forest Flora of New Zealand,' p. 53:
"Mr. Colenso informs me that it [_Fuchsia excorticata_]
is the Kohutuhutu and the Kotukutuku of the Maoris, the fruit
being known as Konini, especially in the South Island and the
southern part of the North Island. The settlers sometimes term
it Kotukutuku or Konini, but more generally fuchsia."
# Kooberry #, _n_. aboriginal name for the _Bidyan
Ruffe_ (q.v.).
# Kookaburra #, _n_. (also # Gogobera # and
# Goburra #), the aboriginal name for the bird called
the _Laughing Jackass_ (q.v.). The first spelling is
that under which the aboriginal name now survives in English,
and is the name by which the bird is generally called in Sydney.
1862. H. C. Kendall, 'Poems,' p. 123:
"And wild goburras laughed aloud
Their merry morning songs."
1870. F. S. Wilson, 'Australian Songs,' p. 167:
"The rude rough rhymes of the wild goburra's song."
1886. E. M. Curr, 'Australian Race,' p. 29:
"The notes of this bird are chiefly composed of the sounds
_ka_ and _koo_, and from them it takes its name
in most of the languages . . . It is noticeable in some
localities that _burra_ is the common equivalent of
_people_ or _tribe_, and that the Pegulloburra . . .
the Owanburra, and many other tribes, called the laughing-
jackass--kakooburra, kakaburra, kakoburra, and so on; literally
the _Kakoo people_." [Mr. Curr's etymology is not
generally accepted.]
1890. 'The Argus,' Oct. 25, p. 4, col 5:
"You might hear the last hoot of the kookaburra then."
1893. 'Sydney Morning Herald,' Aug. 26, p. 5, col. 4:
"But what board will intervene to protect the disappearing
marsupials, and native flora, the lyre-bird, the kookaburra,
and other types which are rapidly disappearing despite the laws
which have been framed in some instances for their protection?"
1894. E. P. Ramsay, 'Catalogue of Australian Birds in the
Australian Museum at Sydney,' p. 2, s.v. _Dacelo_:
"Gogobera, aborigines of New South Wales."
# Koradji #, or # Coradgee #, _n_. aboriginal
name for a wise man, sorcerer, or doctor. In the south-east of
New South Wales, it means one of the tribal wizards, usually
called "blackfellow- doctors."
1845. J. O. Balfour, 'Sketch of New South Wales,' p. 14:
"The coradgees, who are their wise men, have, they suppose,
the power of healing and foretelling. Each tribe possesses one
of these learned pundits, and if their wisdom were in proportion
to their age, they would indeed be Solons."
1865. S. Bennett, 'Australian Discovery,' p. 250:
"Kiradjee, a doctor; Grk. _cheirourgos_. Persian,
khoajih. English, surgeon. Old English (obsolete),
chirurgeon."
[Curious and impossible etymology.]
1865. W. Howitt, 'Discovery in Australia, vol. i. p. 287:
"One who seemed a coradge, or priest, went through a strange
ceremony of singing, and touching his eyebrows, nose, and
breast, crossing himself, and pointing to the sky like an old
Druid."
1885. R. M. Praed, 'Australian Life,' p. 23:
"The korradgees, or medicine men, are the chief repositories
(of the secrets of their religion)."
1892. J. Fraser, 'Aborigines of New South Wales,' p. 63:
"For some diseases, the kar'aji, or native doctor when he is
called in, makes passes with his hand over the sick man, much
in the same way as a mesmerist will do . . . Our Australian
karaji is highly esteemed, but not paid."
# Korari #, _n_. often pronounced _Koladdy_
and _Koladdy_, and spelt variously; the Maori word for
the flowering stem of _Phormium tenax_, J. and G. Forst.
(q.v.), generally used for making a _mokihi_ (q.v.).
There is a Maori noun, _kora_, a small fragment;
and a verb _korari_, to pluck a twig, or tear it off.
1879. 'Old Identity' [Title]:
"The Old Identities of the Province of Otago."
[p. 53]: "A _kolladie_ (the flower stalk of the flax,
about seven feet long) carried by each, as a balancing pole or
staff."
1893. Daniel Frobisher, 'Sketches of Gossipton,' p. 75:
"But now the faithful brute is gone;
Through bush and fern and flax _koladdy_,
Where oft he bunny pounced upon,
No more will follow me, poor Paddy."
# Korero #, _n_. Maori for a conference,
a conversation. The verb means "to tell, to say, to address,
to speak, to talk." ('Williams' Maori Dictionary,' 4th. ed.)
1820. 'Grammar and Vocabulary of Language of New Zealand'
(Church Missionary Society), p. 168:
"Korero, _s_. a speaking; _v. n_. speaking."
1845. E. J. Wakefield, 'Adventures in New Zealand,' c. i.
p. 78:
"There were about sixty men assembled, and they proceeded to
hold a 'korero,' or talk on the all-important subject."
Ibid. p. 81:
"With the exception of an occasional exclamation of 'korero,
korero,' 'speak, speak,' which was used like our 'hear, hear,'
in either an encouraging or an ironical sense, or an earnest
but low expression of approval or dissent, no interruption of
the orators ever took place."
1863. T. Moser, 'Mahoe Leaves,' p. 30:
"As he had to pass several pahs on the road, at all of which
there would be 'koreros.'"
(p. 31): "Had been joined by a score or more of their
acquaintances, and what between 'koreros' and 'ko-mitis,'
had not made any further progress on their journey."
1896. 'Otago Witness,' Jan. 23, p. 42, col. 3:
"All this after a very excited 'korero' on the empty dray,
with the surging and exciting crowd around."
# Korimako #, _n_. Maori name for the
_Bell-Bird_ (q.v.).
1855. Rev. R. Taylor, 'Te Ika a Maui,' p. 402:
"The korimako, or kokorimako (_Anthornis melanura_).
This bird is the sweetest songster of New Zealand, but is not
distinguished by its plumage, which is a yellowish olive with
a dark bluish shade on each side of the head."
Ibid. p. 75:
"In the first oven [at the Maori child's naming feast] a
korimako was cooked; this is the sweetest singing bird of New
Zealand; it was eaten that the child might have a sweet voice
and be an admired orator."
1872. A. Domett, 'Ranolf,' p. 202:
"The _korimako_, sweetest bird
Of all that are in forest heard."
1888. W. W. Smith, 'Transactions of New Zealand Institute,'
vol. XXI. art. xxi. p. 213:
"_Anthornis melanura_, korimako or bell-bird. In fine
weather the bush along the south shores of Lake Brunner
re-echoes with the rich notes of the tui and korimako, although
both species have disappeared from former haunts east of the
Alps."
# Koromiko #, _n_. a white flowering arborescent
Veronica of New Zealand, _Veronica salicifolia_, Forst.,
_N.O. Scrophularineae_.
1855. Rev. R. Taylor, 'Te Ika a Maui,' P. 454:
"Koromiko, a very ornamental plant, but disappearing before the
horse. It bears a tapering-shaped flower of a purplish white."
1872. A. Domett, 'Ranolf,' p. 2:
"Just a ditch,
With flowering koromiko rich."
1884. T. Bracken, 'Lays of Maori,' p. 21:
"The early breeze
That played among the koromiko's leaves."
1889. Vincent Pyke, 'Wild Will Enderby,' p. 16:
"Fostered by the cool waters of a mountain rivulet, the
koromiko grows by the side of the poisonous tutu bushes."
Korora, _n_. Maori name for a _Blue Penguin_,
_Spheniscus minor_, Gmel. See _Penguin_.
# Korrumburra #, _n_. aboriginal name for the common
blow-fly, which in Australia is a yellow-bottle, not a
blue-bottle.
1896. 'The Melburnian,' Aug. 28, p. 54:
"Odd 'Korrumburras' dodge quickly about with cheerful hum.
Where they go, these busy buzzy flies, when the cold calls them
away for their winter vac. is a mystery. Can they hibernate?
for they show themselves again at the first glint of the spring
sun."
# Kotuku #, _n_. Maori name for the _White
Crane_ of the Colonists, which is really a _White
Heron_ (_Ardea egretta_). See _Crane_.
1888. W. L. Buller, 'Birds of New Zealand,' vol. ii. p. 124:
[A full description.]
# Kotukutuku #, _n_. Maori name for the New Zealand
tree, _Fuchsia excorticata_, Linn.,
_N.O. Onagrariea_; written also _Kohutuhutu_. This
name is not much used, but is corrupted into _Tookytook_
(q.v.). See _Konini_ and _Fuchsia_.
1883. J. Hector, 'Handbook of New Zealand,' p. 127:
"Kotukutuku. The fruit is called _konini_. A small and
ornamental tree, ten to thirty feet high . . . a durable
timber. . . . The wood might be used as dye-stuff . . . Its
fruit is pleasant and forms principal food of the wood-pigeon."
# Kowhai #, _n_. Maori name given to--
(1) Locust-tree, _Yellow Kowhai_ (_Sophora
tetraptera_, Aiton, _N.O. Leguminosae_).
(2) Parrot-bill, _Scarlet Kowhai_ (_Clianthus
puniceus_, _N.O. Leguminosae_), or _Kaka-bill_
(q.v.).
Variously spelt _Kowai_ and _Kohai_, and corrupted
into _Goai_ (q.v.) by the settlers.
1845. E. J. Wakefield, 'Adventures in New Zealand,' vol. i.
p. 58:
"The kohai too, a species of mimosa covered with bright
yellow blossoms, abounds in such situations where the stunted
growth is an almost unvarying sign of constant inundation."
[Mr. Wakefield was mistaken. The Kohai is not a mimosa.]
1872. A. Domett, 'Ranolf,' p. 261:
"'Tis the _Kowhai_, that spendthrift so golden
But its kinsman to Nature beholden,
For raiment its beauty to fold in,
Deep-dyed as of trogon or lory,
How with parrot-bill fringes 'tis burning,
One blood-red mound of glory!"
1873. 'New Zealand Parliamentary Debates,' No. 16, p. 863:
"Kowai timber, thoroughly seasoned, used for fencing posts,
would stand for twelve or fourteen years; while posts cut out
of the same bush and used green would not last half the time."
1882. T. H. Potts, 'Out in the Open,' p. 146:
"The head of the straight-stemmed kowhai is already crowned
with racemes of golden blossoms."
1883. J. Hector, 'Handbook of New Zealand, p. 131:
"Kowhai--a small or middling-sized tree. . . . Wood red,
valuable for fencing, being highly durable . . . used for
piles in bridges, wharves, etc."
1884. T. Bracken, 'Lays of Maori,' p. 21:
"The dazzling points of morning's lances
Waked the red kowhai's drops from sleep."
# Kuku #, or # Kukupa #, _n_. Maori name
for the New Zealand _Fruit-pigeon_ (q.v.), _Carpophaga
novae-zelandiae_, Gmel. Called also _Kereru_.
The name is the bird's note.
1820. 'Grammar and Vocabulary of Language of New Zealand'
(Church Missionary Society), p. 170:
"Kuku, s. the cry of a pigeon."
1855. Rev. R. Taylor, 'Te Ika a Maui,' p. 406:
"Family _Columbidae_--kereru, kukupa (kuku, _Carpophaga
Novae Zealandiae_), the wood-pigeon. This is a very fine
large bird, the size of a duck; the upper part of the breast
green and gold, the lower a pure white, legs and bill red. It
is a heavy flying bird, and very stupid, which makes it an easy
prey to its enemies. The natives preserve large quantities in
calabashes, taking out the bones; these are called kuku."
Ibid. p. 183:
"The pigeon bears two names--the kuku and kukupa, which are
common to the isles."
1881. J. L. Campbell, 'Poenamo,' p. 115:
"The kukupa . . . was just the bird created expressly for the
true cockney sportsman--the one after his heart . . . for if not
brought down by the first shot, why he only shakes his feathers
and calmly waits to be shot at again!"
1883. F. S. Renwick, 'Betrayed,' p. 45:
"The kuku, plaintive, wakes to mourn her mate."
# Kumara #, or # Kumera #, _n_. (pronounced
Koomera), a Maori word for an edible root, the yam or sweet
potato, _Ipomaea batatas_, _N.O. Convolvulaceae_.
There are numerous varieties. It should be added that it is
doubtful whether it grows wild in New Zealand.
1773. Sydney Parkinson, 'Journal of a Voyage to the South
Seas' (see extract in 'Transactions of New Zealand Institute,'
'Manibus Parkinsonibus Sacrum,' W. Colenso, vol. x. art. ix.
p. 124):
"Several canoes came alongside of the ship, of whom we got some
fish, kumeras or sweet potatoes, and several other things."
1828. 'Henry William Diarys' (in Life by Carleton), p. 69:
"Kumara had been planted over the whole plain."
1830. Ibid. p. 79:
"We passed over the hill, and found the assailants feasting on
the kumara, or sweet potato, which they just pulled up from
the garden at which they had landed."
1851. Mrs. Wilson, 'New Zealand,' p. 49:
"He saw some fine peaches and kumaras or sweet potatoes."
1852. G. C. Mundy, 'Our Antipodes,' c. xi. p. 273 (3rd
edition, 1855)
"The kumara or sweet potato is a most useful root."
1863. F. E. Maning (Pakeha Maori), 'Old New Zealand,' p. 51:
"Behind the pigs was placed by the active exertion of two or
three hundred people, a heap of potatoes and kumera, in
quantity about ten tons, so there was no lack of the raw
material for a feast."
1872. A. Domett, 'Ranolf,' p. 430:
"Now the autumn's fruits
Karaka,--taro,--kumera,--berries, roots
Had all been harvested with merry lays
And rites of solemn gladness."
1884. T. Bracken, 'Lays of Maori,' p. 18:
"Some more dainty toothsome dish
Than the kumera and fish."
# Kumquat, Native #, _n_. an Australian tree,
_Atalantia glauca_, Hook., _N.O. Rutaceae_,
i.q. _Desert Lemon_ (q.v.).
# Kurdaitcha #, # Coordaitcha #, or # Goditcha #,
_n_. a native term applied by white men to a particular
kind of shoe worn by the aborigines of certain parts of Central
Australia, and made of emu feathers matted together. The two
ends are of the same shape, so that the direction in which the
wearer has travelled cannot be detected. The wearer is
supposed to be intent upon murder, and the blacks really apply
the name to the wearer himself. The name seems to have been
transferred by white men to the shoes, the native name for
which is _interlin_~a, or _urtathurta_.
1886. E. M. Curr, 'Australian Race,' vol. i. p. 148:
"It was discovered in 1882 . . . that the Blacks . . . wear a
sort of shoe when they attack their enemies by stealth at
night. Some of the tribes call these shoes _Kooditcha_,
their name for an invisible spirit. I have seen a pair of
them. The soles were made of the feathers of the emu, stuck
together with a little human blood, which the maker is said to
take from his arm. They were about an inch and a half thick,
soft, and of even breadth. The uppers were nets made of human
hair. The object of these shoes is to prevent those who wear
them from being tracked and pursued after a night attack."
1896. P. M. Byrne, 'Proceedings of the Royal Society of
Victoria,' p. 66:
"The wearing of the Urtathurta and going Kurdaitcha luma
appears to have been the medium for a form of vendetta."
# Kurrajong #, _n_. or # Currajong # (spelt
variously), the aboriginal name for various Australian and
Tasmanian fibrous plants; see quotations, 1825 and 1884.
They are the--
Black Kurrajong--
_Sterculia diversifolia_, G. Don., and _Sterculia
quadrifida_, R. Br., _N.O. Sterculiaceae_.
Brown K.--
_Commersonia echinata_, R. and G. Forst.; also,
_Brachychiton gregorii_; both belonging to
_N.O. Sterculiaceae_.
Green K.--
_Hibiscus heterophyllus_, Vent., _N.O. Malvaceae_.
Tasmanian K.--
_Plagianthus sidoides_, Hook., _N.O. Malvaceae_.
Others are _Trema aspera_, Blume, _N.O. Urticeae_;
and _Sterculia rupestris_, Benth., _N.O. Urticeae_.
Some of the varieties are also called _Bottle-trees_, and,
in Tasmania, _Cordage-trees_ (q.v.).
1823. 'Uniacke's Narrative of Oxley's Expedition,' quoted by
J. D. Lang, 'Cooksland,' p. 408:
"The nets used for fishing [by the natives] are made by the men
from the bark of the kurrajong (_Hibiscus heterophyllus_),
a shrub which is very common to the swamps."
1825. Barron Field, Glossary, in 'Geographical Memoirs of New
South Wales,' p. 502:
"Currijong or Natives' cordage tree (Hibiscus heterophyllus)."
1832. J. Bischoff, 'Van Diemen's Land,' vol. ii. p. 25:
"The curragong is sometimes found; its inner bark may be
manufactured into ropes."
1846. C. P. Hodgson, 'Reminiscences of Australia,' p. 149:
"The currajong (_Sterculia_)is used for cordage, and makes
strong, close, but not very durable ropes."
1847. L. Leichhardt, 'Overland Expedition,' vol. iii. p. 91:
"Dillis neatly worked of koorajong bark."
1849. J. P. Townsend, 'Rambles in New South Wales,' p. 214:
"In such a valley in which stands a spreading corrijong
(_Sterculia diversifolia_), which has a strong resemblance
to the English oak, I constantly found a flock of sheep."
1862. W. Archer, 'Products of Tasmania,' p. 41:
"Currajong (_Plagianthus sidoides_, Hook). The fibres
of the bark are very strong. It is a large shrub, found
chiefly on the southern side of the Island, in various and
shady places, and grows rapidly."
1878. Rev. W. W. Spicer, 'Handbook of the Plants of
Tasmania,' p. 104:
"_Plagianthus sidoides_, Hooker. Currijong,
_N.O. Malvaceae_. Peculiar to Tasmania."
1883. G. W. Rusden, 'History of Australia,' vol. i. p. 77:
"The currejong of the forest, and the casuarina which lines the
rivers, stand with brighter green in cheering contrast to the
dulness of surrounding leaves."
1881,. W. R. Guilfoyle, 'Australian Botany' (second
edition), p. 162:
"The aborigines apply the name Kurrajong, or Currijong, to some
[Pimeleas]; but it would appear that this native name is
indiscriminately given to any plant possessing a tough bark."
1888. Cassell's 'Picturesque Australasia,' vol. iii. p. 138:
"Quaint currajongs . . . very like in form to the stiff
wooden trees we have all played with in childish days."
L
# Laburnum, Native #, _n_. the Tasmanian
_Clover-tree, Goodenia lotifolia_, Sal.,
_N.O. Leguminosae_.
# Laburnum, Sea-coast #, _n_. also called _Golden
Chain_, _Sophora tomentosa_, Linn., _N.O.
Leguminosae_; a tall, hoary shrub.
# Lace-bark #, # Lacey-bark #, or # Lacewood #,
_n_. names for Ribbonwood (q.v.). The inner bark of the
tree is like fine lace.
1876. W. N. Blair, 'Transactions of New Zealand Institute,'
vol. IX. art. x. p. 175:
"Ribbonwood, _Plagianthus betulinus_, botanical name,
Hooker; Whauwhi, Maori name, according to Hector; lace-bark
tree, settlers' name, according to Buchanan."
1882. T. H. Potts, 'Out in the Open':
"The soft, bright-foliaged ribbonwood (lace-bark,
_Plagianthus_) contrasts with the dusky hue
of the dark-leaved fagus."
# Lace-Lizard #, _n_. _Hydrosaurus (Varanus)
varius_. See _Goanna_.
1881. F. McCoy, 'Prodomus of the Natural History of Victoria,'
Dec. 4:
"Although the present Lace Lizard is generally arboreal,
climbing the forest trees with ease, and running well on the
ground, it can swim nearly as well as a Crocodile."
# Lagorchestes #, _n_. the scientific name for a
genus of Australian marsupial mammals, called the _Hare-
Wallabies_ or _Hare-Kangaroos_ (q.v.). (Grk.
_lagows_, a hare, and _'orchestaes_, a dancer.)
They live on plains, and make a "form" in the herbage like
the hare, which they resemble.
# Lagostrophus #, _n_. the scientific name of the
genus containing the animal called the _Banded-Wallaby_.
(Grk. _lagows_, a hare, and _strophos_, a band or
zone.) Its colour is a greyish-brown, with black and white
bands, its distinguishing characteristic. It is sometimes
called the _Banded-Kangaroo_, and is found at Dirk
Hartog's Island, and on one or two islands in Shark's Bay,
and in West Australia. For its interesting habits see
R. Lyddeker's 'Marsupialia.'
# Lake-Trout #, _n_. a Tasmanian fish, _Galaxias
auratus_, family _Galaxidae_. See _Mountain-
Trout_.
# Lamb down #, _v. tr_.
(1) To knock down a cheque or a sum of money in a spree.
There is an old English verb, of Scandinavian origin, and
properly spelt _lamm_, which means to thrash, beat.
1873. J. B. Stephens, 'Black Gin,' p. 51:
"It is the Bushman come to town--
Come to spend his cheque in town,
Come to do his lambing down."
1890. 'The Argus,' June 7, p. 4, col. 2:
"The lambing down of cheques."
1890. Ibid. Aug. 9, p. 4, col. 5:
"The old woman thought that we were on gold, and would lamb
down at the finish in her shanty."
(2) To make a man get rid of his money to you; to clean him
out."
1873. Marcus Clarke, 'Holiday Peak, etc.,' p. 21:
"The result was always the same--a shilling a nobbler. True,
that Trowbridge's did not 'lamb down' so well as the Three
Posts, but then the Three Posts put fig tobacco in its brandy
casks, and Trowbridge's did not do that."
1880. Garnet Walch, 'Victoria in 1880,' p.30:
"The operation--combining equal parts of hocussing,
overcharging, and direct robbery--and facetiously christened
by bush landlords 'lambing down.'"
1890. 'The Argus,' Aug. 16, p. 4, col. 7:
"One used to serve drinks in the bar, the other kept the
billiard-table. Between them they lambed down more shearers
and drovers than all the rest on the river."
# Lamprey #, _n_. The Australian Lampreys are
species of the genera _Mordacia_ and _Geotria_,
of the same family as the "Lampreys" of the Northern Hemisphere.
# Lancelet #, _n_. The fishes of this name present in
Australasia are--
In Queensland, _Epigonichthys cultellus_, Peters, family
_Amplingae_; in Victoria and New South Wales, species of
_Heteropleuron_.
# Lancewood #, _n_. There are many lancewoods in
various parts of the world. The name, in Australia, is given
to _Backhousia myrtifolia_, Hook. and Harv., _N.O.
Myrtaceae_; and in New Zealand, to _Panax crassifolium_,
Dec. and Plan., _N.O. Araliaceae_, known as _Ivy-
tree_, and by the Maori name of _Horoeka_ (q.v.).
# Landsborough Grass #, _n_. a valuable Queensland
fodder grass of a reddish colour, _Anthistiria
membranacea_, Lindl., _N.O. Gramineae_.
See _Grass_.
# Lantern, Ballarat #, _n_. a local term.
See quotation.
1875. Wood and Lapham, 'Waiting for the Mail,' p. 21:
"I may explain that a 'Ballarat Lantern' is formed by knocking
off the bottom of a bottle, and putting a candle in the neck."
# Lark #, _n_. common English bird name.
The Australian species are--
Brown Song Lark--
_Cincloramphus cruralis_, Vig. and Hors.
Bush L.--
_Mirafra horsfieldii_, Gould.
Field L.--
_Calamanthus campestris_, Gould.
Ground L.--
_Anthus australis_, Vig. and Hors. (Australian Pipit),
_A. novae-zelandae_, Gray (New Zealand Pipit).
Lesser Bush L.--
_Mirafra secunda_, Sharpe.
Little Field L.--
_Cathonicola sagittata_, Lath.
Magpie L.--
_Grallina picata_, Lath.; see _Magpie-Lark_.
Rufous Song L.--
_Cincloramphus rufescens_, Vig. and Hors.
Striated Field L.--
_Calamanthus fuliginosus_, Vig. and Hors.
See _Ground-Lark_, _Sand-Lark_, _Pipit_, and
_Magpie-Lark_.
# Larrikin #, _n_. The word has various shades of
meaning between a playful youngster and a blackguardly rough.
Little streetboys are often in a kindly way called _little
larrikins_. (See quotations, 1870 and 1885.) Archibald
Forbes described the larrikin as "a cross between the Street
Arab and the Hoodlum, with a dash of the Rough thrown in to
improve the mixture." ('Century.) The most exalted position
yet reached in literature by this word is in Sir Richard
Burton's 'Translation of the Arabian Nights' (1886-7),
vol. i. p. 4, _Story of the Larrikin and the Cook_;
vol. iv. p. 281, _Tale of First Larrikin_. The previous
translator, Jonathan Scott, had rendered the Arabic word,
_Sharper_.
There are three views as to the origin of the word, viz.--
(1) That it is a phonetic spelling of the broad Irish
pronunciation, with a trilled _r_ of the word
_larking_. The story goes that a certain Sergeant Dalton,
about the year 1869, charged a youthful prisoner at the
Melbourne Police Court with being "_a-larrr-akin_' about
the streets." The Police Magistrate, Mr. Sturt, did not quite
catch the word--"A what, Sergeant?"--"A larrikin', your
Worchup." The police court reporter used the word the next day
in the paper, and it stuck. (See quotation, 'Argus,' 1896.)
This story is believed by 99 persons out of 100; unfortunately
it lacks confirmation; for the record of the incident cannot
be discovered, after long search in files by many people. Mr.
Skeat's warning must be remembered--"As a rule, derivations which
require a story to be told turn out to be false."
(2) That the word is thieves' English, promoted like
_swag_, _plant_, _lift_, etc., into ordinary
Australian English. Warders testify that for a number of years
before the word appeared in print, it was used among criminals
in gaol as two separate words, viz.--_leary_ ('cute, fly,
knowing), and _kinchen_ (youngster),--'_leary kinchen
_,'--shortened commonly into '_leary kin_' and
'_leary kid_.' Australian warders and constables are
Irish, almost to a man. Their pronunciation of '_leary
kin_' would be very nearly '_lairy kin_,' which becomes
the single word _larrikin_. (See quotation, 1871.) It is
possible that Sergeant Dalton used this expression and was
misunderstood by the reporter.
(3) The word has been derived from the French _larron_
(a thief), which is from the Latin _latronem_ (a robber).
This became in English _larry_, to which the English
diminutive, _kin_, was added; although this etymology is
always derided in Melbourne.
1870. 'The Daily Telegraph' (Melbourne), Feb. 7, p. 2, col. 3:
"We shall perhaps begin to think of it in earnest, when we
have insisted upon having wholesome and properly baked bread,
or a better supply of fish, and when we have put down the
'roughs' and 'larrikins.'"
1870. 'The Age,' Feb. 8, p. 3, col. 1:
"In sentencing a gang of 'larrikins' who had been the terror
of Little Bourke-street and its neighbourhood for several hours
on Saturday night, Mr. Call remarked. . ."
1870. 'The Herald,' April 4, p.3, col. 2:
". . . three larikins who had behaved in a very disorderly manner
in Little Latrobe-street, having broken the door of a house and
threatened to knock out the eye of one of the inmates."
1870. Marcus Clarke, 'Goody Two Shoes,' p. 26:
"He's a lively little larrikin lad, and his name is
Little Boy Blue."
1871. 'The Argus,' Sept. 19, p.5, col. 4:
"In San Francisco, the vagabond juveniles who steal, smash
windows, and make themselves generally obnoxious to the
respectable inhabitants, instead of being termed 'larrikins,'
as in Victoria, are denominated 'hoodleums.' The name is more
musical than the one in vogue here, and probably equally as
descriptive, as its origin appears to be just as obscure as
that of the word 'larrikin.' This word, before it got into
print, was confined to the Irish policemen, who generally
pronounced it 'lerrikan,' and it has been suggested that the
term is of Hibernian origin, and should be spelt lerrichaun.'"
1871. Sir George Stephen, Q.C., 'Larrikinism,' a Lecture
reported in 'Prahran Telegraph,' Sept. 23, p. 3, col. 1:
What is Larrikinism? It is a modern word of which I can only
guess the derivation, . . . nor can I find any among the
erudite professors of slang who adorn our modern literature who
can assist me. Some give our police the credit of coining it
from the 'larking' of our school boys, but I am inclined to
think that the word is of Greek origin--_Laros_, a
cormorant--though immediately derived from the French
'_larron_' which signifies a thief or rogue. If I am
right, then larrikin is the natural diminutive form in English
phraseology for a small or juvenile thief. . . . This however
is, I must acknowledge, too severe a construction of the term,
even if the derivation is correct; for I was myself, I frankly
confess it, an unquestionable larrikin between 60 and 70 years
ago. . . . Larrikinism is not thieving, though a road that
often leads to it. . . . Is it a love of mischief for
mischief's sake? This is the theory of the papers, and is
certainly a nearer approach to the true solution."
1871. 'Figaro,' in 'Prahran Telegraph,' Sept. 30, p. 7,
col. 3:
"A local contemporary has . . . done his 'level best' to help
me out of my 'difficulty' with respect to the word Larrikin.
He suggests that _lerrichan_ should read _leprichaun
_, a mischievous sprite, according to Irish tradition. . . .
We think we may with more safety and less difficulty trace the
word to the stereotype [sic] reply of the police to the
magisterial question--'What was he doing when you apprehended
him?' 'Oh! larriking (larking) about, yer Wurtchip.'"
1872. J. S. Elkington, 'Tenth Report of Education,
Victoria,' dated Feb. 14:
"My inquiries into the origin and habits of that troublesome
parasite the larrikin (if I may adopt Constable Dalton's term)
do not make me sanguine that compulsory primary instruction can
do much for him, unless indirectly."
1875. 'Spectator' (Melbourne), May 15, p. 21, col. 3:
"On Sunday night an unfortunate Chinaman was so severely
injured by the Richmond larrikins that his life was
endangered."
1875. David Blair, in 'Notes and Queries,' July 24, p. 66:
"Bedouins, Street Arabs, Juvenile Roughs in London; _Gamins
_ in Paris; Bowery Boys in New York; Hoodlums to San
Francisco; Larrikins in Melbourne. This last phrase is an
Irish constable's broad pronunciation of 'larking' applied to
the nightly street performances of these young scamps, here as
elsewhere, a real social pestilence."
1885. H. Finch-Hatton, 'Advance Australia,' p. 338:
"There is not a spare piece of ground fit for a pitch anywhere
round Melbourne that is not covered with 'larrikins' from six
years old upwards."
1889. Rev. J. H. Zillmann, 'Australian Life,' p. 159:
"It has become the name for that class of roving vicious young
men who prowl about public-houses and make night hideous in
some of the low parts of our cities. There is now the bush
'larrikin' as well as the town 'larrikin,' and it would be
difficult sometimes to say which is the worse. Bush
'larrikins' have gone on to be bushrangers."
1890. 'The Argus,' May 26, p. 6, col. 7:
"He was set upon by a gang of larrikins, who tried to rescue
the prisoner."
1891. 'Harper s Magazine,' July, p. 215, col. 2:
"The Melbourne 'larrikin' has differentiated himself from the
London 'rough,' and in due season a term had to be developed to
denote the differentiation."
1893. 'Sydney Morning Herald,' Aug. 12, p. 13, col. 2:
"Robert Louis Stevenson, in a recent novel, 'The Wrecker,'
makes the unaccountable mistake of confounding the unemployed
Domain loafer with the larrikin. This only shows that Mr.
Stevenson during his brief visits to Sydney acquired but a
superficial knowledge of the underlying currents of our social
life."
1896. J. St. V. Welch, in 'Australasian Insurance and Banking
Record,' May 19, p. 376:
"Whence comes the larrikin? that pest of these so-called
over-educated colonies; the young loafer of from sixteen to
eight-and-twenty. Who does not know him, with his weedy,
contracted figure; his dissipated pimply face; his greasy
forelock brushed flat and low over his forehead; his too small
jacket; his tight-cut trousers; his high-heeled boots; his
arms--with out-turned elbows--swinging across his stomach as he
hurries along to join his 'push,' as he calls the pack in which
he hunts the solitary citizen---a pack more to be dreaded on a
dark night than any pack of wolves--and his name in Sydney is
legion, and in many cases he is a full-fledged voter."
1896. W. H. Whelan, in 'The Argus,' Jan. 7, p. 6, col. 3:
"Being clerk of the City Court, I know that the word originated
in the very Irish and amusing way in which the then well-known
Sergeant Dalton pronounced the word larking in respect to the
conduct of 'Tommy the Nut,' a rowdy of the period, and others
of both sexes in Stephen (now Exhibition) street.
"Your representative at the Court, the witty and clever 'Billy'
O'Hea, who, alas! died too early, took advantage of the
appropriate sound of the word to apply it to rowdyism in
general, and, next time Dalton repeated the phrase, changed the
word from verb to noun, where it still remains, anything to the
contrary notwithstanding. I speak of what I do know, for O'Hea
drew my attention to the matter at the time, and, if I mistake
not, a reference to your files would show that it was first in
the 'Argus' the word appeared in print."
("We can fully confirm Mr. Whelan's account of the origin of
the word 'larrikin.'"--Ed. 'Argus.')
[But see quotation from 'Argus,' 1871.]
# Larrikin #, _adj_.
1878. 'The Australian,' vol. i. p. 522:
"Marks the young criminals as heroes in the eyes not only of
the ostensible larrikin element . . ."
# Larrikinalian #, _adj_. (Not common.)
1893. 'Evening Standard,' July 5, p. 4, col. 4 (Leading
Article):
"In the larrikinalian din which prevailed from start to finish
. . ."
# Larrikiness #, _n_. a female larrikin.
1871. 'Collingwood Advertiser and Observer,' June 22, p. 3,
col. 5:
"Evidence was tendered as to the manner of life led by these
larikinesses . . . The juvenile larrikin element being
strongly represented in court, all the boys were ordered out."
1871. Sir George Stephen, Q.C., 'Larrikinism,' a Lecture
reported in 'Prahran Telegraph,' Sept. 23, p. 3, col. 1:
"I know many a larrikiness to whose voice I could listen by
the hour with all my heart, without the least fear of her
stealing it, even if it were worth the trouble."
1892. Gilbert Parker, 'Round the Compass in Australia,'
p. 224:
"I have not found the larrikin [in Brisbane]. . . . The
slouch-hat, the rakish jib, the drawn features are not to be
seen; nor does the young larrikiness--that hideous outgrowth
of Sydney and Melbourne civilization--exist as a class."
# Larrikinism #, _n_. the conduct of _larrikins_
(q.v.).
1870. 'The Australian' (Richmond, Victoria), Sept. 10, p. 3,
col. 3:
"A slight attempt at 'larrikinism' was manifested. . . . "
1871. J. J. Simpson, 'Recitations and Rhymes,' p. 17:
"Melbourne larrikinism is still very bad,
By the papers each day we are told."
1875. 'Spectator' (Melbourne), June 19, p. 80, col. 2:
"He took as his theme the 'Dialect of Victoria,' which was
coarse and vulgar to a degree. 'Larrikinism' was used as a
synonym for 'blackguardism.'"
1876. A. P. Martin, 'Sweet Girl-Graduate,' p. 20:
"There is no doubt that its rising generation afforded material
for letters in the newspapers, under the headings 'Larrikinism,'
or, 'What shall we do with our boys?'"
1893. 'The Argus,' Feb. 23:
"Outbreaks of larrikinism are not always harmless ebullitions
of animal spirits. Sometimes they have very serious results."
# Laughing Jackass #, _n_. See _Jackass_.
# Launce #, _n_. The Australian species of this fish
is _Congrogradus subducens_, Richards., found in North-
West Australia. The _Launces_ or _Sand-eels_ of the
Northern Hemisphere belong to a different group.
# Laurel #, _n_. The English tree name is applied in
Australia to various trees, viz.--
Alexandrian Laurel--
_Calophyllum inophyllum_, Linn:, _N.O. Guttiferae_;
not endemic in Australia.
Diamond-leaf L.--
_Pittosporum rhombifolium_, A. Cunn.,
_N.O. Pittosporeae_.
Dodder L.--
_Cassytha filiformis_, Linn., _N.O. Lauraceae_;
called also Devil's Guts, not endemic in Australia.
Hedge L. (q.v.)--
_Pittosporum eugenioides_, Cunn.
Moreton Bay L.--
_Cryptocarya australis_, Benth., _N.O. Lauraceae_;
called also Grey Sassafras.
Native L.--
_Pittosporum undulatum_, Andr., _N.O. Pittosporeae_;
called also _Mock Orange_ (q.v.).
_Panax elegans_, C. Moore and F. v. M.,
_N.O. Araliaceae_; which is also called Light or White Sycamore.
White L.--
_Cryptocarya glaucescens_, R. Br., _N.O. Lauraceae_;
for other names see _Beech_.
In Tasmania, the name Native Laurel is applied to _Anopterus
glandulosus_, Lab., _N.O. Saxifrageae_. Peculiar to
Tasmania.
The New Zealand Laurel is _Laurelia novae-zelandiae_;
called also _Sassafras_.
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 292:
"Native Laurel, [also called] 'Mock Orange.' This tree is well
worth cultivating on a commercial scale for the sake of the
sweet perfume of its flowers."
# Lavender, Native #, _n_. a Tasmanian tree,
_Styphelia australis_, R. Br., _N.O. Epacrideae_.
# Lawyer #, _n_. One of the English provincial uses
of this word is for a thorny stem of a briar or bramble. In
New Zealand, the name is used in this sense for the _Rubus
australis_, _N.O. Rosaceae_, or Wild Raspberry-Vine
(Maori, _Tataramoa_). The words _Bush-Lawyer_,
_Lawyer-Vine_, and _Lawyer-Palm_, are used with the
same signification, and are also applied in some colonies to
the _Calamus australis_, Mart. (called also _Lawyer-
Cane_), and to _Flagellaria indua_, Linn,, similar
trailing plants.
1865. Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, 'History of the Discovery
and Exploration of Australia,' vol. ii. p. 157:
"_Calamus Australis_, a plant which Kennedy now saw for
the first time. . . It is a strong climbing palm. From the
roots as many as ninety shoots will spring, and they lengthen
out as they climb for hundreds of feet, never thicker than a
man's finger. The long leaves are covered with sharp spines;
but what makes the plant the terror of the explorers, is the
tendrils, which grow out alternately with the leaves. Many of
these are twenty feet long, and they are covered with strong
spines, curved slightly downwards."
1867. F. Hochstetter, 'New Zealand,' p. 135:
"_Rubus Australis_, the thorny strings of which scratch
the hands and face, and which the colonists, therefore, very
wittily call the 'bush-lawyer.'"
1882. T. H. Potts, 'Out in the Open,' p. 71:
"Torn by the recurved prickles of the bush-lawyer."
1889. Vincent Pyke, 'Wild Will Enderby,' p. 16:
"Trailing 'bush-lawyers,' intermingled with coarse bracken,
cling lovingly to the rude stones."
1890. C. Lumholtz, 'Among Cannibals,' p. 103:
"In the mountain scrubs there grows a very luxuriant kind of
palm (_Calamus Australis_), whose stem of a finger's
thickness, like the East Indian Rotang-palm, creeps through the
woods for hundreds of feet, twining round trees in its path,
and at times forming so dense a wattle that it is impossible to
get through it. The stem and leaves are studded with the
sharpest thorns, which continually cling to you and draw blood,
hence its not very polite name of lawyer-palm."
1891. A. J. North, 'Records of Australian Museum,' vol. i.
p. 118:
"Who, in the brushes of the Tweed River, found a nest placed on
a mass of 'lawyer-vines' (_Calamus Australis_)."
1892. Gilbert Parker, 'Round the Compass in Australia,'
p. 256:
"'Look out,' said my companion, 'don't touch that lawyer-vine;
it will tear you properly, and then not let you go.' Too late;
my fingers touched it, and the vine had the best of it. The
thorns upon the vine are like barbed spears, and they would,
in the language of the Yankee, tear the hide off a crocodile."
1892. 'The Times,' [Reprint] 'Letters from Queensland,' p. 7:
"But no obstacle is worse for the clearer to encounter than the
lawyer-vines where they are not burnt off. These are a form of
palm which grows in feathery tufts along a pliant stalk, and
fastens itself as a creeper upon other trees. From beneath its
tufts of leaves it throws down trailing suckers of the
thickness of stout cord, armed with sets of sharp red barbs.
These suckers sometimes throw themselves from tree to tree
across a road which has not been lately used, and render it as
impassable to horses as so many strains of barbed wire. When
they merely escape from the undergrowth of wild ginger and
tree-fern and stinging-bush, which fringes the scrub, and coil
themselves in loose loops upon the ground, they are dangerous
enough as traps for either man or horse. In the jungle, where
they weave themselves in and out of the upright growths, they
form a web which at times defies every engine of destruction
but fire."
# Lawyer-Cane #, # Lawyer-Palm #, and
# Lawyer-Vine #. See _Lawyer_.
# Lead #, _n_. (pronounced _leed_), a mining
term. In the Western United States and elsewhere, the term
lead in mining is used as equivalent for lode. In Australia,
the word _lead_ is only used in reference to alluvial
mining, and signifies the old river-bed in which gold is found.
1875. 'Spectator' (Melbourne), June 19, p. 75, col. 2:
"There was every facility for abstracting the gold in the rich
lead of a neighbour."
1880. Fison and Howitt, 'Kamilaroi and Kurnai,' p. 272 [Note]:
"The expression 'deep lead' refers to those ancient
river-courses which are now only disclosed by deep-mining
operations."
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Miner's Right,' c. v. p. 55:
"Taking the general matter of 'leads' or dead rivers, it
chiefly obtained that if gold were found on one portion of
them, it extended to all the claims within a considerable
distance."
# Lead, to strike the #. See above. Used figuratively
for to succeed.
1874. Garnet Walch, 'Head over Heels,' p. 74:
"We could shy up our caps for a feller,
As soon as he struck the lead."
# Leadbeater #, _n_. applied to a _Cockatoo_,
_Cacatua leadbeateri_, Vig., called _Leadbeaters
Cockatoo_ by Major Mitchell (q.v.).
1890. Lyth, 'Golden South,' c. xiv. p. 127:
"The birds are very beautiful--the Blue Mountain and Lowrie
parrots . . . leadbeater, and snow-white cockatoos."
# Leaf-insect #, _n_. See _Phasmid_.
# Lease #, _n_. a piece of land leased for mining
purposes. In England, the word is used for the document or
legal right concerning the land. In Australia, it is used for
the land itself. Compare _Right-of-way_.
1890. 'Goldfields of Victoria,' p. 15:
"A nice block of stone was crushed from Johnson's lease."
# Lease in perpetuity #, a statutory expression in the
most recent land legislation of New Zealand, indicating a
specific mode of alienating Crown lands,. It is a lease for
999 years at a permanent rental equal to 4% on the capital
value, which is not subject to revision.
# Leather-head #, _n_. another name for the
_Friar-bird_ (q.v.), _Philemon corniculatus_, Lath.
See _Tropidorhynchus_.
1847. L. Leichhardt, 'Overland Expedition,' p. 461:
"The Leatherhead with its constantly changing call and
whistling."
1855. W. Howitt, 'Two Years in Victoria,' vol. i. p. 58:
"The leather-heads utter their settled phrase 'Off we go! off
we go!' in the woods, or they come to suck honey from the
_Melianthus major_, which stands up like a huge artichoke
plant, tipped with dark red plumes of flowers."
1860. G. Bennett, 'Gatherings of a Naturalist,' p. 233:
"Among the Honey-suckers is that singular-looking bird, the
Leatherhead, or Bald-headed Friar (_Tropidorhynchus
corniculatus_); it is commonly seen upon the topmost
branches of lofty trees, calling 'Poor Soldier,' 'Pimlico,'
'Four o'clock,' and uttering screaming sounds. It feeds upon
insects, wild fruits, and any sweets it can procure from the
flowers of the Banksia and Gum-trees."
# Leather-Jacket #, _n_.
(1) A name applied popularly and somewhat confusedly to various
trees, on account of the toughness of their bark--
(a) _Eucalyptus punctata_, De C., Hickory Eucalypt (q.v.);
(b) _Alphitonia excelsa_, Reiss., or Cooperswood;
(c) _Ceratopetalum_, or Coachwood;
(d) _Cryptocarya meissnerii_, F. v. M.;
(e) _Weinmannia benthami_, F. v. M.
(2) A fish of the family _Sclerodermi_, _Monacanthus
ayraudi_, Quoy. and Gaim., and numerous other species of
_Monocanthus_. Leather-Jackets are wide-spread in
Australian seas. The name is given elsewhere to other fishes.
See _File-fish_ and _Pig-fish_.
1770. 'Capt. Cook's Journal,' edition Wharton, 1893, p. 246:
"They had caught a great number of small fish, which the
sailors call leather jackets, on account of their having
a very thick skin; they are known in the West Indies."
1773. 'Hawkesworth's Voyages,' vol. iii. p. 503--'Cook's
First Voyage,' May 4, 1770 (at Botany Bay):
"Small fish, which are well known in the West Indies, and
which our sailors call Leather jackets, because their skin
is remarkably thick."
1789. W. Tench, 'Expedition to Botany Bay, p. 129:
"To this may be added bass, mullets, skaits, soles,
leather-jackets, and many other species."
(3) A kind of pancake.
1846. G. H. Haydon, 'Five Years in Australia Felix,' p. 151:
"A plentiful supply of 'leatherjackets' (dough fried in a
pan)."
1853. Mossman and Banister, 'Australia Visited and Revisited,'
p. 126:
"Our party, upon this occasion, indulged themselves, in
addition to the usual bush fare, with what are called 'Leather
jackets,' an Australian bush term for a thin cake made of
dough, and put into a pan to bake with some fat. . . The
Americans indulge in this kind of bread, giving them the name
of 'Puff ballooners,' the only difference being that they place
the cake upon the bare coals . . ."
1855. R. Howitt, 'Two Years in Victoria,' vol. i. p. 117:
"The leather-jacket is a cake of mere flour and water, raised
with tartaric acid and carbonate of soda instead of yeast, and
baked in the frying-pan; and is equal to any muffin you can
buy in the London shops."
# Leather-wood #, _n_. i.q. _Pinkwood_ (q.v.).
# Leawill #, or # Leeangle # (with other spellings),
_n_. aboriginal names for a native weapon, a wooden club
bent at the striking end. The name is Victorian, especially of
the West; probably derived from _lea_ or _leang_, or
_leanyook_, a tooth. The aboriginal forms are
_langeel_, or _leanguel_, and _lea-wil_,
or _le-ow-el_. The curve evidently helped the English
termination, angle.
1845. Charles Griffith, 'Present State and Prospects of the
Port Phillip District of New South Wales,' p. 155:
"The liangle is, I think, described by Sir Thomas Mitchell.
It is of the shape of a pickaxe, with only one pick. Its name
is derived from another native word, leang, signifying a tooth.
It is a very formidable weapon, and used only in war."
1846. J. L. Stokes, 'Discoveries in Australia,' vol. II.
c. xiii. p. 479:
"A weapon used by the natives called a Liangle, resembling a
miner's pick."
1863. M. K. Beveridge,' Gatherings among the Gum-trees,'
p. 56:
"Let us hand to hand attack him
With our Leeawells of Buloite."
Ibid. (In Glossary) p. 83:
"_Leeawell_, a kind of war club."
1867. G. Gordon McCrae, 'Mimba,' p. 9:
"The long liangle's nascent form
Fore-spoke the distant battle-storm."
1886. R. Henty, 'Australiana,' p. 21:
"His war-club or leeangle."
1889. P. Beveridge, 'Aborigines of Victoria and Riverina,
p. 67:
"Of those [waddies] possessing--we might almost say---a
national character, the shapes of which seem to have come down
generation after generation, from the remotest period, the
Leawill is the most deadly-looking weapon. It is usually three
feet long, and two and a half inches thick, having a pointed
head, very similar both in shape and size to a miner's driving
pick; in most cases the oak (Casuarina) is used in the
manufacture of this weapon; it is used in close quarters only,
and is a most deadly instrument in the hands of a ruthless foe,
or in a general melee such as a midnight onslaught."
# Leeangle #, _n_. i.q. _Leawill_ (q.v.).
# Leek #, _n_. a small parrot. See _Greenleek_.
# Leek, Native #, _n_. a poisonous Australian plant,
_Bulbine bulbosa_, Haw., _N.O. Liliaceae_. Called
also _Native Onion_. Its racemes of bright yellow flowers
make the paddocks gay in spring.
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 121:
"'Native Onion,' 'Native Leek.' Mr. W. _n_. Hutchinson, Sheep
Inspector, Warrego, Queensland, reports of this plant: 'Its
effects on cattle are . . . continually lying down, rolling,
terribly scoured, mucous discharge from the nose.'"
# Leg #, _n_. mining term. a peculiar form of
quartz-reef, forming a nearly vertical prolongation of the
saddle.
1890. 'The Argus,' June x6th, p. 6, col. 1:
"It may also be observed that in payable saddle formations a
slide intersects the reef above the saddle coming from the
west, and turning east with a wall of the east leg, where the
leg of reef is observed to go down deeper, and to carry a
greater amount of gold than in ordinary cases."
# Legitimacy #, _n_. See quotation.
[Old and now unused slang.]
1827. P. Cunningham, 'Two Years in New South Wales,' vol. i.
p. 16:
"Legitimacy--a colonial term for designating the cause of the
emigration of a certain portion of our population; i.e.
having legal reasons for making the voyage."
[So also at p. 116, "Legitimates"]
# Leguminous Ironbark #, _n_. a name given by
Leichhardt to the Queensland tree _Erythrophaeum
laboucherii_, F. v. M., _N.O. Leguminosae_.
See Ironbark.
# Leichhardt #, or # Leichhardt-Tree #, _n_.
an Australian timber-tree, _Morinda citrifolia_, Linn.,
_N.O. Rubiaceae_; called also Canary-wood and Indian
Mulberry. In Queensland, the name is applied to
_Sarcocephalus cordatus_, Miq., _N.O. Rubiaceae_,
a large timber-tree of North Queensland, much used
in building.
1874. M. K. Beveridge, 'Lost Life,' p. 40:
"Groaning beneath the friendly shade
That by a Leichhardt-tree was made."
1885. H. Finch-Hatton, 'Advance Australia, p. 258:
"The Leichhardt is a very symmetrical tree, that grows to a
height of about sixty feet, and has leaves rather like a big
laurel."
# Leichhardt-Bean #, _n_. See _Bean_.
# Leichhardt's Clustered-Fig #,
_n_. i.q. _Clustered Fig_. See _Fig_.
# Lemon, Desert #, _n_. See _Desert Lemon_.
# Lemon-scented Gum #, _n_. See _Gum_.
# Lemon-scented Ironbark #, _n_. a name given to the
Queensland tree _Eucalyptus staigeriana_, F. v. M.,
_N.O. Myrtaceae_. See _Ironbark_. The foliage of
this tree yields a large quantity of oil, equal in fragrance to
that of lemons.
# Lemon-Sole #, _n_. In England, the name is applied
to an inferior species of _Sole_. In New South Wales,
it is given to _Plagusia unicolor_, Mad., of the family
_Pleuronectidae_ or _Flat-fishes_. In New Zealand,
it is another name for the New Zealand _Turbot_ (q.v.).
# Lemon, Wild #, _n_. a timber tree, _Canthium
latifolium_, F. v. M., _N.O. Rubiaceae_; called also
_Wild Orange_.
# Lemon-Wood #, _n_. one of the names given by
settlers to the New Zealand tree called by Maoris _Tarata_
(q.v.), or _Mapau_ (q.v.). It is _Pittosporum
eugenoides_, A. Cunn., _N.O. Pittosporeae_.
# Leopard-Tree #, _n_. an Australian tree,
_Flindersia maculosa_ (or _Strezleckiana_), F. v. M.,
_N.O. Meliaceae_; called also _Spotted-Tree _(q.v.),
and sometimes, in Queensland, _Prickly Pine_.
# Lerp #, _n_. an aboriginal word belonging to the
Mallee District of Victoria (see _Mallee_). Sometimes
spelt _leurp_, or _laap_. The aboriginal word means
'sweet.' It is a kind of manna secreted by an insect, Psylla
eucalypti, and found on the leaves of the Mallee, _Eucalyptus
dumosa_. Attention was first drawn to it by Mr. Thomas
Dobson (see quotations). A chemical substance called
_Lerpamyllum_ is derived from it; see Watts' 'Dictionary
of Chemistry,' Second Supplement, 1875, s.v.
1848. W. Westgarth, 'Australia Felix,' p. 73:
"The natives of the Wimmera prepare a luscious drink from the
laap, a sweet exudation from the leaf of the mallee
(_Eucalyptus dumosa_)."
1850. T. Dobson, 'Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society
of Van Diemen's Land,' vol. i. p. 235:
"The white saccharine substance called 'lerp,' by the
Aborigines in the north-western parts of Australia Felix, and
which has attracted the attention of chemists, under the
impression that it is a new species of manna, originates with
an insect of the tribe of _Psyllidae_, and order
_Hemiptera_."
1850. Ibid. p. 292::
"Insects which, in the larva state, have the faculty of
elaborating from the juices of the gum-leaves on which they
live a glutinous and saccharine fluid, whereof they construct
for themselves little conical domiciles."
1878. R. Brough Smyth, 'The Aborigines of Victoria,' vol. i.
p. 211:
"Another variety of manna is the secretion of the pupa of an
insect of the _Psylla_ family and obtains the name of
_lerp_ among the aborigines. At certain seasons of the
year it is very abundant on the leaves of _E. dumosa_,
or mallee scrub . . ."
# Lift #, _v. tr_. to drive to market from the run.
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Squatter's Dream,' c. iv. p. 45:
"I haven't lifted a finer mob this season."
1890. 'The Argus,' June 14, p. 4, col. 2:
"We lifted 7000 sheep."
# Light-horseman #, _n_. obsolete name for a fish;
probably the fish now called a _Sweep_ (q.v.).
1789. W. Tench, 'Expedition to Botany Bay,' p. 129:
"The French once caught [in Botany Bay] near two thousand fish
in one day, of a species of grouper, to which, from the form of
a bone in the head resembling a helmet, we have given the name
of light horseman."
1793. J. Hunter, 'Voyage,' p. 410 [Aboriginal Vocabulary]:
"Woolamie, a fish called a light-horseman."
[But see _Wollomai_.]
1802. G. Barrington, 'History of New South Wales,' c. iv.
p. 78:
"A boat belonging to the Sirius caught near fifty large fish,
which were called light-horsemen from a bone that grew out of
the head like a helmet."
# Lightwood #, _n_. a name given to various trees.
See _Blackwood_. It is chiefly applied to _Acacia
melanoxylon_, R. Br., _N.O. Leguminosae_. See
quotations, 1843 and 1889.
1843. I. Backhouse. 'Narrative of a Visit to the Australian
Colonies,' p. 48:
"Lightwood--_Acacia Melanoxylon_ . . . It derives its
name from swimming in water, while the other woods of
V. D. Land, except the pines, generally sink. In some parts of
the Colony it is called Blackwood, on account of its dark
colour."
1852. G. C. Mundy, 'Our Antipodes' (edition 1855), p. 515:
"Some immense logs of 'light wood,' _a non lucendo_,
darker than mahogany."
1864. J. Rogers, 'New Rush,' p. 17:
"Arms so brown and bare, to look at them
Recalls to mind the lightwood's rugged stem."
1866. H. Simcox, 'Rustic Rambles,' p. 54:
"The numerous lightwood trees with sombre shade
Tend to enhance the richness of the glade."
1884. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Melbourne Memories,' c. xv. p. 111:
"The ex-owner of Lyne wished himself back among the old
lightwood trees."
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 359:
"Called 'Blackwood' on account of the very dark colour of the
mature wood. It is sometimes called 'Lightwood' (chiefly in
South Tasmania, while the other name is given in North Tasmania
and other places), but this is an inappropriate name. It is in
allusion to its weight as compared with Eucalyptus timbers. It
is the 'Black Sally' of Western New South Wales, the 'Hickory'
of the southern portion of that colony, and is sometimes
called 'Silver Wattle.' This is considered by some people
to be the most valuable of all Australian timbers.
It is hard and close-grained; much valued for furniture,
picture-frames, cabinet-work, fencing, bridges, etc., railway,
and other carriages, boat-building, for tool-handles,
gun-stocks, naves of wheels, crutches, parts of organs,
pianofortes (sound-boards and actions), etc."
# Light Yellow-wood #, i.q. _Long-Jack_ (q.v.).
# Lignum # (1), or # Lignum-Vitae #, _n_.
The name is applied to several trees, as _Myrtus
acmenioides_, F. v. M., called also _White Myrtle_;
_Acacia falcata_, Willd., _N.O. Leguminosae_,
called also _Hickory_ and _Sally_; but chiefly to
_Eucalyptus polyanthema_, Schau., _N.O. Myrtaceae_.
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 505:
"[_E. polyanthema_.] The 'Red Box' of South-eastern
Australia. Called also 'Brown Box,' 'Grey Box,' and 'Bastard
Box.' 'Poplar-leaved Gum' is another name, but it is most
commonly known as 'Lignum Vitae' because of its tough and hard
wood. Great durability is attributed to this wood, though the
stems often become hollow in age, and thus timber of large
dimensions is not readily afforded. It is much sought after
for cogs, naves and felloes; it is also much in demand for
slabs in mines, while for fuel it is unsurpassed. (Mueller.)
Its great hardness is against its general use."
(2) A bushman's contraction for any species of the wiry plants
called polygonum.
1880. Mrs. Meredith, 'Tasmanian Friends and Foes,' [writing
of the Lachlan district, New South Wales] p. 180:
"The poor emus had got down into the creek amongst the lignum
bushes for a little shade . . . I do not know what a
botanist would call them; they are something like cane, but
with large leaves, which all animals are fond of, and they grow
about eight feet high in the creeks and gullies."
1896. H. Lawson, 'When the World was Wide,' p. 135:
"By mulga scrub and lignum plain."
# Lilac #, _n_. name given in Australia to the tree
_Melia composita_, Willd., _N.O. Meliaceae_, called
_Cape Lilac_. It is not endemic in Australia, and is
called "Persian Lilac "in India. In Tasmania the name of
_Native Lilac_ is given to _Prostanthera
rotundifolia_, R. Br., _N.O. Labiatae_, and by
Mrs. Meredith to _Tetratheca juncea_, Smith, of the
Linnean Order, _Octandria_.
1793. J. E. Smith, 'Specimen of Botany of New Holland,' p. 5:
"_Tetratheca juncea_, Rushy Tetratheca [with plate]."
1852. Mrs. Meredith, 'My Home in Tasmania,' vol. ii. p. 69:
"A little purple flower, which is equally common, so vividly
recalls to my mind, both by its scent and colour, an Old-World
favorite, that I always know it as the native Lilac
(_Tetratheca juncea_)."
# Lily, Darling #, _n_. a bulbous plant, _Crinum
flaccidum_, Herb., _N.O. Amaryllideae_; called also the
_Murray Lily_. (See _Lily, Murray_.)
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 20:
"The 'Darling Lily.' This exceedingly handsome white-flowered
plant, which grows back from the Darling, has bulbs which yield
a fair arrowroot. On one occasion, near the town of Wilcannia,
a man earned a handsome sum by making this substance when flour
was all but unattainable."
# Lily, Flax #, _n_. See _Flax-Lily_, and
_Flax, New Zealand_.
# Lily, Giant #-, or # Spear #-, _n_.
a fibre plant, _Doryanthes excelsa_, Corr.,
_N.O. Amaryllideae_.
1860. G. Bennett, 'Gatherings of a Naturalist,' p. 339:
"The Doryanthes excelsa, a gigantic Lily of Australia, is a
magnificent plant, with a lofty flowering spike. The bunches
or clusters of crimson flowers are situated in the summit of
the flowering spike . . . The diameter of a cluster of
blossoms is about 14 inches . . . The flower-buds are of a
brilliant crimson, and the anthers of the stamens are, in the
recently expanded flower, of a dark-green colour."
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 621:
"'Spear Lily.' 'Giant Lily.' The leaves are a mass of fibre,
of great strength, which admits of preparation either by
boiling or maceration, no perceptible difference as to quality
or colour being apparent after heckling. Suitable for brush
making, matting, etc."
# Lily, Gordon #, _n_. a Tasmanian plant
and its flower, _Blandfordia marginata_, Herb.,
_N.O. Liliaceae_, and other species of
_Blandfordia_ (q.v.).
1835. Ross, 'Hobart Town Almanack,' p. 72:
"Blandfordia nobilis. This splendid plant is common on the
west coast and on the shores of the Mersey. It bears a head of
pendulous scarlet blossoms tipped with yellow, one inch long,
rising out of a stalk of from 1 1/2 to 3 feet long, from between
two opposite series of strapshaped leaves. It is named after
George [Gordon] Marquis of Blandford, son of the second Duke of
Marlborough."
# Lily, Murray #, _n_. i.q. _Darling Lily_.
See above.
1877. F. v. Mueller, 'Botanic Teachings,' p. 119:
"This showy genus _Crinum_ furnishes also Victoria with a
beautiful species, the Murray Lily (_Crinum flaccidum_),
not however to be found away from the Murray-River southward."
# Lilly-Pilly #, _n_. name given to a large timber
tree, _Eugenia smithii_, Poir., _N.O. Myrtaceae_.
The bark is rich in tanning. Sometimes called _Native
Banana_.
1860. G. Bennett, 'Gatherings of a Naturalist,' p. 327:
"The Lillypilly-trees, as they are named by the colonists,
consist of several species of _Acmena_, and are all of
elegant growth and dense and handsome foliage."
1879. Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, 'Proceedings of the Linnaean
Society of New South Wales,' p. 134:
"_Eugenia Smithii_, or Lilli pilli, and _Melodorum
Leichhardtii_ are also fair eating. The latter goes by the
name of the native banana though it is very different from a
banana, and in reality allied to the custard apple."
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 29:
"'Lilly Pilly.' The fruits are eaten by aboriginals, small
boys, and birds. They are formed in profusion, are acidulous
and wholesome. They are white with a purplish tint, and up to
one inch in diameter."
# Lily, Rock #, _n_. an orchid, _Dendrobium
speciosum_, Smith, _N.O. Orchideae_. although not a
Lily, it is always so called, especially in Sydney, where it is
common.
1879. H. _n_. Moseley, 'Notes by Naturalist on Challenger,'
p. 270:
"A luxuriant vegetation, with huge masses of Stagshorn Fern
(_Platycerium_) and 'rock-lilies' (orchids), and a variety
of timbers, whilst there are Tree-ferns and small palms in the
lateral shady gullies."
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 22:
"'Rock Lily.' The large pseudobulbs have been eaten by the
aboriginals; they contain little nutritive matter."
# Lily, Water #, _n_. There are several indigenous
native varieties of the _N.O. Nymphaeceae_--_Cabombia
peltata_, Pursh; _Nymphaea gigantea_, Hook. (_Blue
Water-lily_).
# Lily, Yellow #, _n_. a Tasmanian name for
_Bulbine bulbosa_, Haw., _N.O. Liliaceae_.
See _Leek, Native_.
# Lime, Native #, _n_. an Australian tree, _Citrus
australasica_, F. v. M., _N.O. Rutaceae_; called also
_Finger Lime_ and _Orange_. But the appellation of
_Native Lime_ is more generally given to _Citrus
australis_, Planch., _N.O. Rutaceae_.
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 16:
"'Native Lime. Orange.' The fruit, which is an inch and
a half in diameter, and almost globular, yields an agreeable
beverage from its acid juice."
# Ling #, _n_. a fish. The name is given in England
to various fishes, from their length. In New Zealand and
Tasmania, it is applied to _Genypterus blacodes_, Forst.;
also called _Cloudy Bay Cod_. _Lotella marginata_,
Macl., is called _Ling_, in New South Wales, and
_Beardie_. _Genypterus_ belongs to the
_Ophidiidae_ and _Lotella_ to the next family,
the _Gadidae_.
# Lobster #, _n_. The name is often carelessly used
in Australia for the _Crayfish_ (q.v.).
# Lobster's #-Claw, _n_. another name for _Sturt's
Desert Pea_ (q.v.).
# Locust #, _n_. name popularly but quite erroneously
applied to insects belonging to two distinct orders.
(1) Insects belonging to the order _Hemiptera_. The great
black Cicada, _Cicada moerens_, Germ., and the great green
Cicada, _Cyclochila australasiae_, Donov.
(2) Insects belonging to the order _Orthoptera_,
such as the great green gum-tree grasshopper, _Locusta
vigentissima_, Serv., or the Australian yellow-winged
locust, _Oedipoda musica_, Fab.
1846. J. L. Stokes, 'Discoveries in Australia,' vol. I. c.
ix. p. 285:
"The trees swarmed with large locusts (the _Cicada_),
quite deafening us with their shrill buzzing noise."
1862. F. J. Jobson, 'Australia,' c. iv. p. 104:
"We heard everywhere on the gumtrees the cricket-like
insects--usually called locusts by the colonists--hissing
their reed-like monotonous noise."
1869. J. Townend, 'Reminiscences of Australia,' p. 155:
"The perpetual song of unnumbered locusts."
1885. H. H. Hayter, 'Carboona,' p. 5:
"The deaf'ning hum of the locusts."
1885. F. McCoy, 'Prodromus of the Natural History of
Victoria,' Dec. 5, pl. 50:
"Our _Cicada moerens_ . . . produces an almost deafening
sound from the numbers of the individuals in the hottest days
and the loudness of their noise." "This species (_Cyclochila
Australasiae_) is much less abundant than the
_C. moerens_, and seems more confined to moist places,
such as river banks and deep ravines and gullies."
1889. F. McCoy, 'Prodromus of the Natural History of
Victoria,' Dec. 11, pl. 110:
"The great size of the muscular thighs of the posterior pair of
feet enables the Locusts to jump much higher, further, and more
readily than Grasshoppers, giving an example of muscular power
almost unparalleled in the animal kingdom."
1896. F. A. Skuse, 'Records of Australian Museum,' vol. ii.
No. 7, p. 107:
"What are commonly styled 'locusts' in this country are really
_Cicadae_, belonging to a totally distinct and widely
separated order of insects. And moreover the same kind of
_Cicada_ is known by different names in different
localities, such as 'Miller,' 'Mealyback,' etc. The true
locusts belong to the grasshoppers, while the _Homopterous
Cicadidae_ have been known as _Cicadas_ from times
of remote antiquity."
# Locust-tree #, of New Zealand. See _Kowhai_.
# Logan-Apple #, _n_. a small Queensland tree,
with an acid fruit, _Acronychia acidia_, F. v. M.,
_N.O. Rutaceae_.
# Log-hut #, _n_. Log-cabin is American.
Log-hut is Australian.
1802. G. Barrington, 'History of New South Wales,' p. 178:
"Not more than ten settlers had been able to erect dwellings
better than log-huts."
[This was in Sydney, 1796.]
1846. J. L. Stokes, 'Discoveries in Australia,' vol. I.
c. ix. p. 287:
"Captain Fyans was living in a log-hut on the banks of the
Marabool river."
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Miner's Right,' c. vi. p. 61:
"Log-huts, with the walls built American fashion, of horizontal
tree-trunks."
# Log-Runner #, _n_. an Australian bird, called also
a Spinetail. The species are--
Black-headed--
_Orthonyx spaldingi_, Ramsay;
Spinetailed--
_O. spinicauda_, Temm., called also _Pheasant's
Mother_. See _Orthonyx_.
# Logs #, _n. pl._ the Lock-up. Originally, in the
early days, a log-hut, and often keeping the name when it was
made a more secure place. Sometimes, when there was no
lock-up, the prisoners were chained to heavy logs of trees.
1802. G.Barrington, 'History of New South Wales,' p. 184:
"The governor resolved on building a large log prison both at
Sydney and Paramatta, and 'as the affair cried haste,' a
quantity of logs were ordered to be sent in by the various
settlers, officers and others."
[p. 196]: "The inhabitants of Sydney were assessed to supply
thatch for the new gaol, and the building was enclosed with
a strong high fence. It was 80 feet long, the sides and ends
were of strong logs, a double row of which formed each
partition. The prison was divided into 22 cells. The floor
and the roof were logs, over which was a coat eight inches
deep of clay."
1851. Letter from Mrs. Perry, given in Canon Goodman's
'Church of Victoria during Episcopate of Bishop Perry,' p. 164:
"One [sentry] at the lock-up, a regular American log-hut."
[sic. But in America it would have been called a log-cabin.]
1888. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Robbery under Arms,' p. 193:
"Let's put him in the Logs . . . The lock-up, like most
bush ones, was built of heavy logs, just roughly squared,
with the ceiling the same sort."
1888. Rolf Boldrewood, 'A Sydneyside Saxon,' p. 111:
"'He'll land himself in the logs about that same calf racket
if he doesn't lookout, some day.' 'Logs!' I says. 'There
don't seem to be many about this part. The trees are all
too small.'"
# Log up #, _v_. to make a log-support for the
windlass.
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Miner's Right,' c. v. p. 54:
"We . . . had logged up and made a start with another shaft."
# Lolly #, _n., pl_. # Lollies #. The English
word lollipop is always shortened in Australia, and is the
common word to the exclusion of others, e.g. _sweets_.
Manufacturers of sweetmeats are termed Lolly-makers.
1871. J. J. Simpson, 'Recitations,' p. 24:
"Lollies that the children like."
1874. Garnet Walch, 'Head over Heels,' p. 18:
"Common children fancy lollies,
Eat them 'gainst their parents' wills."
1882. A. J. Boyd, 'Old Colonials,' p. 16:
"I thankfully expended the one in bile-producing cakes
and lollies."
1893. 'Evening Standard' (Melbourne), Oct. 18, p. 6, col. 2:
"Mr. Patterson (musing over last Saturday's experiences):
You're going to raise the price of lollies. I'm a great buyer
of them myself. (Laughter.) If you pay the full duty it will,
doubtless, be patriotic for me to buy more when I go amongst
the juveniles."
# Long-fin #, _n_. name given to the fish _Caprodon
schlegelii_, Gunth., and in New South Wales to _Anthias
longimanus_, Gunth.
1882. Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, 'Fish of New South Wales,'
p. 33:
"The long-fin, _Anthias Iongimanus_, Gunth., is a good
fish that finds its way to the market occasionally . . . may be
known by its uniform red colour, and the great length of the
pectoral fins."
# Long-Jack #, name given to the tree _Flindersia
oxleyana_, F. v. M., _N.O. Meliaceae_; called also
Light Yellow-Wood.
# Long-sleever #, _n_. name for a big drink and also
for the glass in which it is contained. Perhaps in allusion to
its tall, tapering, long shape.
1888. Cassell's 'Picturesque Australasia,' vol. iii. p. 83:
"Their drivers had completed their regulation half-score of
'long-sleevers' of 'she-oak.'"
# Long-Tom #, _n_. name given in Sydney to _Belone
ferox_, Gunth., a species of _Garfish_ which has both
jaws prolonged to form a slender beak. See _Garfish_.
# Long-Yam #. See _Yam_.
# Look #, _v. tr._ to examine.
1874. W. H. L. Ranken, 'Dominion of Australia,' c. vi. p. 105:
"Plains are scoured and every piece of timber looked."
[sc. looked-over.]
# Lope #, _n_. a slow and steady gallop. From Dutch
verb _loopen_, to leap, to run. The word is American
rather than Australian.
1855. W. Howitt, 'Two Years in Victoria,' vol. i. p. 35:
"Every body gallops here, or at least goes at a canter--which
they call the Australian lope."
# Loquat #, a Chinese word meaning "Rush-orange,"
_Photinia japonica_. Being highly ornamental and bearing
a pleasant stony juicy fruit of the colour and size of a small
orange, it has been introduced into nearly all Australian
gardens. The name _Native Loquat_ has been given to an
indigenous shrub, _Rhodomyrtus macrocarpa_, Benth.,
_N.O. Myrtaceae_.
# Lorikeet #, _n_. a bird-name, little _Lory_
(q.v.). The species in Australia are--
Blue-bellied Lorikeet--
_Trichoglossus novae-hollandiae_, Gmel.
Blue-faced L.--
_Cyclopsitta macleayana_, Ramsay.
Little L.--
_Trichoglossus pusillus_, Shaw.
Musk L.--
_T. concinnus_, Shaw.
Purple-crowned L.--
_T. porphyrocephalus_, Dietr.
Red-collared L.--
_T. rubritorqus_, Vig. and Hors.
Red-faced L.--
_Cyclopsitta coxenii_, Gould.
Scaly-breasted L.--
_Trichoglossus chlorolepidotus_, Kuhl.
Swift L.--
_Lathamus discolor_, Shaw.
Varied L.--
_Trichoglossus versicolor_, Vig.
The following table gives Gould's classification in 1848:--
1848. J. Gould, 'Birds of Australia,' vol. v.
Plate
_Lathamus discolor_, Swift Lorikeet ... ... 47
_Trichoglossus Novae-Hollandiae_, Jard. and Selb.,
Swainson's L. ... ... ... ... ... ... 48
_T. rubritorquis_, Vig. and Horsf., Red-collared L. 49
_T. chlorolepidotus_, Scaly-breasted L. ... 50
_T. versicolor_, Vig., Varied L. ... ... 51
_T. concinnus_, Musky L. ... ... ... ... 52
_T. porphyrocephalus_, Dict., Porphyry-crowned L. 53
_T. pusillus_, Little L. ... ... ... ... 54
1890. 'The Argus,' June 7, p. 13, col. 4:
"On the hill-sides the converse of the lorikeets as they drain
the honeycups and swing and chatter in low undertones the whole
day long."
# Lory #, _n_. a bird-name. The word is Malay. (See
'Encyclopaedia Britannica,' vol. xv.) It is often spelt
_Lowrie_ in Australia. The species in Australia are--
Crimson-winged Lory--
_Aprosmictus coccineopterus_, Gould.
King L.--
_A. scapulatus_, Bechst.
Red-winged Lory--
_A. erythropterus_, Gmel.
1848. Gould's 'Birds of Australia,' vol. v.:
"_Aprosmictus scapulatus_, king lory;
_erythropturus_, red-winged lory."
# Lotus-bird #, _n_. _Parra gallinacea_, Temm.;
called also the _Jacana_ (q.v.), and the _Parra_
(q.v.).
1890. C. Lumholtz, 'Among Cannibals,' p. 22:
"The most striking bird on the lagoon is doubtless the
beautiful _Parra gallinacea_, which in Australia is called
the lotus-bird. It sits on the leaves that float on the water,
particularly those of the water-lily."
# Lowan #, _n_. aboriginal birdname for _Leipoa
ocellata_, Gould. The name is used for the bird in Victoria
and in the south-east district of South Australia. In the
Mallee district, it is called _Mallee-bird_, _Mallee
fowl_, _Mallee-hen_ (q.v.); in South Australia,
_Native Pheasant_ (q.v.); and in various parts of
Australia, the _Scrub-Turkey_. The county called Lowan,
after the bird, is in the Mallee country in the west of
Victoria. See _Turkey_.
1888. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Robbery under Arms,' p. 171:
"The Lowan (Mallee-hen, they're mostly called). The Lowan
eggs--beautiful pink thin-shelled ones they are, first-rate
to eat, and one of 'em a man's breakfast."
1890. A. H. S. Lucas, 'Handbook of the Australasian
Association for the Advancement of Science,' Melbourne, p. 68:
"To the dry, arid Mallee Scrub of the Western District is a
radical change of scene. There the so-called Mallee hen, or
Native name, Lowan (_Leipoa ocellata_), loves to dwell."
1896. 'The Argus,' Aug. 4, p. 5, col. 2:
"The postmaster at Nhill had drawn the attention of the Deputy
Postmaster-General to the large number of letters which are
received there addressed to 'Lowan.' It should be understood
that this is the name of a county containing several postal
districts, and correspondents should be more specific in their
addresses."
# Lowrie #, _n_. a bird-name. An Australian variant
of _Lory_ (q.v.).
1850. J. B. Clutterbuck, 'Port Phillip in 1849,' p. 40:
"A great many species of the parrot are found; and of these
the King Parrot is the most beautiful, and that called the
Lowrie is perhaps the most docile."
1890. Lyth, 'Golden South,' p. 127:
"The birds are very beautiful--the Blue Mountain and Lowrie
parrots . . .'
# Lubra #, _n_. aboriginal name for a black woman.
The name comes from Tasmania, appearing first in the form
_loubra_, in a vocabulary given in the 'Voyage de
Decouvertes de l'Astrolabe' (Paris, 1834), vol. vii. p. 9,
and was obtained from a Tasmanian woman, belonging to Port
Dalrymple on the Tamar River. It is probably a compound
of the Tasmanian words _loa_ or _lowa_, a woman,
and _proi_ (with variants), big. In Victoria, the use
of the word began at the Hopkins River and the vicinity,
having been introduced by settlers from Tasmania, but it was
generally adopted south of the Murray. North of the Murray
the native women were called _Gins_ (q.v.). Both words
are now used indiscriminately.
1855. W. Blandowski, 'Transactions of Philosophical Society
of Victoria,' vol. i. p. 73 :
"The young man who wishes to marry has first to look out for a
wife amongst the girls or _leubras_ of some neighbouring
tribe."
1864. H. Simcox, 'Outward Bound," p. 87:
"Many lubras so black with their load on their back."
1885. R. M. Praed, 'Australian Life," p. 23:
"Certain stout young gins or lubras, set apart for that
purpose, were sacrificed."
1891. 'The Argus,' Nov. 7, p. 13, col. 4:
"A few old lubras sufficiently dirty and unprepossessing."
1892. Gilbert Parker, 'Round the Compass in Australia,' p. 28:
"Naked, and not ashamed, the old men grey-bearded and eyes
bright, watched the cooking of the fish, and the younger, with
the lubras, did the honours of reception."
# Lucerne, Native #, or # Paddy #, _n_. i.q.
_Queensland Hemp_. See _Hemp_.
1895. A. B. Paterson, 'Man from Snowy River,' p. 95:
"And now lies wandering fat and sleek,
On the Lucerne flats by the Homestead Creek."
# Luderick #, or # Ludrick #, _n_. an aboriginal
Gippsland name for a local variety of the fish _Girella
simplex_, Richards., the _Black-fish_ (q.v.).
# Lugg #, _n_. a fish not identified.
"Lug, a kind of fish." ('Walker,' 1827)
1802. Flemming, 'Journal of the Exploration of C. Grimes'
(at Port Phillip), ed. by J. J. Shillinglaw, Melbourne, 1897,
p. 27:
"Many swans, ducks and luggs."
# Lyonsia #, _n_. a Tasmanian plant. See _Devil's
guts_.
# Lyre-bird #, _n_. an Australian bird, originally
called the _Bird of Paradise of New South Wales_; then
called a _Native Pheasant_, or _Mountain Pheasant_,
and still generally called a _Pheasant_ by the Gippsland
bushmen. The name Lyre-bird apparently began between 1828 and
1834. It is not used by Cunningham, 'Two Years in New South
Wales' (1828), vol. i. p. 303. See _Menura_.
The species are--
The Lyre-bird--
_Menura superba_, Davies.
Albert L.-b.--
_M. alberti_, Gould.
Victoria L.-b.--
_M. victoriae_, Gould.
Since 1888 the _Lyre-bird_ has been the design on the
eight-penny postage-stamp of New South Wales.
1802. G. Barrington, 'History of New South Wales,' p. 435:
"The Bird of Paradise of New South Wales [with picture]. This
elegant bird, which by some is called the Bird of Paradise, and
by others the Maenura Superba, has a straight bill, with the
nostrils in the centre of the beak."
1802. D. Collins, 'History of English Colony of New South
Wales,' vol. ii. p. 335:
"_Menura superba_." [But not the name lyre-bird].
1834. Geo. Bennett, 'Wanderings in New South Wales, etc.,'
/vol./ i. p. 277:
"The 'Native or Wood-pheasant,' or 'Lyre bird' of the
colonists, the 'Menura superba' of naturalists, and the
'Beleck, beleck,' and 'Balaugara' of the aboriginal tribes,
is abundant about the mountain ranges, in all parts of the
colony."
1846. G. H. Haydon, 'Five Years in Australia Felix,'
p. 132:
"Numerous pheasants (_Menura superba_). These birds are
the mocking-birds of Australia, imitating all the sounds that
are heard in the bush in great perfection. They are about the
size of a barn-door fowl, and are not remarkable for any beauty
either in the shape or colour, being of a dirty brown,
approaching to black in some parts; their greatest attraction
consists in the graceful tail of the cock bird, which assumes
something the appearance of a lyre, for which reason some
naturalists have called them lyre-birds."
1848. J. Gould, 'Birds of Australia,' vol. iii. pl. 14:
"_Menura superba_, Davies, Lyre-bird; Pheasant of the
Colonists. Were I requested to suggest an emblem for Australia
amongst its birds, I should without the slightest hesitation
select the _Menura_ as the most appropriate, being
strictly peculiar to Australia."
1864. J. S. Moore, 'Spring-Life Lyrics;' p. 92:
"Shy as the lyre-bird, hidden away,
A glittering waif in the wild."
1867. G. G. McCrae, 'Balladeadro,' p. 30:
"There the proud lyre-bird spreads his tail,
And mocks the notes of hill and dale
Whether the wild dog's plaintive howl
Or cry of piping water-fowl."
1872. A. McFarland, 'Illawarra Manaro,' p. 54:
"The Lyre-bird may yet be seen--more frequently heard--amongst
the gullies and ravines. It has the power of imitating every
other bird, and nearly every sound it hears in the bush-even
that of a cross-cut saw."
1886. J. A. Fronde, 'Oceana,' p. 146:
"Here, too, for the first time, we saw a lyre-bird, which some
one had just shot, the body being like a coot's, and about the
same size, the tail long as the tail of a bird of paradise,
beautifully marked in bright brown, with the two chief feathers
curved into the shape of a Greek lyre, from which it takes its
name."
1890. 'Victorian Statutes'--Game Act, Third Schedule:
[Close Season.] "Lyre Birds. The whole year."
1893. 'The Age,' Aug. 7, p. vi, col. 9:
"There are more reasons than one why the lyre-bird should be
preserved. From a purely utilitarian point of view it is of
value, for it is insectivorous and preys upon insects which are
apt to prefer orchard fruit to their natural bush food. But
the bird has as well a national and sentimental value. Next to
the emu it is the most typical Australian bird. It is peculiar
to Australia, for in no other country is it to be seen.
Comparatively speaking it is a _rara avis_ even in
Australia itself, for it is only to be found in the most
secluded parts of two colonies--Victoria and New South Wales.
It is the native pheasant. The aborigines call it
'Beleck-Beleck,' and whites call it the 'lyre-bird' from the
shape of its tail; the ornithologists have named it
_Menura_. There are three species--the _Victoriae_
of this colony, and the _Alberta_ and _superba_ of
New South Wales. The general plumage is glossy brown, shaded
with black and silver grey, and the ornate tail of the male
bird is brown with black bars. They live in the densest
recesses of the fern gullies of the Dividing Range with the
yellow-breasted robin, the satin-bird, and the bell-bird as
their neighbours. They are the most shy of birds, and are
oftener heard than seen. Their notes, too, are heard more
frequently than they are recognized, for they are consummate
mimics and ventriloquists. They imitate to perfection the
notes of all other birds, the united voicing of a flock of
paraquetts [sic], the barking of dogs, the sawing of timber,
and the clink of the woodman's axe. Thus it is that the
_menura_ has earned for itself the title of the Australian
mocking-bird. Parrots and magpies are taught to speak; as a
mimic the lyre-bird requires no teacher."
1893. 'Sydney Morning Herald,' Aug. 9. p. 9, col. 1:
"If the creature was lovely its beauty was marketable and
fatal--and the lyre-bird was pursued to its last retreats and
inveigled to death, so that its feathers might be peddled in
our streets."
M
# Mackerel #, _n_. In Australia, _Scomber
antarcticus_, Castln., said to be identical with _Scomber
pneumatophorus_, De la Roche, the European mackerel; but
rare. In New Zealand, _Scomber australasicus_, Cuv. and
Val.
# Macquarie Harbour Grape #, or # Macquarie Harbour
Vine #, _n_. the Tasmanian name for _Muhlenbeckia
adpressa_, Meissn. _N.O. Polygonaceae_; called
_Native Ivy_ in Australia. See _Ivy_ and
_Grape_.
1831. Ross, 'Hobart Town Almanack,' p. 265:
"That valuable plant called the _Macquarie harbour grape_.
It was so named by Mr. Lempriere, late of the Commissariat at
that station, who first brought it into notice as a desirable
acquisition in our gardens."
1834. Ross, 'Van Diemen's Land Annual,' p. 133:
"_Polygonum adpressum_. The Macquarie harbour vine,
either as an insignificant trailing plant, or as a magnificent
climber, according to the soil and situation, is found on the
coast of various parts of Van Diemen's Land, and also as far
inland as within about four miles of New Norfolk. This plant
has a small but sweet fruit, formed of the thickened divisions
of the calyx of the flower, inclosing a triangular seed of
unpleasant flavour."
# Macquarie Pine #, _n_. See _Pine_.
# Macropus #, _n_. the scientific name for the
typical genus of _Macropodidae_, established by Shaw in
1800. From the Greek _makropous_, long-footed. It
includes the _Kangaroo_ (q.v.) and _Wallaby_ (q.v.).
_M. giganteus_, Zimm., is the Giant Kangaroo, or
_Forester_ (q.v.).
# Mado #, _n_. a Sydney fish, _Therapon
cuvieri_, Bleek; called also _Trumpeter-Perch_.
_Atypus strigatus_, Gunth., is also called _Mado_
by the Sydney fishermen, who confound it with the first species.
The name is probably aboriginal.
# Magpie #, _n_. a black-and-white Crow-Shrike,
present all over Australia. He resembles the English Magpie in
general appearance, but has not the long tail of that bird,
though he shares with him his kleptomania. He is often called
the _Bush-magpie_ (q.v.) by townsfolk, to distinguish him
from the tamed specimens kept in many gardens, or in cages,
which are easily taught to talk. The species are--
Black-backed Magpie--
_Gymnorhina tibicen_, Lath.; called also
_Flute-Bird_ (q.v.).
Long-billed M.--
_G. dorsalis_, Campbell.
White, or Organ M.--
_G. organicum_, Gould; called also _Organ-bird_
(q.v.).
White-backed M.--
_G. leuconota_, Gould.
In Tasmania, the name is also applied to the--
Black Magpie--
_Strepera fuliginosa_, Gould; and
_S. arguta_, Gould.
1859. H. Kingsley, 'Geoffr/e/y Hamlyn,' vol. ii. p. 314
[Footnote]:
"Magpie, a large, pied crow.Of all the birds I have ever seen,
the cleverest, the most grotesque, and the most musical. The
splendid melody of his morning and evening song is as
unequalled as it is indescribable."
1869. B. Hoare, 'Figures of Fancy,' p. 97:
"Gay magpies chant the livelong day."
1886. T. Heney, 'Fortunate Days,' p. 47:
"The magpie swells from knoll or silent brake
His loud sweet tune."
1887. 'Melbourne Punch,' March 31:
"The magpie maketh mute
His mellow fluent flute,
Nor chaunteth now his leuconotic hymn."
# Magpie-Goose #, _n_. a common name for the
Australian Goose, _Anseranus melanoleuca_, Lath.; called
also _Swan-goose_, and _Pied goose_.
See _Goose_.
# Magpie-Lark #, _n_. an Australian black-and-white
bird (_Grallina picata_, Lath.), resembling the Magpie in
appearance, but smaller; called also _Pee-wee_, and
_Mudlark_, from its building its nest of mud.
1888. Cassell's 'Picturesque Australasia,' vol. ii. p. 235:
"The little magpie-lark. . . . His more elegant and graceful
figure remains in modest silence by the hedgerow in the
outskirts."
# Magpie-Perch #, _n_. a West Australian, Victorian,
and Tasmanian fish, _Chilodactylus gibbosus_, Richards.;
not a true Perch, but of family _Cirrhitidae_.
# Magra #, _n_. aboriginal name for the sling or
pouch in which the gins carry their children on their backs.
1845. R. Howitt, 'Australia,' p. 185:
"Other lesser brats were in magras, gipsy-like, at their
mothers' backs."
On p. 191, Mr. Howitt uses the form "mogra."
# Mahoe #, _n_. Maori name for the New Zealand
Whitewood-tree, _Melicytus ramiflorus_, Forst.,
_N.O. Violarieae_.
1855. Rev. R. Taylor, 'Te Ika a Maui,' p. 447:
"Mahoe (_Melicytus ramiflorus_) grows to the height
of about fifty feet, and has a fine thin spiral leaf."
1863. Thomas Moser, 'Mahoe Leaves':
[Title of a volume of articles about the Maoris.]
1883. J. Hector, 'Handbook of New Zealand,' p. 130:
"Mahoe, hinahina. A small tree twenty to thirty feet high;
trunk often angular and seven feet in girth. The word is soft
and not in use. . . . Leaves greedily eaten by cattle."
# Mahogany #, _n_. The name, with varying epithets,
is applied to several Australian trees, chiefly
_Eucalypts_, on account of the redness or hardness of
their timber, and its applicability to purposes similar to that
of the true Mahogany. The following enumeration is compiled
from Maiden's 'Useful Native Plants'
Mahogany, _Tristania conferta_, R. Br., _N.O.
Myrtaceae_; called also White Box, Red Box, Brush
Box, Bastard Box, Brisbane Box. This bark is occasionally used
for tanning.
Bastard Mahogany, or Gippsland Mahogany, or Swamp Mahogany,
_Eucalyptus botryoides_, Smith, _N.O. Myrtaceae_.
The Blue Gum of New South Wales coast districts. Bastard
Mahogany of Gippsland and New South Wales; called also Swamp
Mahogany in Victoria and New South Wales. It also bears the
names of Bastard Jarrah, and occasionally Woolly Butt. Sydney
workmen often give it the name Bangalay, by which it was
formerly known by the aboriginals of Port Jackson. It is one
of four colonial timbers recommended by the Victorian Carriage
Timber Board for use in the construction of railway carriages.
Specimens from Gippsland (Gippsland Mahogany) are spoken of as
"a timber of good colour, as strong as Blue Gum."
Mahogany, or Bastard Mahogany, _Eucalyptus marginata_,
Smith, _N.O. Myrtaceae_. Universally known as
_Jarrah_. In Western Australia it also bears the name
of Mahogany, or Bastard Mahogany.
Forest or Red Mahogany, Eucalyptus resinifera, Smith,
N.O. Myrtaceae; called also Jimmy Low (q.v.).
Forest Mahogany, _Eucalyptus microcorys_, F. v. M.,
_N.O. Myrtaceae_. In Queensland it is known as
Peppermint, the foliage being remarkably rich in volatile oil.
But its almost universal name is _Tallow Wood_ (q.v.).
North of Port Jackson it bears the name of _Turpentine
Tree_ (q.v.), and Forest Mahogany.
Tom Russell's Mahogany, _Lysicarpus ternifolius_,
F. v. M., _N.O. Myrtaceae_.
Swamp Mahogany, or White Mahogany, _Eucalyptus robusta_,
Smith, _N.O. Myrtaceae_, B. Fl. This tree is known as
White, or Swamp Mahogany, from the fact that it generally grows
in swampy ground. It is also called Brown Gum. This timber is
much valued for shingles, wheelwrights'work, ship-building, and
building purposes generally. As a timber for fuel, and where
no great strength is required, it is excellent, especially when
we consider its adaptability to stagnant, swampy, or marshy
places.
1846. J. L. Stokes, 'Discoveries in Australia,' vol. ii.
c. iv. p. 132:
"Mahogany, Jarrail, Eucalyptus, grows on white sandy land."
Ibid. vol. ii. c. iv. p. 231:
"Part of our road lay through a thick mahogany scrub."
# Mai #, or # Matai #, _n_. a New Zealand tree,
now called _Podocarpus spicata_.
1855. Rev. R. Taylor, 'Te Ika a Maui,' p. 440:
"Matai, mai (_Dacrydium mai_), a tree with a fine thick
top, and leaf much resembling that of the yew. The wood is of
a slightly reddish colour, close-grained, but brittle, and
peculiarly fragrant when burnt. . . . Highly prized for fuel,
and also much used for furniture, as it works up easily and
comes next to the totara for durability."
1876. W. _n_. Blair, 'Transactions of New Zealand Institute,'
vol. ix. art. x. p. 157:
"I have in this paper adhered to the popular name of black-pine
for this timber, but the native name matai is always used in
the north."
# Maiden's # Blush, _n_. name given to the Australian
tree _Echinocarpus australis_, Benth., _N.O._
_Tiliaceae_; and sometimes applied to _Euroschinus
falcatus_, Hook., _N.O. Anacardiaceae_. The timber is
of a delicate rosy colour when cut. The fruit is called
_Hedgehog-fruit_ (q.v.). In Tasmania, the name is applied
to _Convolvulus erubescens_, Sims., order
_Convolvulaceae_.
# Maire #, _n_. a Maori name applied to three kinds
of trees; viz.--
(1) _Santalum cunninghamii_, Hook., a sandal-wood;
2) _Olea_ of various species (formerly _Fusanus_);
(3) _Eugenia maire_, A. Cunn., native box-wood, but now
usually confined to _N.O. Santalaceae_.
1835. W. Yate, 'Some Account of New Zealand,' p. 41:
"Mairi--a tree of the _Podocarpus_ species."
1883. J. Hector, 'Handbook of New Zealand, pp. 132-33:
"Maire--a small tree ten to fifteen feet high, six to eight
inches in diameter; wood hard, close-grained, heavy, used by
Maoris in the manufacture of war implements. Has been used as
a substitute for box by wood-engravers. Black maire,
_N.O. Jasmineae_;also Maire-rau-nui, _Olea
Cunninghamii_. Hook., fil., Black M., forty to fifty feet
high, three to four feet in diameter, timber close-grained,
heavy, and very durable."
# Major Buller #, _n_. name given to one of the
fruits of the Geebong tribe. See _Geebong_.
1882. Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, 'Fish of New South Wales,'
p. 82:
"The Sergeant Baker in all probability got its local
appellation to the early history of the colony (New South
Wales), as it was called after a sergeant of that name in one
of the first detachments of a regiment; so were also two fruits
of the Geebong tribe (_Persoonia_); one was called Major
Buller, and the other Major Groce, and this latter again
further corrupted into Major Grocer."
# Major Groce #, or # Major Grocer #, name given to
one of the fruits of the Geebung tribe. See _Geebung_,
/or _Geebong_/ and quotation under _Major Buller_.
# Major Mitchell #, _n_. vernacular name of a species
of Cockatoo, _Cacatua leadbeateri_, Vig. It was called
after the explorer, Major (afterwards Sir Thomas) Mitchell, who
was Surveyor- General of New South Wales. The cry of the bird
was fancifully supposed to resemble his name.
See _Leadbeater_.
# Make a light #, expressive pigeon-English. An aboriginal's
phrase for to look for, to find. "You been make a light
yarraman this morning?" i.e. Have you found or seen the
horses this morning?
1859. H. Kingsley, 'Geoffrey Hamlyn,' vol. ii. p. 185
[Footnote]:
"'Make a light,' in blackfellow's gibberish, means simply
'See.'"
# Mako #, _n_. originally _Makomako_. Maori
name for a New Zealand tree, _Aristotelia racemosa_,
Hook., _N.O. Tiliaceae_, often but incorrectly called
Mokomoko.
1883. J. Hector, 'Handbook of New Zealand, p. 130:
"Mako, a small handsome tree, six to twenty feet high,
quick-growing, with large racemes of reddish nodding flowers.
Wood very light and white in colour."
# Mako/2/ #, _n_. Maori name for the _Tiger-
Shark_. See _Shark_. The teeth of the Mako are used
for ornaments by the Maoris.
# Mallee #, _n._ and _adj_. an aboriginal word.
Any one of several scrubby species of Eucalyptus in the desert
parts of South Australia and Victoria, especially _Eucalyptus
dumosa_, Cunn., and _E. oleosa_, F. v. M., _N.O_.
_Myrtaceae_. They are also called _Mallee Gums_.
Accent on the first syllable. The word is much used as an
adjective to denote the district in which the shrub grows, the
"_Mallee District_," and this in late times is generally
shortened into _The Mallee_. Compare "The Lakes" for the
Lake-district of Cumberland. It then becomes used as an
epithet of Railways, Boards, Farmers, or any matters connected
with that district.
1848. W. Westgarth, 'Australia Felix,' p. 73:
"The natives of the Wimmera prepare a luscious drink from the
laap, a sweet exudation from the leaf of the mallee
(_Eucalyptus dumosa_"
1854. E. Stone Parker, 'Aborigines of Australia,' p. 25:
"The immense thickets of _Eucalyptus dumosa_, commonly
designated the 'Malle' scrub."
1857. W. Howitt,' Tallangetta,' vol. ii. p. 2:
"This mallee scrub, as it is called, consists of a dense wood
of a dwarf species of gum-tree, _Eucalyptus dumosa_.
This tree, not more than a dozen feet in height, stretches its
horizontal and rigid branches around it so as to form with its
congeners a close, compact mass."
186. W. Howitt, 'Discovery in Australia, vol. i. p. 214
(Oxley's Expedition in 1817):
"The country, in dead flats, was overspread with what is now
called mallee scrub, that is, the dwarf spreading eucalyptus,
to which Mr. Cunningham gave the specific name of
_dumosa_, a most pestilent scrub to travel through,
the openings betwixt the trees being equally infested with
the detestable malle-grass."
1883. 'The Mallee Pastoral Leases Act, 1883,' 47 Vict.
No. 766, p. 3:
"The lands not alienated from the Crown and situated in the
North-Western district of Victoria within the boundaries set
forth in the First Schedule hereto, comprising in all some ten
millions of acres wholly or partially covered with the mallee
plant, and known as the Mallee Country, shall be divided into
blocks as hereinafter provided."
1890. 'The Argus,' June 13, p. 6, col. 2:
"Mallee Selections at Horsham. A special Mallee Board,
consisting of Mr. Hayes, head of the Mallee branch of
the Lands Department, and Mr. Porter."
1893. 'The Argus,' April 24, p. 7, col. 5:
"In the Mallee country there is abundance of work, cutting down
mallee, picking up dead wood, rabbit destruction, etc.
1893. A. R. Wallace, 'Australasia,' vol. i. p. 46:
"One of the most common terms used by explorers is 'Mallee'
scrub, so called from its being composed of dwarf species of
Eucalyptus, called 'Mallee' by the natives. The species that
forms the 'mallee' scrub of South Australia is the
_Eucalyptus dumosa_, and it is probable that allied
species receive the same name in other parts of the country."
1897. 'The Argus,' March 2, p. 7, col. 1:
"The late Baron von Mueller was firmly convinced that it would
pay well in this colony, and especially in the mallee, to
manufacture potash."
# Mallee-bird #, _n_. an Australian bird, _Leipoa
ocellata_, Gould. Aboriginal name, the _Lowan_ (q.v.);
see _Turkey_.
# Mallee-fowl #, _n_. Same as _Mallee-bird_
(q.v.).
# Mallee-hen #, _n_. Same as _Mallee-bird_
(q.v.).
1890. 'Victorian Statutes-Game Act, Third Schedule':
[Close Season.] "Mallee-hen, from 1st day of August
to the 20th day of December next following in each year."
1895. 'The Australasian,' Oct.5, p. 652, col. 1:
". . . the economy of the lowan or mallee-hen. . . . It
does not incubate its eggs after the manner of other birds, but
deposits them in a large mound of sand . . . Shy and timid.
Inhabits dry and scrubs. In shape and size resembles a greyish
mottled domestic turkey, but is smaller, more compact and
stouter in the legs."
# Mallee-scrub #, _n_. the "scrub," or thicket,
formed by the _Mallee_ (q.v.).
1893. A. R. Wallace, 'Australasia,' vol. i. p. 22:
"The flat and, rarely, hilly plains . . . are covered
chiefly with thickets and 'scrub' of social plants, generally
with hard and prickly leaves. This 'scrub,' which is quite a
feature of the Australian interior, is chiefly formed of a
bushy Eucalyptus, which grows somewhat like our osiers to a
height of 8 or 10 feet, and often so densely covers the ground
as to be quite impenetrable. This is the 'Mallee scrub' of
the explorers; while the still more dreaded 'Mulga scrub'
consists of species of prickly acacia, which tear the clothes
and wound the flesh of the traveller."
# Malurus #, _n_. the scientific name for a genus of
Australian warblers. Name reduced from _Malacurus_, from
the Grk. _malakos_, soft, and _'oura_, a tail. The
type-species is _Malurus cyaneus_ of Australia, the
_Superb Warbler_ or _Blue-Wren_. See _Superb
Warbler_, _Wren_, and _Emu-Wren_. All the
_Maluri_, of which there are fifteen or sixteen species,
are popularly known as Superb Warblers, but are more correctly
called Wrens.
1896. F. G. Aflalo, 'Natural History of Australia,' p. 136:
"The _Wrens_ and _Warblers_--chiefly _Maluri_,
with the allied _Amytis_ and _Stipiturus_--are purely
Australian. They are feeble on the wing but swift of foot."
# Mana #, _n_. a Maori word for power, influence,
right, authority, prestige. See chapter on _Mana_,
in 'Old New Zealand' (1863), by Judge Maning.
1843. E. Dieffenbach, 'Travels in New Zealand,' vol. i.
p. 371:
"_Mana_--command, authority, power."
1855. Rev. R. Taylor, 'Te Ika a Maui,' p. 279:
"The natives feel that with the land their 'mana,' or power,
has gone likewise; few therefore can now be induced to part
with land."
1863. F. E. Maning (Pakeha Maori), 'Old New Zealand,' Intro.
p. iii:
"The Maoris of my tribe used to come and ask me which had the
greatest 'mana' (i.e. fortune, prestige, power, strength),
the Protestant God or the Romanist one."
1873. 'Appendix to Journal of House of Representatives,'
G. i, B. p. 8:
"The Government should be asked to recognize his mana
over that territory."
1881. J. L.Campbell, 'Poenamo,' p. 166:
"We should be glad to shelter ourselves under the mana--
the protection--of good old Kanini."
1892. 'Otago Witness,' Dec 22, p. 7, col. 1:
"A man of great lineage whose personal mana was undisputed."
1896. 'New Zealand Herald,' Feb. 14 [Leading Article]:
"The word 'mana,' power, or influence, may be said to be
classical, as there were learned discussions about its precise
meaning in the early dispatches and State papers. It may be
said that misunderstanding about what _mana_ meant caused
the war at Taranaki."
# Mangaroo #, _n_. aboriginal name for a small flying
phalanger with exquisitely fine fur.
1881. A. C. Grant, 'Bush Life in Queensland,' vol. ii.
p. 217:
"Descending from the branches of an ironbark tree beside him,
a beautiful little mangaroo floated downwards on out-stretched
wings to the foot of a sapling at a little distance away, and
nimbly ascending it was followed by his mate."
# Mangi #, or # Mangeao #, _n_. Maori name for
a New Zealand tree, _Litsea calicaris_, Benth. and Hook. f.
1873. 'Catalogue of Vienna Exhibition':
"Mangi--remarkably tough and compact, used for ship-blocks
and similar purposes."
# Mango #, _n_. Maori name for the _Dog-fish_
(q.v.), a species of shark.
# Mangrove #, _n_. The name is applied to trees
belonging to different natural orders, common in all tropical
regions and chiefly littoral. Species of these, _Rhizophorea
mucronata_, Lamb, and _Avicennia officinalis_, Linn.,
are common in Australia; the latter is also found in New
Zealand.
_Bruguiera rheedii_, of the _N.O. Rhizophoreae_,
is called in Australia _Red Mangrove_, and the same
vernacular name is applied to _Heritiera littoralis_,
Dryand., _N.O. Sterculiaceae_, the _Sundri_ of India
and the _Looking-glass Tree_ of English gardeners.
The name _Milky Mangrove_ is given, in Australia, to
_Excaecaria agallocha_, Linn., _N.O. Euphorbiaceae_,
which further goes by the names of _River Poisonous Tree_
and _Blind-your-Eyes_--names alluding to the poisonous
juice of the stem.
The name _River Mangrove_ is applied to _AEgiceras
majus_, Gaertn., _N.O. Myrsineae_, which is not endemic
in Australia.
In Tasmania, _Native Mangrove_ is another name for the
_Boobialla_ (q.v.)
# Mangrove-Myrtle #, _n_. name applied by Leichhardt
to the Indian tree _Barringtonia acutangula_, Gaertn.
(_Stravadium rubrum_ De C.), _N.O. Myrtaceae_.
1847. L. Leichhardt, 'Overland Expedition,' p. 289:
"As its foliage and the manner of the growth resemble
the mangrove, we called it the mangrove-myrtle."
# Manna #, _n_. the dried juice, of sweet taste,
obtained from incisions in the bark of various trees. The
Australian manna is obtained from certain Eucalypts, especially
_E. viminalis_, Labill. It differs chemically from the
better known product of the Manna-Ash (_Fraxinus ornus_).
See _Lerp_.
1835. Ross, 'Hobart Town Almanack,' p. 99:
"Several of the species yield an exudation in the spring and
summer months, which coagulates and drops from the leaves to
the ground in small irregular shaped snow white particles,
often as large as an almond [?]. They are sweet and very
pleasant to the taste, and are greedily devoured by the birds,
ants, and other animals, and used to be carefully picked up and
eaten by the aborigines. This is a sort of Manna."
1878. R. Brough Smyth, 'The Aborigines of Victoria,' vol. i.
p. 211:
"Two varieties of a substance called manna are among the
natural products . . . one kind . . . being secreted by the
leaves and slender twigs of the _E. viminalis_ from
punctures or injuries done to these parts of the tree. . . .
It consists principally of a kind of grape sugar and about 5 %.
of the substance called mannite. Another variety of manna is
the secretion of the pupa of an insect of the _Psylla_
family and obtains the name of _lerp_ among the
aborigines. At certain seasons of the year it is very abundant
on the leaves of _E. dumosa_, or mallee scrub . . ."
1878. W. W. Spicer, 'Handbook of Plants of Tasmania, p. viii:
"The Hemipters, of which the aphids, or plant-lice, are a
familiar example, are furnished with stiff beaks, with which
they pierce the bark and leaves of various plants for the
purpose of extracting the juices. It is to the punctures of
this and some other insects of the same Order, that the sweet
white manna is due, which occurs in large quantities during the
summer months on many of the gum-trees."
# Manna-Grass #. See _Grass_.
# Manna-Gum #. See _Manna_ and _Gum_.
# Manoao #, _n_. Maori name for a New Zealand tree,
Yellow-pine, _Dacrydium colensoi_, Hook.,
_N.O. Coniferae_.
1889. T. Kirk, 'Forest Flora of New Zealand,' p. 192:
"The wood of the manoao is of a light-brown colour."
# Manucode #, _n_. The word is in English use for
the bird-of- paradise. It is Malay (_manuk-dewata_ = bird
of the gods). The species in Australia is _Manucodia
gouldii_, Grey. See also _Rifle-bird_.
# Manuka #, _n_. the Maori name for _Tea-tree_
(q.v.). Properly, the accent is on the first syllable with
broad _a_. Vulgarly, the accent is placed on the second
syllable. There are two species in New Zealand, _white_
and _red_; the first, a low bush called Scrub-Manuka,
_L. scoparium_, R. and G. Forst., the _Tea-tree_ used
by Captain Cook's sailors; the second, a tree _Leptospermum
ericoides_, A. Richard.
1840. J. S. Polack, 'Manners and Customs of the New
Zealanders,' p. 258:
"This wood, called by the southern tribes _manuka_, is
remarkably hard and durable, and throughout the country is an
especial favourite with the natives, who make their spears,
paddles, fishing rods, etc., of this useful timber."
1842. W. R. Wade, 'Journey in Northern Island of New
Zealand,' p. 75:
"The Manuka, or, as it is called in the northern part of the
island, Kahikatoa (_leptospermum scoparium_), is a
mysterious plant, known in Van Diemen's Land as the tea tree."
1843. E. Dieffenbach, 'Travels in New Zealand,' vol. i.
p. 28:
"The manuka supplies the place of the tea-shrub."
1845. E. J. Wakefield, 'Adventures in New Zealand,' vol. i.
p. 270:
"[The house] was protected from the weather by a wooden railing
filled in with branches of the manuka. This is a shrub very
abundant in some parts. The plant resembles the teaplant in
leaves and flower, and is often used green by the whalers and
traders for the same purpose."
1851. Mrs.Wilson, 'New Zealand,' p. 46:
"It is generally made of manuka a very hard, dark,
close-grained and heavy wood."
1867. Lady Barker, 'Station Life in New Zealand,' p. 121:
"The manuka, a sort of scrub, has a pretty blossom like a
diminutive Michaelmas daisy, white petals and a brown centre,
with a very aromatic odour; and this little flower is
succeeded by a berry with the same strong smell and taste of
spice. The shepherds sometimes make an infusion of these when
they are very hard up for tea; but it must be like drinking a
decoction of cloves."
1871. C. L. Money, 'Knocking about in New Zealand,' p. 70:
"Chiefly covered with fern and tea-tree (manuka) scrub."
1872. A. Domett, 'Ranolf,' p. 149:
"Then to a copse of manuka retreat,
Where they could safely, secretly commune."
[Domett has the following note--"'A large shrub or small tree;
leaves used as tea in Tasmania and Australia, where the plant
is equally abundant' (Hooker). In the poem it is called
indiscriminately manuka, broom, broom-like myrtle, or
leptosperm. The settlers often call it 'tea-broom.'"]
1875. Wood and Lapham, 'Waiting for the Mail,' p. 23:
"A tremendous fire of broadleaf and manuka roared in the
chimney."
1889. Cassell's 'Picturesque Australasia,' vol. iv. p. 123:
"Manuka is a shrub which is rampant throughout New Zealand.
If it were less common it would be thought more beautiful.
In summer it is covered with white blossom: and there are
few more charming sights than a plain of flourishing manuka."
# Maomao #, _n_. Maori name for a New Zealand
sea-fish, _Ditrema violacea_.
1886. R. A. Sherrin, 'Fishes of New Zealand,' p. 67:
"The delicious little maomao may be caught at the Riverina
Rocks in immense quantities."
# Maori #, _n_. (pronounced so as to rhyme with
_Dowry_). (1) The name used to designate themselves by
the Polynesian race occupying New Zealand when it was
discovered by the white man, and which still survives. They
are not aboriginal as is commonly supposed, but migrated into
New Zealand about 500 years ago from Hawaii, the tradition
still surviving of the two great canoes (_Arawa_ and
_Tainui_) in which the pioneers arrived. They are
commonly spoken of as the _Natives_ of New Zealand.
(2) The language of the Maori race.
(3) _adj_. applied to anything pertaining to the Maoris or
their language. See _Pakeha_.
There is a discussion on the word in the 'Journal of Polynesian
Society,' vol. i. no. 3, vol. ii. no. 1, and vol. iii. no. i.
Bishop Williams (4th ed.) says that the word means, "of the
normal or usual kind." The Pakehas were not men to whom the
natives were accustomed. So Maori was used as opposed to the
Europeans, the white-skins. _Kuri Maori_ was a name used
for a dog after the arrival of other quadrupeds called also
_kuri_. _Wai maori_ was freshwater, ordinary as
opposed to sea-water. Another explanation is that the word
meant "indigenous," and that there are kindred words with that
meaning in other Polynesian languages. First, "indigenous," or
"of the native race," and then with a secondary meaning,
"ours." (See Tregear's Maori Comparative Dictionary,' s.v.)
The form of the plural varies. The form _Maoris_
is considered the more correct, but the form _Maories_
is frequently used by good writers.
1845. E. J. Wakefield, 'Adventures in New Zealand,' vol. i.
p. 194:
"The Maori language is essentially a poor one, and possesses
in particular but few words which express abstract ideas."
1859. A. S. Thomson, 'Story of New Zealand,' vol. i. c. iii.
p. 51:
"No light is thrown on the origin of the New Zealanders from
the name Maori which they call themselves. This word, rendered
by linguists 'native,' is used in contradistinction to pakeha,
or stranger."
1864. Crosbie Ward, 'Canterbury Rhymes,' 'The Runaways' (2nd
edition), p. 79:
"One morn they fought, the fight was hot,
Although the day was show'ry;
And many a gallant soldier then
Was bid _Memento Maori_."
1891. Jessie Mackay, 'The Sitter on the Rail, and other
Poems,' p. 61:
"Like the night, the fated Maori
Fights the coming day;
Fights and falls as doth the kauri
Hewn by axe away."
(4) Name given in New South Wales to the fish, _Cosis
lineolatus_, one of the _Labridae_, or Wrasses.
# Maori-Cabbage #, _n_. the wild cabbage of New
Zealand, _Brassica spp_., _N.O. Cruciferae_, said to
be descended from the cabbages planted by Captain Cook.
1855. Rev. R. Taylor, 'Te Ika a Maui,' p. 206.:
"Every recollection of Cook is interesting. . . . But the chief
record of his having been on the island is the cabbage and
turnip which he sowed in various places: these have spread and
become quite naturalized, growing everywhere in the greatest
abundance, and affording an inexhaustible supply of excellent
vegetables."
1863. S. Butler, 'First Year in Canterbury Settlement,'
p. 131:
"The only plant good to eat is Maori cabbage, and that is swede
turnip gone wild, from seed left by Captain Cook."
1880. W. Colenso, 'Transactions of New Zealand Institute,'
vol. xiii. art. i. p. 31 ['On the Vegetable Food of the
Ancient New Zealanders']:
"The leaves of several smaller plants were also used as
vegetables; but the use of these in modern times, or during the
last forty or fifty years, was commonly superseded by that of
the extremely useful and favourite plant--the Maori cabbage,
_Brassica oleracea_, introduced by Cook (nani of the
Maoris at the north, and rearea at the south), of which they
carefully sowed the seeds."
# Maori-chief #, _n_. name given to a New Zealand
Flathead-fish, _Notothenia maoriensis_, or
_coriiceps_. The name arises from marks on the fish
like tattooing. It is a very dark, almost black fish.
1877. P. Thomson, 'Transactions of the New Zealand
Institute,' vol. x. art. xliv. p. 330:
"Some odd fishes now and then turn up in the market, such as
the Maori-chief, cat-fish, etc."
1878. Ibid. vol. xi. art. lii. p. 381:
"That very dark-skinned fish, the Maori-chief, _Notothenia
Maoriensis_ of Dr. Haast, is not uncommon, but is rarely
seen more than one at a time."
1896. 'The Australasian,' Aug. 28, p. 407, col. 5:
"Resemblances are strange things. At first it would seem
improbable that a fish could be like a man, but in Dunedin a
fish was shown to me called Maori Chief, and with the exercise
of a little imagination it was not difficult to perceive the
likeness. Nay, some years ago, at a fishmonger's in Melbourne,
a fish used to be labelled with the name of a prominent
Victorian politician now no more. There is reason, however,
to believe that art was called in to complete the likeness."
# Maori-head #, _n_. a swamp tussock, so called from
a fancied resemblance to the head of a Maori. (Compare
_Black-boy_.) It is not a grass, but a sedge
(_carex_).
1882. T. H. Potts, 'Out in the Open,' p. 169:
"A boggy creek that oozed sluggishly through rich black soil,
amongst tall raupo, maori-heads, and huge flax-bushes."
1892. W. McHutcheson, 'Camp Life in Fiordland,' p. 34:
"Amid the ooze and slime rose a rank growth of 'Maori heads.'"
# Maori-hen #, _n_. Same as _Weka_ (q.v.).
# Maoriland #, _n_. a modern name for New Zealand.
It is hardly earlier than 1884. If the word, or anything like
it, such as _Maoria_, was used earlier, it meant "the
Maori parts of New Zealand." It is now used for the whole.
1873. J. H. St. John [Title]:
"Pakeha Rambles through Maori Lands."
1874. J. C. Johnstone [Title]:
"Maoria: a sketch of the Manners and Customs of the
Aboriginal Inhabitants of New Zealand."
1884. Kerry Nicholls [Title]:
"The King Country, or Explorations in New Zealand.
A Narrative of 600 Miles of Travel through Maoriland."
1884. [Title]:
"Maoriland: an Illustrated Handbook to New Zealand."
1886. Annie R. Butler [Title]
"Glimpses of Maori Land."
1890. T. Bracken [Title]:
"Musings in Maori Land."
1896. 'The Argus,' July 22, p. 4, col. 8:
"Always something new from Maoriland! Our New Zealand friends
are kindly obliging us with vivid illustrations of how far
demagogues in office will actually go."
# Maorilander #, _n_. modern name for a white man
born in New Zealand.
1896. 'Melbourne Punch,' April 9, p. 233, col. 2:
"Norman is a pushing young Maorilander who apparently has the
Britisher by the right ear."
# Maori, White #, New Zealand miners' name for a stone.
See quotation.
1883. 'A Citizen,' 'Illustrated Guide to Dunedin,' p. 169:
"Tungstate of lime occurs plentifully in the Wakatipu district,
where from its weight and colour it is called _White
Maori_ by the miners."
# Mapau #, _n_. a Maori name for several New Zealand
trees; called also _Mapou_, and frequently corrupted by
settlers into _Maple_, by the law of Hobson-Jobson. The
name is applied to the following--
The Mapau--
_Myrsine urvillei_, De C., _N.O. Myrsineae_;
sometimes called _Red Mapau_.
Black M.--
_Pittosporum tenuifolium_, Banks and Sol.,
_N.O. Pittosporeae_; Maori name, _Tawhiri_.
White M.--
_Carpodetus serratus_, Forst., _N.O. Saxifrageae_;
_Pittosporum eugenoides_, A. Cunn.; Maori name,
_Tarata_ (q.v.); called also the _Hedge-laurel_
(q.v.), _Lemon-wood_, and _New Zealand Oak_. See
_Oak_.
The first of these trees (_Myrsine urvillei_) is,
according to Colenso, the only tree to which the Maoris
themselves give the name _Mapau_. The others are
only so called by the settlers.
1868. 'Transactions of the New Zealand Institute,' vol. i.,
'Essay on Botany of Otago,' p. 37:
"White Mapau, or Piripiri-whata (_Carpodetus serratus_),
an ornamental shrub-tree, with mottled-green leaves, and large
cymose panicles of white flowers. . . . Red Mapau (Myrsine
Urvillei), a small tree common at Dunedin. Wood dark red, very
astringent, used as fence stuff."
1883. J. Hector, 'Handbook of New Zealand, p. 132:
"Tawiri, white-mapou, white-birch (of Auckland). A small tree,
ten to thirty feet high; trunk unusually slender; branches
spreading in a fan-shaped manner, which makes it of very
ornamental appearance; flower white, profusely produced.
The wood is soft and tough."
1889. T. Kirk, 'Forest Flora of New Zealand,' p. 75:
"By the settlers it is frequently called 'black mapou' on
account of the colour of the bark. . . . With still less
excuse it is sometimes called 'black maple,' an obvious
corruption of the preceding."
# Maple #, _n_. In New Zealand, a common settlers'
corruption for any tree called _Mapau_ (q.v.); in
Australia, applied to _Villaresia moorei_, F. v. M.,
_N.O. Olacineae_, called also the _Scrub Silky Oak_.
See _Oak_.
# Maray #, _n_. New South Wales name for the fish
_Clupea sagax_, Jenyns, family _Clupeidae_ or
_Herrings_, almost identical with the English pilchard.
The word _Maray_ is thought to be an aboriginal name.
Bloaters are made of this fish at Picton in New Zealand,
according to the Report of the Royal Commission on Fisheries of
New South Wales, 1880. But _Agonostoma forsteri_, a
Sea-Mullet, is also when dried called the _Picton Herring_
(q.v). See _Herring_ and _Aua_.
# Marble-fish #, _n_. name given to the _Tupong_
(q.v.) in Geelong.
# Marble-wood #, _n_. name applied to a
whitish-coloured mottled timber, _Olea paniculata_,
R. Br., _N.O. Jasmineae_; called also _Native Olive_
and _Ironwood_.
# Mark, a good #, Australian slang.
1845. R. Howitt, 'Australia,' p. 233:
"I wondered often what was the meaning of this, amongst many
other peculiar colonial phrases, 'Is the man a good mark?'
I heard it casually from the lips of apparently respectable
settlers, as they rode on the highway, 'Such and such a one is
a good mark,"--simply a person who pays his men their wages,
without delays or drawbacks; a man to whom you may sell
anything safely; for there are in the colony people who are
regularly summoned before the magistrates by every servant they
employ for wages. They seem to like to do everything publicly,
legally, and so become notoriously not 'good marks.'"
[So also "bad mark," in the opposite sense.]
# Mariner #, _n_. name given in Tasmania to
a marine univalve mollusc, either _Elenchus badius_,
or _E. bellulus_, Wood.
The _Mariner_ is called by the Tasmanian Fishery
Commissioners the "Pearly Necklace Shell"; when deprived of its
epidermis by acid or other means, it has a blue or green pearly
lustre.
The shells are made into necklaces, of which the aboriginal
name is given as _Merrina_, and the name of the shell
is a corruption of this word, by the law of Hobson-Jobson.
Compare _Warrener_.
1878. 'Catalogue of the Objects of Ethnotypical Art in the
National Gallery' (Melbourne), p. 52:
"Necklace, consisting of 565 shells (_Elenchus Bellulus_)
strung on thin, well-made twine. The native name of a cluster
of these shells was, according to one writer, _Merrina_."
# Marsh #, _n_. a Tasmanian name for a meadow.
See quotation.
1852. Mrs. Meredith, 'My Home in Tasmania,' vol. i. p. 163:
"Perhaps my use of the common colonial term 'marsh' may be
misunderstood at home, as I remember that I myself associated
it at first with the idea of a swamp; but a 'marsh' here is
what would in England be called a meadow, with this difference,
that in our marshes, until partially drained, a growth of
tea-trees (_Leptospermum_) and rushes in some measure
encumbers them; but, after a short time, these die off, and are
trampled down, and a thick sward of verdant grass covers the
whole extent: such is our 'marsh.'"
# Marsupial #, _adj_. See the Noun.
# Marsupial #, _n_. an animal in which the female has
an abdominal pouch in which the young, born in a very immature
state, are carried. (Lat. Marsupium = a pouch.) At the
present day Marsupials are only found in America and the
Australian region, the greater number being confined to the
latter. See quotation 1894, Lydekker.
1848. W. Westgarth, 'Australia Felix,' p. 129:
"The marsupial type exhibits the economy of nature under novel
and very interesting arrangements. . . . Australia is the
great head-quarters of the marsupial tribe."
1860. G. Bennett, 'Gatherings of a Naturalist,' p. 5:
"I believe it was Charles Lamb who said, the peculiarity of the
small fore-feet of the Kangaroo seemed to be for picking
pockets; but he forgot to mention the singularity
characterizing the animal kingdom of Australia, that they have
pockets to be picked, being mostly marsupial. We have often
amused ourselves by throwing sugar or bread into the pouch of
the Kangaroo, and seen with what delight the animal has picked
its own pocket, and devoured the contents, searching its bag,
like a Highlander his sporran, for more."
[See _Kangaroo_, quotation 1833.]
1885. H. Finch-Hatton, 'Advance Australia,' p. 106:
"An Act known as the Marsupial Act was accordingly passed to
encourage their destruction, a reward of so much a scalp being
offered by the Government. . . . Some of the squatters have
gone to a vast expense in fencing-in their runs with marsupial
fencing, but it never pays."
1890. C. Lumholtz, 'Among Cannibals,' p. 29:
"One of the sheep-owners told me that in the course of eighteen
months he had killed 64,000 of these animals (marsupials),
especially wallabies (_Macropus dorsalis_) and kangaroo-
rats (_Lagorchestes conspicillatus_), and also many
thousands of the larger kangaroo (_Macropus giganteus_)."
1893. 'Sydney Morning Herald,' Aug. 5, p. 9, col. 1:
"In South Australia the Legislature has had to appoint a close
season for kangaroos, else would extinction of the larger
marsupials be at hand. We should have been forced to such
action also, if the American market for kangaroo-hides had
continued as brisk as formerly."
1894. R. Lydekker, 'Marsupialia,' p. 1:
"The great island-continent of Australia, together with the
South-eastern Austro-Malayan islands, is especially
characterized by being the home of the great majority of that
group of lowly mammals commonly designated marsupials, or
pouched-mammals. Indeed, with the exception of the still more
remarkable monotremes [q.v.], or egg-laying mammals, nearly the
whole of the mammalian fauna of Australia consists of these
marsupials, the only other indigenous mammals being certain
rodents and bats, together with the native dog, or dingo,
which may or may not have been introduced by man."
1896. F. G. Aflalo, 'Natural History of Australia,' p. 30:
"The presence of a predominating marsupial order in Australia
has, besides practically establishing the long isolation of
that continent from the rest of the globe, also given rise to
a number of ingenious theories professing to account for its
survival to this last stronghold."
# Marsupial Mole #, _n_. the only species of the
genus _Notoryctes_ (q.v.), _N. typhlops_ [from the
Greek _notos_, 'south' (literally 'south wind'), and
rhunchos, a 'snout']; first described by Dr. Stirling of
Adelaide (in the 'Transactions of the Royal Society of South
Australia,' 1891, p. 154). Aboriginal name, _Urquamata_.
It burrows with such extraordinary rapidity in the desert-sands
of Central Australia, to which it is confined, that, according
to Mr. Lydekker, it may be said to swim in the sand as a
porpoise does in the water.
# Marsupial Wolf #, _n_. See _Thylacine_ and
_Tasmanian Tiger_.
# Martin, #, _n_. a bird common in England.
The species in Australia are--
Tree,
_Petrochelidon nigricans_, Vieill.;
Fairy,
_Lagenoplastes ariel_, Gould;
called also _Bottle-Swallow_ (q.v.).
1896. F. G. Aflalo, 'Natural History of Australia,' p. 128:
". . . the elegant little Fairy Martins (_Lagenoplastes
ariel_), which construct a remarkable mud nest in shape not
unlike a retort."
# Mary #, _n_. used in Queensland of the aborigines,
as equivalent to girl or woman. "A black Mary." Compare
"_Benjamin_," used for husband.
# Matagory #, _n_. a prickly shrub of New Zealand,
_Discaria toumatou_, Raoul.; also called _Wild
Irishman_ (q.v.). The Maori name is _Tumatahuru_,
of which _Matagory_, with various spellings, is a corruption,
much used by rabbiters and swagmen. The termination _gory_
evidently arises by the law of Hobson-Jobson from the fact
that the spikes draw blood.
1859. J. T. Thomson, in 'Otago Gazette,' Sept. 22, p. 264:
"Much over-run with the scrub called 'tomata-guru.'"
Alex. Garvie, ibid. p. 280:
"Much of it is encumbered with matakura scrub."
1892. W. McHutcheson, 'Camp Life in Fiordland,' p. 8:
"Trudging moodily along in Indian file through
the _matagouri_ scrub and tussock."
1896. 'Otago Witness,' 7th May, p. 48:
"The tea generally tastes of birch or Matagouri."
# Matai #, often abridged to _Mai_, _n_.
Maori name for a New Zealand tree, _Podocarpus spicata_,
R. Br., _N.O. Coniferae_. Black-pine of Otago.
1883. J. Hector, 'Handbook of New Zealand,' p. 124:
"Mr. Buchanan has described a log of matai that he found had
been exposed for at least 200 years in a dense damp bush in
North-East Valley, Dunedin, as proved by its being enfolded by
the roots of three large trees of Griselinia littoralis."
# Match-box Bean #, _n_. another name for the ripe
hard seed of the _Queensland Bean_, _Entada
scandens_, Benth., _N.O. Leguminosae_. A tall climbing
plant. The seeds are used for match-boxes. See under
_Bean_.
# Matipo #, _n_. another Maori name for the New
Zealand trees called _Mapau_ (q.v.).
1866. Lady Barker, 'Station Life in New Zealand' (ed. 1886),
p. 94:
"The varieties of matapo, a beautiful shrub, each leaf a study,
with its delicate tracery of black veins on a yellow-green
ground."
1879. J. B. Armstrong, 'Transactions of the New Zealand
Institute,' vol. xxi. art. xlix. p. 329:
"The tipau, or matipo (pittosporum tenuifolium), makes the best
ornamental hedge I know of."
1879. 'Tourist,' 'New Zealand Country Journal,' vol. iii.
p. 93:
"An undergrowth of beautiful shrubs, conspicuous amongst these
were the Pittosporum or Matipo, which are, however, local in
their distribution, unlike the veronicas, which abound
everywhere."
# Meadow Rice-grass #, _n_. See _Grass_.
# Mealy-back #, _n_. a local name for the
_Locust_ (q.v.).
# Medicine-tree #, i.q. _Horse-radish Tree_ (q.v.).
# Megapode #, _n_. scientific name for a genus of
Australian birds with large feet--the _Mound-birds_
(q.v.). From Greek _megas_, large, and _pous,
podos_, a foot. They are also called _Scrub fowls_.
# Melitose #, _n_. the name given by Berthelot to the
sugar obtained from the manna of _Eucalyptus mannifera_.
Chemically identical with the raffinose extracted from molasses
and the gossypose extracted from cotton-seeds.
1894. 'The Australasian,' April 28, p. 732, col. 1:
[Statement as to origin of melitose by the Baron von Mueller.]
"Sir Frederick M'Coy has traced the production of mellitose
also to a smaller cicade."
# Melon #, _n_. Besides its botanical use,
the word is applied in Australia to a small kangaroo,
the _Paddy-melon_ (q.v.).
# Melon-hole #, _n_. a kind of honey-combing of the
surface in the interior plains, dangerous to horsemen, ascribed
to the work of the _Paddy-melon_. See preceding word, and
compare the English _Rabbit-hole_. The name is often
given to any similar series of holes, such as are sometimes
produced by the growing of certain plants.
1847. L. Leichhardt, 'Overland Expedition,' p. 9:
"The soil of the Bricklow scrub is a stiff clay, washed out by
the rains into shallow holes, well known by the squatters under
the name of melon-holes."
Ibid. p: 77:
"A stiff, wiry, leafless, polyganaceous plant grows in the
shallow depressions of the surface of the ground, which are
significantly termed by the squatters 'Melon-holes,' and
abound in the open Box-tree flats."
1881. A. C. Grant, 'Bush Life in Queensland,' p. 220:
"The plain is full of deep melon-holes, and the ground is rotten
and undermined with rats."
# Menindie Clover #, _n_. See _Clover_.
# Menura #, _n_. the scientific name of the genus of
the _Lyre-bird_ (q.v.), so called from the crescent-shaped
form of the spots on the tail; the tail itself is shaped like a
lyre. (Grk. _maen_, moon, crescent, and _'oura_,
tail.) The name was given by General Davies in 1800.
1800. T. Davies, 'Description of Menura superba,' in
'Transactions of the Linnaean Society' (1802), vol. vi. p. 208:
"The general colour of the under sides of these two [tail]
feathers is of a pearly hue, elegantly marked on the inner web
with bright rufous-coloured crescent-shaped spots, which, from
the extraordinary construction of the parts, appear wonderfully
transparent."
# Mere #, or # Meri #, _n_. (pronounced
_merry_), a Maori war-club; a _casse-te^te_, or a
war-axe, from a foot to eighteen inches in length, and made of
any suitable hard material--stone, hard wood, whalebone. To
many people out of New Zealand the word is only known as the
name of a little trinket of _greenstone_ (q.v.) made in
imitation of the New Zealand weapon in miniature, mounted in
gold or silver, and used as a brooch, locket, ear-ring, or
other article of jewelry.
1830. J. D. Lang, 'Poems' (edition 1873), p. 116:
"Beneath his shaggy flaxen mat
The dreadful marree hangs concealed."
1851. Mrs. Wilson, 'New Zealand,' p. 48:
"The old man has broken my head with his meri."
1859. A. S. Thomson, 'Story of New Zealand,' p. 140:
"Of these the greenstone meri was the most esteemed. It weighs
six pounds, is thirteen inches long, and in shape resembles a
soda-water bottle flattened. In its handle is a hole for a
loop of flax, which is twisted round the wrist. Meris are
carried occasionally in the girdle, like Malay knives. In
conflicts the left hand grasped the enemy's hair, and one blow
from the meri on the head produced death."
188]. J. Bonwick, 'Romance of Wool Trade,' p. 229:
"A land of musket and meri-armed warriors, unprovided with
a meat supply, even of kangaroo."
1889. Jessie Mackay, 'The Spirit of the Rangatira,' p. 16:
"He brandished his greenstone mere high,
And shouted a Maori battle-cry."
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Miner's Right,' c. iii. p. 33:
"'No, no, my peg; I thrust it in with this meri,'
yells Maori Jack, brandishing his war-club."
# Merinoes, Pure #, _n_. a term often used,
especially in New South Wales, for the 'very first families,'
as the pure merino is the most valuable sheep.
1827. P. Cunningham, 'Two Years in New South Wales,' vol. i.
p. 116:
"Next we have the _legitimates_ . . . such as have
_legal_ reasons for visiting this colony; and the
_illegitimates_, or such as are free from that stigma.
The _pure merinos_ are a variety of the latter species,
who pride themselves on being of the purest blood in the
colony."
# Mersey Jolly-tail #, _n_. See _Jolly-tail_.
# Message-stick #, _n_. The aboriginals sometimes
carve little blocks of wood with various marks to convey
messages. These are called by the whites,
_message-sticks_.
# Messmate #, _n_. name given to one of the
Gum-trees, _Eucalyptus amygdalina_, Labill., and often to
other species of Eucalypts, especially _E. obliqua_,
L'Herit. For origin of this curious name, see quotation, 1889.
1889. J. H. Maiden, 'Useful Native Plants,' p. 429:
"It is also known by the name of 'Messmate,' because it is
allied to, or associated with, _Stringy-bark_. This is
probably the tallest tree on the globe, individuals having been
measured up to 400 ft., 410 ft., and in one case 420 ft., with
the length of the stem up to the first branch 295 ft. The
height of a tree at Mt. Baw Baw (Victoria) is quoted at 471
ft."
1890. 'The Argus,' June 7, p. 13, col1. 4:
"Away to the north-east a wooded range of mountains rolls along
the skyline, ragged rents showing here and there where the dead
messmates and white gums rise like gaunt skeletons from the
dusky brown-green mass into which distance tones the bracken
and the underwood."
# Mia-mia #, _n_. an aboriginal hut. The word is
aboriginal, and has been spelt variously. _Mia-mia_ is
the most approved spelling, _mi-mi_ the most approved
pronunciation. See _Humpy_.
1845. R. Howitt, 'Australia,' p. 103:
"There she stood in a perfect state of nudity, a little way
from the road, by her miam, smiling, or rather grimacing."
1852. Letter from Mrs. Perry, given in Canon Goodman's Church
in Victoria during Episcopate of Bishop Perry,' p. 167:
"We came upon the largest (deserted) native encampment we had
ever seen. One of the mia-mias (you know what that is by this
time--the _a_ is not sounded) was as large as an ordinary
sized circular summer-house, and actually had rude seats all
round, which is quite unusual. It had no roof, they never
have, being mere break-weathers, not so high as a man's
shoulder."
1855. W. Howitt, 'Two Years in Victoria,' vol. i. p. 366:
"They constructed a mimi, or bower of boughs on the other,
leaving portholes amongst the boughs towards the road."
1858. T. McCombie, 'History of Victoria,' c. vii. p. 96:
"Their thoughts wandered to their hunting-grounds and mia-mias
on the Murray."
1861. T. McCombie, 'Australian Sketches,' p. 15:
[Notice varied spelling in the same author.]
"Many of the diggers resided under branches of trees made into
small 'miams' or 'wigwams.'"
1871. C. L. Money, 'Knocking About in New Zealand,' p. 42:
"The next day I began building a little 'mi-mi,' to serve
as a resting-place for the night in going back at any time
for supplies."
1883. E. M. Curr, 'Recollections of Squatting in Victoria'
(1841-1851), p. 148:
"Of the mia-mias, some were standing; others had, wholly
or in part, been thrown down by their late occupants."
1888. D. Macdonald, 'Gum Boughs,' p. 32:
"A few branches thrown up against the prevailing wind,
in rude imitation of the native mia-mia."
1889. Rev. J. H. Zillmann, 'Australian Life,' p. 111:
"[The blacks] would compel [the missionaries] to carry their
burdens while travelling, or build their mia-mias when halting
to camp for the night; in fact, all sorts of menial offices had
to be discharged by the missionaries for these noble black men
while away on the wilds!"
[Footnote]: "Small huts, made of bark and leafy boughs, built
so as to protect them against the side from which the wind
blew."
# Micky #, _n_. young wild bull. "Said to have
originated in Gippsland, Victoria. Probably from the
association of bulls with Mickeys, or Irishmen." (Barere and
Leland.)
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'Colonial Reformer,' c. xviii.
p. 217:
"The wary and still more dangerously sudden 'Micky,'
a two-year-old bull."
# Micky/2/ #, _n_. In New Zealand, a corruption of
_Mingi_ (q.v.).
# Midwinter #, _n_. The seasons being reversed in
Australia, Christmas occurs in the middle of summer. The
English word _Midsummer_ has thus dropped out of use,
and "Christmas," or _Christmas-time_, is its Australian
substitute, whilst _Midwinter_ is the word used to denote
the Australian winter-time of late June and early July. See
_Christmas_.
# Mignonette, Native #, _n_. a Tasmanian flower,
_Stackhousia linariaefolia_, Cunn., _N.O_.
_Stackhouseae_.
# Mihanere #, _n_. a convert to Christianity; a Maori
variant of the English word _Missionary_.
1845. E. J. Wakefield, 'Adventures in New Zealand,' vol. ii.
pp. 11, 12:
"The mihanere natives, as a body, were distinctly inferior in
point of moral character to the natives, who remained with
their ancient customs unchanged. . . . A very common answer
from a converted native, accused of theft, was, 'How can that
be? I am a mihanere.' . . . They were all mihanere, or
converts."
# Milk-bush #, _n_. a tall Queensland shrub,
_Wrightia saligna_, F. v. M., _N.O. Apocyneae_;
it is said to be most valuable as a fodder-bush.
# Milk-fish #, _n_. The name, in Australia,
is given to a marine animal belonging to the class
_Holothurioidea_. The Holothurians are called
_Sea-cucumbers_, or _Sea-slugs_. The _Trepang_,
or _be^che-de-mer_, eaten by the Chinese, belongs to them.
Called also _Tit-fish_ (q.v.).
1880. Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, 'Proceedings of the
Linnaean Society of New South Wales,' vol. v. pt. ii.
p. 128:
"Another species [of Trepang] is the 'milk fish' or 'cotton
fish,' so called from its power of emitting a white viscid
fluid from its skin, which clings to an object like shreds of
cotton."
# Milk-plant #, _n_. i.q. _Caustic Creeper_
(q.v.).
# Milk-tree #, _n_. a New Zealand tree,
_Epicarpurus microphyllus_, Raoul.
1873. 'Catalogue of Vienna Exhibition':
"Milk-tree . . . a tall slender tree exuding a milky sap:
wood white and very brittle."
# Milk-wood #, _n_. a Northern Territory name
for _Melaleuca leucadendron_, Linn.; called also
_Paperbark-tree_ (q.v.).
# Miller #, _n_. a local name for the
_Cicada_. See _Locust_ (quotation, 1896).
# Millet #, _n_. The name is given to several
Australian grasses. The Koda Millet of India, _Paspalum
scrobiculatum_, Linn., is called in Australia _Ditch
Millet_; _Seaside Millet_ is the name given to
_Paspalum distichum_, Linn., both of the _N.O._
_Gramineae_. But the principal species is called
_Australian Millet_, _Native Millet_, and _Umbrella
Grass_; it is _Panicum decompositum_, R. Br.,
_N.O. Gramineae_; it is not endemic in Australia.
1896. 'The Australasian,' March 14, p. 488, col. 5:
"One of the very best of the grasses found in the hot regions
of Central Australia is the Australian millet, _Panicum
decompositum_. It is extremely hardy and stands the hot dry
summers of the north very well; it is nutritious, and cattle
and sheep are fond of it. It seeds freely, was used by the
aborigines for making a sort of cake, and was the only grain
stored by them. This grass thrives in poor soil, and starts
into rapid growth with the first autumn rains."
# Mimosa #, _n_. a scientific name applied to upwards
of two hundred trees of various genera in the Old World. The
genus _Mimosa_, under which the Australian trees called
_Wattles_ were originally classed, formerly included the
Acacias. These now constitute a separate genus. _Acacia_
is the scientific name for the _Wattle_; though even now
an old colonist will call the _Wattles "Mimosa_."
1793. J. E. Smith, 'Specimen of Botany of New Holland,'
p. 52:
"This shrub is now not uncommon in our greenhouses, having been
raised in plenty from seeds brought from Port Jackson. It
generally bears its fragrant flowers late in the autumn, and
might then at first sight be sooner taken for a _Myrtus_
than a _Mimosa_."
1802. Jas. Flemming, 'Journal of Explorations of Charles
Grimes,' in 'Historical Records of Port Phillip' (ed. 1879,
J. J. Shillinglaw), p. 25:
"Timber; gum, Banksia, oak, and mimosa of sorts, but not large
except the gum."
1830. R. Dawson, 'Present State of Australia,' p. 202:
"Gum-arabic, which exudes from the mimosa shrubs."
1844. 'Port Phillip Patriot,' July 18, p. 4, col. 2:
"'Cashmere' shawls do not grow on the mimosa trees."
1845. J. O. Balfour, 'Sketch of New South Wales,' p. 38:
"The mimosa is a very graceful tree; the foliage is of a light
green colour. . . . The yellow flowers with which the mimosa is
decked throw out a perfume sweeter than the laburnum; and the
gum . . . is said not to be dissimilar to gum-arabic."
1845. R. Howitt, 'Australia,' p. 175:
"But, Yarra, thou art lovelier now,
With clouds of bloom on every bough;
A gladsome sight it is to see,
In blossom thy mimosa tree.
Like golden-moonlight doth it seem,
The moonlight of a heavenly dream;
A sunset lustre, chaste and cold,
A pearly splendour blent with gold."
"_To the River Yarra_."
1848. W. Westgarth, 'Australia Felix,' p. 255:
"The other exports of Australia Felix consist chiefly of
tallow, cured beef and mutton, wheat, mimosa-bark, and
gumwood."
1849. J. P. Townsend, 'Rambles in New South Wales,' p. 34:
"The mimosa--although it sadly chokes the country--when in
flower, fills the air with fragrance. Its bark is much used
for tanning purposes; and the gum that exudes from the stem is
of some value as an export, and is used by the blacks as food."
1870. F. S. Wilson, 'Australian Songs,' p. 29:
"I have sat, and watched the landscape, latticed by the golden
curls,
Showering, like mimosa-blooms, in scented streams about my
breast."
# Minah #, _n_. (also # Myna #, # Mina #,
and # Minah-bird #, and the characteristic Australian
change of # Miner #). From Hindustani _maina_,
a starling. The word is originally applied in India to
various birds of the Starling kind, especially to _Graculus
religiosa_, a talking starling or grackle. One of these
Indian grackles, _Acridotheres tristis_, was acclimatised
in Melbourne, and is now common to the house-tops of most
Australian towns. He is not Australian, but is the bird
generally referred to as the _Minah_, or _Minah-
bird_. There are _Minahs_ native to Australia,
of which the species are--
Bell-Mina--
_Manorhina melanophrys_, Lath.
Bush-M.--
_Myzantha garrula_, Lath.
Dusky-M.--
_M. obscura_, Gould.
Yellow-M.--
_M. lutea_, Gould.
Yellow-throated M.--
_M. flavigula_, Gould.
1803. Lord Valentia, 'Voyages,' vol. i. p. 227 [Stanford]:
"During the whole of our stay two minahs were talking most
incessantly."
1813. J. Forbes, 'Oriental Memoirs,' vol. i. p. 47 [Yule]:
"The mynah is a very entertaining bird, hopping about the
house, and articulating several words in the manner of the
starling."
1848. J. Gould, 'Birds of Australia,' vol. iv. pl. 40:
"While at other times, like the miners (genus,
_Myzantha_), it soars from tree to tree with the most
graceful and easy movement."
Ibid. vol. iv. pl. 76:
"_Myzantha garrula_, Vig. and Horsf, Garrulous
Honey-eater; miner, Colonists of Van Diemen's Land,
_M. flavigula_, Gould, Yellow-Throated miner."
1861. Mrs. Meredith, 'Over the Straits,' vol. i. p. 33:
"His common name . . . is said to be given from his
resemblance to some Indian bird called mina or miner."
1888. D. Macdonald, 'Gum Boughs,' p. 72:
"The Indian minah is as much at home, and almost as
presumptuous, as the sparrow."
(p. 146): "Yellow-legged minahs, tamest of all Australian
birds."
1890. Tasma, 'In her Earliest Youth,' p. 265:
"The plaintive chirp of the mina."
# Miner's # Right, _n_. the licence to dig for gold.
See quotation.
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, 'The Miner's Right,' p. 1:
"A miner's right, a wonderful document, printed and written on
parchment, precisely as follows."
[A reduced facsimile is given.]
Ibid. p. 106:
"You produce your Miner's Right . . . The important piece of
parchment, about the size of a bank-cheque, was handed to the
Court."
# Mingi #, _n_. originally _mingi mingi_, Maori
name for a New Zealand shrub or small tree, _Cyathodes
acerosa_, R. Br., _N.O. Epacrideae_. In south New
Zealand it is often called _Micky_.
# Minnow #, _n_. name sometimes given to a very small
fish of New Zealand, _Galaxias attenuatus_, Jenyns, family
_Galaxidae_; called also _Whitebait_ (q.v.). The
Maori name is _Inanga_ (q.v.).
# Mint, Australian # or # Native #, _n_. a
plant, _Mentha australis_, R. Br., _N.O. Labiatea_.
This herb was largely used by the early colonists of South
Australia for tea. Many of the plants of the genus
_Mentha_ in Australia yield oil of good flavour, among
them the common Pennyroyal.
# Mint-tree #, _n_. In Australia, the tree is
_Prostanthera lasiantha_, Labill., _N.O. Labiateae_.
# Mirnyong #, _n_. aboriginal name for a shell-mound,
generally supposed to be Victorian, but, by some, Tasmanian.
1888. R. M. Johnston, 'Geology of Tasmania,' p. 337:
"With the exception of their rude inconspicuous flints, and the
accumulated remains of their feasts in the 'mirnyongs,' or
native shell-mounds, along our coasts, which only have
significance to the careful observer, we have no other visible
evidence of their former existence."
1893. R. Etheridge, jun., 'Transactions of the Royal Society
of South Australia,' p. 21 [Title of Paper]:
"The Mirrn-yong heaps at the North-West bank of the River
Murray."
# Miro #, _n_. (1) Maori name for a _Robin_
(q.v.), and adopted as the scientific name of a genus of New
Zealand Robins. The word is shortened form of
_Miro-miro_.
1855. Rev. R. Taylor, 'Te Ika a Maui,' p. 403:
"Miro-miro (_Miro albifrons_). A little black-and-white
bird with a large head; it is very tame, and has a short
melancholy song. The miro toi-toi (_muscicapa toi-toi_)
is a bird not larger than the tom-tit. Its plumage is black
and white, having a white breast and some of the near feathers
of each wing tinged with white."
1879. W. Colenso, 'Transactions of New Zealand Institute,'
vol. xii. art. vii. p. 119:
"Proverb 28: _Ma to kanohi miro-miro_, [signifying] 'To be
found by the sharp-eyed little bird.' Lit. 'For the miro-miro's
eye.' Used as a stimulus to a person searching for anything
lost. The miro-miro is the little petroica toi-toi, which runs
up and down trees peering for minute insects in the bark."
1882. W. L. Buller, 'Manual of the Birds of New Zealand,'
p. 23:
"The Petroeca Iongipes is confined to the North Island, where
it is very common in all the wooded parts of the country; but
it is represented in the South Island by a closely allied and
equally common species, the _miro albifrons_."
(2) Maori name for a New Zealand tree, _Podocarpus
ferruginea_, Don., _N.O. Coniferae_; the Black-pine
of Otago.
1875. T. Laslett, 'Timber and Timber Trees,' p. 308:
"The miro-tree (_Podocarpus ferruginea_) is found in
slightly elevated situations in many of the forests in New
Zealand. Height about sixty feet. The wood varies from light
to dark-brown in colour, is close in grain, moderately hard and
heavy, planes up well, and takes a good polish."
1889. T. Kirk, 'Forest Flora of New Zealand,' p. 163:
"The Miro is a valuable tree, common in all parts of the
colony. . . . It is usually distinguished by its ordinary
native name."
# Mistletoe #, _n_. The name is given to various
species of trees of several genera--
(1) In Australia, generally, to various species of
_Loranthus_, _N.O. Loranthaceae_. There are a great
number, they are very common on the Eucalypts, and they have
the same viscous qualities as the European _Mistletoes_.
(2) In Western Australia, to _Nuytsia floribunda_, R. Br.,
_N.O. Loranthaceae_, a terrestrial species attaining the
dimensions of a tree--the _Flame-tree_ (q.v.) of Western
Australia--and also curiously called there a _Cabbage-
tree_.
(3) In Tasmania, to _Cassytha pubescens_, R. Br.,
_N.O. Lauraceae_.
1877. F. v. Mueller, 'Botanic Teachings, p. 43:
"The English mistletoe is the well-known _Viscum album_,
whereas all the Victorian kinds belong to the genus
_Loranthus_, of which the Mediterranean
_L. Europaeus_ is the prototype. The generic name arose
in allusion to the strap-like narrowness of the petals."
[Greek _lowron_, from Lat. _lorum_, a thong,
and _'anthos_, a flower.]
# Mitchell-Grass #, _n_. an Australian grass,
_Astrebla elymoides_, _A. triticoides_, F. v. M.,
_N.O. Gramineae_. Two other species of _Astrebla